Abstract:Spinal cord stimulation(SCS)is a non-pharmacological neuromodulation technique used to treat various neurological disorders.It functions by delivering electrical impulses to specific areas of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord,thereby modulating abnormal neural signal transduction to alleviate symptoms.In recent years,the clinical applications of SCS have significantly expanded beyond its primary indication for refractory chronic pain.It is now increasingly utilized in diverse areas,including functional recovery in central paralysis,improvement of lower limb blood perfusion,intervention for diabetic foot pain and dysfunction,and promotion of arousal in consciousness disorder patients.This review summarizes recent clinical advances and mechanistic explorations of SCS in these expanding indications.It emphasizes the critical importance of postoperative programming management for optimizing therapeutic outcomes.Finally,the review discusses current challenge and future direction.

Abstract:Nervous system diseases have emerged as a leading cause of health loss and disability worldwide,and are increasingly recognized as a global public health challenge.In response to this challenge,the development and application of neuroscience technologies for treating nervous system diseases are of paramount importance.As a biomedical engineering technology characterized by multidisciplinary integration and medicine-engineering convergence,neuromodulation technique has become one of the most rapidly advancing fields in modern medicine.This article systematically reviews the principles of neuromodulation,its technological innovations,and progress in clinical applications,while also offering perspectives on future directions to promote the innovative development and clinical translation of neuromodulation technique.

Abstract:Posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)is a severe mental disorder triggered by traumatic events.Its core clinical symptoms include intrusive memories,avoidance behaviors,negative alterations in mood and cognitive disorder,and hyperarousal.These symptoms are closely associated with aberrant neural circuitry involving the amygdala,hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.However,current pharmacological and psychological interventions are constrained by limited efficacy,poor compliance,and undesirable side effects.Given the high safety,strong reproducibility,and high patient acceptance,non-invasive electrical and magnetic neuromodulation techniques have emerged as a research focus for improving cognitive impairment in PTSD.This paper reviews the advancements in applying transcranial electrical stimulation(TES)and transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS)to alleviate cognitive impairment in PTSD,and discusses the potential value of their combined use with psychological therapies.It aims to provide new perspectives for the clinical application of neuromodulation technique in treating cognitive impairment in PTSD.

Abstract:Frontotemporal dementia(FTD)is the second most common type of early-onset dementia after Alzheimer's disease(AD),severely impairing patients' quality of life and increasing the burden of family care.Currently,there is a lack of reliable biomarkers for its diagnosis,and reliance on clinical manifestations is prone to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis.Additionally,there are no approved specific treatments for FTD,and the efficacy of existing therapeutic treatments remains limited.With the deepening research on the genetic mechanisms of FTD,the diagnostic and therapeutic treatments based on this have significant application prospects.This study systematically summarizes research findings in the fields of genetic mechanism,pathological classification,diagnosis and therapeutic treatments of FTD in recent years,aiming to provide a reference for comprehensive understanding of disease's pathogenesis and clinical characteristics,and to lay a foundation for exploring novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Abstract:Over the recent years,electrical stimulation therapy has rapidly evolved as a commonly used neuromodulation therapy for epilepsy.Although open-loop stimulation[such as vagus nerve stimulation(VNS)and anterior nucleus of the thalamus deep brain stimulation(ANT-DBS)]has achieved certain success in treating drug-resistant epilepsy,its fixed-parameters,continuous stimulation paradigm suffers from limitations such as a mismatch between timing and dosage,poor individual adaptability,and more.In contrast,closed-loop stimulation[exemplified by responsive neurostimulator system(RNS)]significantly enhances treatment precision and energy efficiency by monitoring brain activity in real time and delivering responsive stimulation before or during seizures.It also leverages long-term data to optimize stimulation parameters and promote brain network remodeling.This review outlines the development,mechanisms,and recent advances in drug-resistant epilepsy neuromodulation from open-loop stimulation to closed-loop stimulation,and discusses future prospects for more predictive,adaptive,and network-oriented approaches,providing a theoretical foundation for personalized and precise epilepsy treatment.

Abstract:Stroke is one of the main causes of adult disability.Patients after stroke often suffer from motor dysfunction,which affects their quality of life and requires effective treatment methods.Deep brain stimulation(DBS),as a mature neuromodulation technique,has shown significant potential in promoting the recovery of motor function after stroke in recent years.This article systematically reviews the mechanism of action of DBS in the treatment of motor dysfunction after stroke,especially summarizing the preclinical and clinical studies on the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum deep brain stimulation(DN-DBS),to provide scientific evidence and new therapeutic perspectives for clinical practice.

Abstract:The fifth edition of the WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system(CNS5,2021)is based on the concept of precision medicine.CNS5 incorporates a large number of new molecular diagnostic indicators as well as more detailed clinical and molecular epidemiological follow-up data.Through this,CNS5 has formulated new schemes for reclassifying,sub-classifying,typing,sub-typing,grading,and/or renaming of CNS tumors,and also added a large number of new tumor entities,significantly improving the accuracy,reproducibility,and consistency of diagnosis.This article briefly describes the main modification and significance of CNS5 and the precautions for its application.

Abstract:Cognitive dysfunction disorders are characterized by acquired and persistent cognitive dysfunction as the disease core manifestation,which has become the major public health issue and threatening the health of middle-aged and elderly population.Given the limited efficacy of conventional pharmacological interventions and failing to effectively halt or reverse disease progression,non-pharmacological interventions,particularly multimodal and personalized cognitive rehabilitation interventions,have gained increasing importance in recent years.This review systematically elucidates the neuroplasticity mechanisms underlying cognitive rehabilitation interventions,detailing the theoretical foundations and practical implementation of core intervention strategies,including cognitive stimulation,cognitive training,and personalized cognitive rehabilitation.Furthermore,it delves into the synergistic effects and multimodal integration potential of digitally assisted interventions,non-invasive brain stimulation(NIBS),and various forms of physical activity within the framework of cognitive rehabilitation interventions.The future artificial intelligence(AI)-driven assessment system that integrates neuroimaging,electrophysiological,and molecular biomarkers would enable precise monitoring of cognitive rehabilitation interventions efficacy and the dynamic optimization of personalized intervention interventions.This integrated approach could offer novel perspectives for advancing prevention and treatment strategies for cognitive dysfunction disorders.

Abstract:The diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease(AD)has undergone the fundamental shift,moving from clinical symptom-based approach to the focus on precise pathological changes.This paper focuses on the diagnostic advances and future prospects of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers,blood biomarkers,and molecular imaging biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease,aiming to provide guidance for the early and accurate diagnosis of the disease.

Abstract:The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease(AD)has not been fully elucidated to date,posing tremendous challenges for clinical treatment.An in-depth exploration of its pathogenesis is of great significance for early screening,prevention,diagnosis and treatment of AD.This paper comprehensively reviews numerous research hotspots in the pathogenesis of AD in recent years,including amyloid β-protein(Aβ)hypothesis,tau protein and neurofibrillary tangles(NFTs)hypothesis,neuroinflammatory hypothesis,oxidative stress injury hypothesis,vascular dysfunction hypothesis,synaptic dysfunction and neurotransmitter changes hypothesis,gut-brain axis hypothesis,and gene mutation hypothesis,so as to provide references for the early diagnosis and effective treatment.

Abstract:Drug-resistant epilepsy remains a major challenge in management of epilepsy,with approximately half of patients being unsuitable candidates for resective surgery.In recent years,deep brain stimulation(DBS),as a neuromodulation therapy,has demonstrated promising potential.This review summarizes recent advances in DBS for drug-resistant epilepsy,focusing on major stimulation targets and their associated neurophysiological mechanisms.We also discuss the suitability of various DBS targets for different epilepsy types and provide perspectives on future directions,including individualized adjustment of stimulation parameters and the development of closed-loop stimulation,aiming to inform clinical practice and guide further research in the management of drug-resistant epilepsy.

Abstract:The"Specification for interdisciplinary team service of the elderly with cognitive impairment"(T/CAWAORG 053-2025,the Specification)is an implementation guideline developed by the Chinese Aging Well Association for elderly patients with cognitive impairment.It aims to provide standardized multidisciplinary team service protocols for medical institutions in the diagnosis and treatment of elderly patients with cognitive impairment.This article interprets the core contents of the Specification,with particular emphasis on the specific implementation methods of multidisciplinary team services for elderly patients with cognitive impairment under the"bio-psycho-social-environmental-engineering"model.The purpose is to assist relevant medical institutions and care teams in thoroughly understanding and effectively implementing the requirements of the Specification,thereby promoting the standardized and systematic development of interdisciplinary team service models.

Abstract:Cognitive dysfunction disorders have emerged as a major public health challenge in aging societies,early precise diagnosis and management are even more challenging.Using the ATN biomarker diagnostic framework for Alzheimer's disease(AD)as a paradigm,promoting biomarker-based precision diagnosis has become an important concept in the field of cognitive dysfunction disorders diagnosis and treatment.However,the diagnostic efficacy of the ATN framework has certain limitations.Therefore,the new diagnostic pathway advocates the starting from the clinical cognitive dysfunction characteristics of patients to form preliminary diagnostic hypotheses,which then serve as the entry point for selecting biomarkers.To improve the assessment system,develop reasonable accessory examination pathways,and prioritize biomarkers with the highest informational value,the"Expert consensus on the selection of accessory examinations for cognitive dysfunction disorders based on the biomarker diagnostic framework"has been compiled.This consensus integrates a systematic summary of current domestic and international evidence,aiming to assist clinicians in the rational and effective use of diagnostic biomarkers.By promoting standardized diagnostic and management practices,this consensus seeks to enhance the efficiency of clinical decision-making,enabling accurate diagnosis and differential diagnosis of cognitive dysfunction disorders with minimal yet informative testing.

Abstract:Accurate assessment and intervention for prolonged consciousness disorder remain critical challenges in neuroscience.Brain-computer interface(BCI)offers a novel pathway for diagnosis and treatment of consciousness disorder by decoding neural signals,reconstructing conscious communication,and guiding closed-loop neuromodulation.In diagnostic applications,EEG and functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS)detect brain signals to differentiate consciousness levels,while auditory P300 and steady-state visual evoked potential(SSVEP)paradigms show promise in identifying residual cognitive function.For communication,EEG-based BCI enable functional interaction in select patients,though accuracy and stability vary across modalities.Rehabilitation strategies leveraging BCI,such as neurofeedback and sensorimotor rhythm modulation,demonstrate potential for neural plasticity enhancement,particularly when combined with electrical stimulation.However,challenges persist,including high false-negative rates,signal instability,and limited generalizability of algorithms.Future directions emphasize interdisciplinary collaboration to optimize signal processing,validate multimodal approaches,and explore endovascular BCI for enhanced spatial resolution.Bridging neuroscientific insights with engineering innovations will be pivotal in translating BCI into clinical tools for improving outcomes in prolonged consciousness disorder patients.

Abstract:Alzheimer's disease(AD)continuum is characterized by an insidious onset and a continuous disease spectrum,making early identification particularly challenging.Its initiation and progression result from complex interactions among amyloid β-protein(Aβ)and microtuble-associated protein tau pathologies,vascular factors,genetic susceptibility,and other multifactorial mechanisms.Achieving precise staging across the AD continuum and implementing timely interventions are pivotal to delaying disease progression.Centered on the Multimodal Interventions to Delay Dementia and Disability in Rural China(MIND-China)study,contextualized within evidence from similar international large-scale cohort studies,this article systematically reviews the epidemiological characteristics,risk factors,imaging characteristics,multimodal biological markers,emerging intervention strategies,and looking ahead to future development directions across the AD continuum.The aim is provide an evidence-based medical evidence for formulating an early identification,risk stratification and comprehensive prevention and control system for Alzheimer's disease that suits China's national conditions.

Abstract:The paradigm for diagnosing and treating Alzheimer's disease(AD)is undergoing a profound transformation,moving towards a biomarker-driven and early-intervention-oriented stage.In diagnosis,the emergence of high-performance biomarkers such as plasma p-tau217 has significantly advanced the ultra-early detection of AD pathology,substantially shifting the diagnostic window forward.Meanwhile,multimodal molecular imaging techniques based on the ATN(VIS)biomarkers diagnosis framework,including amyloid β-protein(Aβ)-PET and tau-PET,enable in vivo visualization and typing of pathological burden,greatly enhancing diagnostic accuracy.The therapeutic field has also witnessed significant progress,with anti-Aβ monoclonal antibody drugs like Lecanemab and Donanemab receiving approval,demonstrating that disease-modifying therapy(DMT)targeting core pathology can effectively delay clinical decline.Current research has expanded to multiple pathological mechanisms,such as Aβ,tau and neuroinflammation,alongside active exploration of personalized combination therapy strategies.Future challenges lie in promoting the clinical translation and equitable application of these innovations to address the growing public health burden.This article systematically reviews the latest advancements in the field of biomarkers diagnosis and targeted therapy for AD,aiming to provide important references for establishing an early and precise diagnosis and treatment system and promoting clinical translation applications.

Abstract:Deep brain stimulation(DBS),a reversible and adjustable neuromodulation technique,has expanded from its initial application in movement disorders to the treatment of mental disease.This review systematically summarizes the current applications and research progress of DBS in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder(TR-OCD),treatment-resistant depression(TRD),anorexia nervosa(AN),substance use disorder(SUD),and treatment-resistant schizophrenia(TRS).Evidence indicates that DBS modulates dysfunctional neural circuits[e.g.,cortito-striato-thalamo-cortical(CSTC)loop,reward system]and significantly alleviates symptoms,particularly showing high response and remission rates in TR-OCD.However,challenges remain,including interindividual variability in target selection,lack of predictive biomarkers,long-term safety concerns,and ethical issues.Future directions involve closed-loop stimulation,tractography-based targeting,and personalized medicine approaches to facilitate the transition of DBS from experimental therapy to clinical practice.

Abstract:The management of Alzheimer's disease(AD)is transitioning from symptomatic management to disease-modifying therapy(DMT).Conventional pharmacologic treatments provide only symptomatic relief and do not alter disease progression.Anti-amyloid β-protein(Aβ)monoclonal antibody drugs,exemplified by Lecanemab and Donanemab,have demonstrated efficacy in slowing cognitive decline in patients with early Alzheimer's disease.Improved access through insurance coverage and optimized dosing regimens has enhanced treatments availability;however,their use remains restricted to well-defined populations,mandating rigorous biomarker-based patient selection,and ongoing safety surveillance.Recent years have witnessed rapid advances in novel agents targeting tau pathology and neuroinflammation,as well as in technologies designed to enhance blood-brain barrier(BBB)penetration.Non-pharmacological interventions and immune cell-based therapies also show promising synergistic effects.Looking ahead,future strategies should focus on earlier intervention,promotion of precision medicine and combination therapies,and integration of multimodal approaches to transform Alzheimer's disease into a preventable and manageable disorder.

Abstract:With the escalating global aging population,Alzheimer's disease(AD)has imposed social and economic burden on public health systems worldwide.In recent years,significant advancements have been achieved in understanding the pathogenesis,diagnostic methods,and disease-modifying therapy(DMT),which simultaneously present new directions and challenges for clinical practice.Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop standardized protocols aligned with current clinical diagnosis and treatment requirements.By comprehensively searching Alzheimer's disease-related literatures,including Meta-analyses,systematic reviews,randomized controlled trials,and cohort studies,we adopted modified Grades of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation(GRADE)system to grade the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations,the"Consensus on diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease"has been compiled,integrating key application points of integrating multimodal techniques such as neuropsychological assessment,neuroimaging and biomarkers,while balancing clinical applicability with cutting-edge evidence,to propose a practical framework and expert recommendations for the standardized diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract:Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3(SCA3)is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease,with core clinical symptoms including motor disorders and cognitive impairment.Since there is currently no effective radical treatment,the development of targeted diagnostic strategies and intervention measures to delay disease progression is particularly urgent.In recent years,neuromodulation technique has attracted widespread attention as an emerging therapeutic strategy for neurological diseases;they achieve therapeutic goals by precisely adjusting stimulation parameters to act on specific brain regions.This article aims to systematically discuss the existing efficacy studies of three neuromodulation techniques,including non-invasive techniques such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS),transcranial electrical stimulation(TES),and invasive technique such as deep brain stimulation(DBS),in the clinical application of SCA3,and explore the application potential of neuromodulation technique such as transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation(tFUS)and optogenetics in the field of SCA3 treatment.It is expected to provide new ideas and references for the in-depth research and clinical transformation of neuromodulation technique in SCA3.