Abstract:Objective To analyze and compare the application of machine learning-based LightGBM and random forest model in the disease risk prediction model of diabetic nephropathy(DN)in diabetic patients.Methods Based on the public data set of National Population Health Data Center,the disease risk prediction model of DN was established by LightGBM and random forest algorithms for analysis and comparative study.Results The accuracy,area under the curve(AUC),recall rate,precision and F1 score of LightGBM prediction model were 0.775 0,0.807 1,0.596 3,0.878 0,and 0.7102,respectively,which were all higher than those of random forest model.Conclusion Machine learning-based LightGBM and random forest model have good prediction effect on DN.LightGBM has higher accuracy,AUC,precision,recall rate and F1 score.In clinical practice,machine learning can be used to provide reference for related researches.

Abstract:Objective To integrate the evidence related to the prevention and management of deep vein thrombosis(DVT)in elderly patients with hip fractures,and provide reference for clinicians to formulate nursing and prevention programs of DVT in elderly patients with hip fractures.Methods After identifying specific problems according to the PIPOST model,the relevant guideline databases and comprehensive databases were searched by computer,and the quality of the included literature was evaluated and the evidence was graded.The retrieval time was from January 2014 to August 2023.Results A total of 21 articles were included,and 37 best pieces of evidence were formed through integration and analysis,including DVT assessment,diagnosis and screening,intervention selection,and health education.Conclusion The best evidence of prevention,formation and management of DVT in elderly patients with hip fractures can provide a basis for clinical decision-making.In clinical application,evidence should be reasonably applied based on clinical scenarios to improve the quality of clinical care,so as to reduce the occurrence of DVT.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the neuroprotective effects of free radical scavenger edaravone and bicyclic monoterpenoid dexborneol on the injury of acute ischemic stroke(AIS)and their effects and mechanism on NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia.Methods The experimental animals were randomly divided into 5 groups(n=10):①Sham group;②middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)group;③1.5 h group;④3.0 h group;⑤4.5 h group.A rat model of MCAO was established using the thread embolism method,and MCAO rats were treated with edaravone dexborneol(EDB)to evaluate the nervous system status of the rats.The cerebral infarction volume was measured through TTC staining.The nerve cell apoptosis was observed by Nissl staining and TUNEL staining.The expression levels of CD68,Iba-1 and Arg-1 were analyzed by immunofluorescence,and NLRP3,Caspase-1,C-Caspase-1,IL-1β,and other key molecules were detected by Western blotting.Results At 24 h after infarction,EDB injection improved the volume of focal infarction in the brain tissue of MCAO rats(MCAO group vs 1.5 h group,P=0.000 2;MCAO group vs 3.0 h group,P=0.014 3),alleviated nerve cell injury and apoptosis(MCAO group vs 1.5 h group,P＜0.000 1;MCAO group vs 3.0 h group,P=0.000 3;MCAO group vs 4.5 h group,P=0.003 0),decreased the expression of NLRP3 inflammatosome(MCAO group vs 1.5 h group,P=0.006 1)and its downstream proteins Caspase-1(MCAO group vs 1.5 h group,P=0.001 2;MCAO group vs 3.0 h group,P=0.006 2;MCAO group vs 4.5 h group,P=0.025 6),C-Caspase-1,and IL-1 β(MCAO group vs 1.5 h group,P=0.037 4),decreased the expression of microglial marker Iba-1(MCAO group vs 1.5 h group,P=0.000 8;MCAO group vs 3.0 h group,P=0.030 3)and activated microglial marker CD68(MCAO group vs 1.5 h group,P＜0.000 1;MCAO group vs 3.0 h group,P=0.000 3;MCAO group vs 4.5 h group,P=0.000 7),and decreased the expression of M1 and M2 in neuroinflammatory response(MCAO group vs 1.5 h group,P=0.000 2;MCAO group vs 3.0 h group,P=0.006 1).Conclusion EDB can slow down microglial activation and significantly ameliorate the neuroinflammatory response by effectively blocking NLRP3.EDB injection group at 1.5 h is better than EDB injection group at 3.0 h and 4.5 h.However,the transformation of microglia from M1 to M2 phenotype is not obvious in the early stage.

Abstract:Malignant tumor has become a major disease that seriously threatens human health.With the increasing development and application of new concepts and new technologies of tumor treatment,tumor recurrence,metastasis and development have been significantly prevented,and the survival period of tumor patients has been extended.However,based on surgical treatment,combined with chemotherapy,radiotherapy and other treatments,the stress response and side effects have brought huge pressure and discomfort to the body and mind of patients,often manifested as psychological pain,such as anxiety and depression and other emotional disorders,which may lead to a series of stress reactions and immune regulation disorders in patients.It seriously affects the quality of life and body rehabilitation,prognosis and survival of tumor patients after surgery.In recent years,with the development and application of the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery,the application of the bio-psycho-social medical model and the in-depth development of palliative oncology,the clinical diagnosis,treatment and research of anxiety,depression and other emotional disorders in patients after tumor surgery have attracted much attention.Therefore,this paper reviews the epidemiology,related risks,non-drug intervention measures and drug treatment of anxiety and depression after tumor surgery,providing a theoretical reference for clinical practice and research.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the relationship between personality traits,self-efficacy,and flight cadet performance in primary flight training,so as to select flight-ready candidates,reduce training costs and improve training effectiveness.Methods A sample of 551 flight cadets from a unit of the Air Force was studied using personality trait scales consisting of Big Five Inventory-2 and Triarchic Model of Grit Scale and General Self-Efficacy Scale.Latent class analyses and multivariate logistic regression analyses of personality traits and self-efficacy were conducted using Mplus 8.3,and correlation analyses between flight training performance and six dimensions of personality traits and self-efficacy were conducted using SPSS 26.0.Results Firstly,three potential categories of personality traits and self-efficacy of flight cadets were obtained(category probability 0.228 68/0.495 46/0.275 86,P＜0.001).Secondly,the three potential categories could not significantly predict the performance of interview performance scores in the recruitment selection stage and the performance of flight cadets in the primary phase of flight training.However,the proportion of moderately adaptive flight cadets passing the primary phase of flight training was higher than that of sensitive-conservative flight cadets,and the difference was borderline significant(P=0.069).Finally,the validity of the Big Five Inventory-2 openness dimension and self-efficacy in predicting the corrected performance of primary flight training was r=0.129 and r=0.123,respectively(P＜0.05).Conclusion There are category differences in personality traits and self-efficacy among military flight cadets,the Big Five Inventory-2 openness dimension and self-efficacy are effective in predicting primary flight training performance,and personality trait dimensions related to flight training performance need to be further explored.

Abstract:Cuproptosis is one of the newly discovered forms of programmed cell death,which differs from traditional forms of cell death such as apoptosis,necrosis and ferroptosis,with its key pathophysiological basis being copper metabolism disorders.The process of copper metabolism includes the uptake,intracellular transport,storage,and excretion of copper ions.Copper metabolism disorders play an important role in the regulation of neuronal function.Furthermore,there is a close relationship between copper metabolism disorders and neurodegenerative diseases,particularly as copper metabolism pathway-related targets have shown promising applications in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.This paper provides a brief overview of the research progress on cuproptosis and copper metabolism disorders in neurodegenerative diseases,expounding the signaling mechanisms related to cuproptosis and copper metabolism disorders,and offering theoretical support for future drug development and strategy update for new treatment approaches.

Abstract:Objective To identify the mental workload of pilots in different flight stages by collecting physiological data of pilots based on Su-33 flight simulator platform.Methods Based on aircraft carrier-based flight tasks,the data of National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Task Load Index scale and photoplethysmography of 6 pilot cadets were obtained in 3 flight stages(takeoff and climb,cruise,and approach and landing).Random forest(RF)was used to evaluate the importance of heart rate variability(HRV)indexes,and statistical analysis was used to compare differences across flight stages.The HRV indexes that best reflected mental workload were selected.The three machine learning algorithms[support vector machine,K-nearest neighbor(KNN)algorithm,and RF],as well as two neural network algorithms(convolutional neural network and bidirectional long short-term memory network)were used for mental workload recognition.Results The mental workload levels were the highest during the approach and landing phase,followed by the cruise phase,and the lowest during the takeoff and climb phase.Each classification model had a good recognition effect on mental workload,and the data collected based on portable photoplethysmography equipment had a high accuracy,with KNN algorithm performing the best,achieving an accuracy rate of 92.9％.Conclusion The HRV indexes,combined with a variety of machine learning and neural network algorithms,can effectively identify mental workload levels across different flight phases,offering a scientific basis for pilot training and cognitive evaluation.

Abstract:Acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)is a severe acute respiratory failure syndrome in the field of critical care medicine,and the main pathogenesis of this condition involves inflammatory response,pulmonary vascular endothelial injury,and alveolar epithelial injury.Its pathophysiologic features include dysregulation of the ratio of pulmonary ventilation to blood flow,decreased pulmonary compliance,and impaired oxygen diffusion.Clinically,the treatment of ARDS mainly includes mechanical ventilation strategies,drug therapy and fluid management.However,due to the high heterogeneity of ARDS,its related basic research and clinical treatment are still evolving.Based on this,this paper focuses on the new progress in basic research(including research status of pathogenesis and pathophysiology),as well as clinical diagnosis and treatment of ARDS,and puts forward the prospect of future research directions.

Abstract:Tumor growth depends on angiogenesis.With the increase of tumor volume,the degree of internal hypoxia exacerbates,which can stabilize hypoxia-inducible factors and upregulate the expression of various pro-angiogenic factors,thereby promoting endothelial cell activation and angiogenesis.The activation and expression level changes of signals and molecules such as VEGF,Notch,metabolic reprogramming and non-coding RNA are involved in this process.Based on the in-depth study of these molecular mechanisms,more and more intervention strategies such as antibody drugs,small molecule compound drugs,recombinant protein drugs,gene therapy and cell therapy have been developed,and the combination of these therapies with chemoradiotherapy and immunotherapy has shown good clinical application prospects,indicating that anti-angiogenic therapy is an important way for tumor treatment.This paper reviews the regulatory mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis and the research progress of anti-angiogenic therapy,in order to provide new ideas for the treatment of pathological angiogenesis diseases such as tumors.

Abstract:Objective To explore the underlying mechanism of Sini powder in treating ulcerative colitis(UC)and chronic gastritis(CG)by using network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques.Methods The main components and corresponding targets of Sini powder were obtained from TCMSP database,the targets of two diseases were obtained by searching DisGeNET,GeneCards and OMIM databases,and the potential targets of UC and CG were obtained by intersection of the two.The"drug-ingredient-target"network model and PPI network diagram were made using STRING database and Cytoscape 3.9.1.GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed for intersection targets using DAVID database,and tissue distribution and subcellular distribution information were obtained from BioGPS and GeneCards database.Molecular docking was used to verify the relationship between main components and key targets.Results The four core drugs of Sini powder contained 144 active ingredients and 207 related targets.A total of 1 756 disease targets of UC and 955 disease targets of CG were screened,and 64 potential therapeutic targets were obtained by intersection of the three.The results of GO functional enrichment showed 62 molecular functions,39 cellular components,and 461 biological processes.KEGG analysis showed 142 pathways,among which cancer pathway,IL-17 signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway might be the main pathways of UC and CG.Molecular docking results showed that the main components quercetin,luteolin,kaempferol,naringenin and nobiletin were well combined with the key targets AKT1,TNF,TP53 and IL6.Conclusion Sini powder may treat UC and CG through its main active ingredients such as quercetin,luteolin,kaempferol,naringenin and nobiletin on core targets such as AKT1,TNF,TP53 and IL6,providing support for better understanding the theory of"treating different diseases with the same method"in traditional Chinese medicine from the perspective of modern medicine.

Abstract:Objective To explore the therapeutic targets of Bushen Ningxin Decoction in the treatment of premature ovarian insufficiency(POI).Methods The active ingredients of each drug in Bushen Ningxin Decoction were obtained by searching TCMSP and BATMAN-TCM databases.The disease targets of POI were collected through GeneCards,OMIM,PharmGKB and DrugBank databases.The active ingredients and disease gene targets were intersected to obtain the predicted targets of Bushen Ningxin Decoction in the treatment of POI.Cytoscape 3.8.0 was used to construct the"drug-component-target-disease"network.The protein-protein interaction network was constructed by STRING database and Cytoscape,and the core network was simplified.R software was used for GO enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis.The components with higher degree in the network were subjected to molecular docking with core targets.Results A total of 140 major active ingredients were screened,involving 272 gene targets.The major active ingredients included kaempferol,luteolin,quercetin,cryptotanshinone,tanshinone Ⅱa,sitosterol,stigmasterol,and angelicin.The core target genes included STAT3,TP53,ESR1,AKT1,MAPK1,RELA,etc.A total of 2 711 GO biological processes,102 cellular components and 293 molecular functions were enriched,including 188 KEGG signaling pathways such as fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis,MAPK,TNF,and IL-17.The results of molecular docking showed that the main active ingredients had good binding activity with the core targets.Conclusion Bushen Ningxin Decoction acts on key targets like STAT3,TP53,ESR1,AKT1,MAPK1,and RELA through active ingredients such as kaempferol,luteolin,quercetin,cryptotanshinone,tanshinone Ⅱa,sitosterol,stigmasterol and angelicin,playing a role through fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis,MAPK,TNF,IL-17 and other signaling pathways in the treatment of POI.

Abstract:The human brain can be constructed an intricate and complex network from the microscopic level of neurons and synapses,the mesoscopic level of neuronal clusters,to the macroscopic level of brain regions.Neuropsychiatric disorders such as stress disorder,chronic pain and Alzheimer's disease commonly suffer from"disconnection"of brain networks,and the treatment of such diseases is currently facing difficulties.New neuromodulation techniques such as deep brain stimulation can exert their effects by regulating brain networks.By analyzing the brain network characteristics of diseases and regulating them,it may bring hope for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.Therefore,we have established a novel framework of network-targeted deep brain stimulation for neuropsychiatric disorders,including basic research on brain network characteristics and clinical research on brain network neuromodulation.In the future,further improving the theory and expanding the application of this diagnosis and treatment system will play an important role in promoting precise treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and improving patients'quality of life.

Abstract:Objective To explore the protective effect of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)on neurological function in traumatic brain injury(TBI)and explain its mechanism.Methods Fifty-four mice were randomly divided into TBI+SCFAs group,TBI group,and Sham group(n=18).The modeling was established using controlled cortical impact method.After successful modeling,the TBI+SCFAs group was given 100 mg/kg of SCFAs mixture by gavage every day,and the remaining two groups were given 10 mg/kg of normal saline in the same manner every day for 14 consecutive days.Behavioral experiments were used to evaluate the neurological deficits in mice.Brain edema of rats was assessed by brain water content measurement.Activation and apoptosis molecules of microglia around the injury were detected by immunofluorescence and TUNEL assay.Microglia were isolated from brain tissue by flow cytometry,and the transcript levels of relevant inflammatory factors in microglia were detected by qRT-PCR.The expression of inflammatory factors in cortical tissues around the injury was determined by ELISA.Result Compared with the TBI group,the TBI+SCFAs group exhibited a reduction in the pro-inflammatory effects of microglia(P＜0.01),decreased neuronal apoptosis(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),reduced expression of inflammatory factors(P＜0.01),alleviated brain edema(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),and significant improvement in neurological dysfunction after TBI.Conclusion SCFAs can improve neurological dysfunction after TBI by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory effects of microglia.

Abstract:Objective To explore the effect of orientin on MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease(PD)and its related mechanisms.Methods MPTP and MPP+were used to induce PD models in vivo(C57BL/6 mice)and in vitro(SH-SY5Y cells).Behavioral tests were used to evaluate the exercise ability of mice,immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the number of dopaminergic neurons in mice.CCK-8 method was used to detect cell viability,and flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species.The levels of SOD,MDA,and other oxidative stress indicators in SH-SY5Y cells were detected by corresponding kits,and the mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by fluorescent probe JC-1.Western blotting was used to detect the expression of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway proteins and apoptosis-related proteins.Results Compared with MPTP group,orientin improved motor dysfunction and reduced the loss of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in PD mice(P＜0.05).Compared with MPP+model group,orientin increased cell viability(P＜0.05),decreased apoptosis rate(P＜0.01),lowered the oxidative stress level of cells(P＜0.05),reduced mitochondrial membrane potential damage(P＜0.05),restored the protein level of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway,decreased the expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Caspase 3(P＜0.05),and increased the expression of Bcl-2(P＜0.01).Conclusion Orientin has a significant improvement effect on MPTP-induced PD,and mitigate the apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons induced by MPP+/MPTP.The underlying mechanism may be related to activation of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway,suppression of oxidative stress,and attenuation of mitochondrial damage.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the safety and feasibility of the clinical application of robotic laparoscopic sentinel lymph node biopsy(SLNB)for endometrial cancer.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinicopathological data of patients with early-stage endometrial cancer who underwent robotic laparoscopic SLNB in the Department of Gynecology at Xijing Hospital,Air Force Medical University from March 2021 to December 2023.The study evaluated the detection and biopsy rates of sentinel lymph nodes using indocyanine green(ICG),as well as postoperative complications and prognosis.Results A total of 115 patients were included,with an average age of 53 years.Pathological types included endometrioid adenocarcinoma(110 cases,95.7％),serous carcinoma(2 cases,1.7％),clear cell carcinoma(2 cases,1.7％),and carcinosarcoma(1 case,0.9％).FIGO stage comprised 92 cases(80.0％)in stage ⅠA,11 cases in stage ⅠB,and 12 cases in stages Ⅱ-Ⅲ C1.Sentinel lymph nodes were detected in 104 patients(90.4％),while systematic lymphadenectomy was performed in 45 cases(39.1％).Sentinel lymph node metastasis was identified in 2 cases(1.7％).Postoperative complications included lymphatic complications(14 cases,12.2％)and lower limb lymphedema(8 cases,7.0％).The 3-year overall survival rate was 90.4％,and the disease-free survival rate was 94.8％.Conclusion Cervical injection of ICG for robotic laparoscopic SLNB in endometrial cancer demonstrates a high detection rate,low incidence of postoperative complications,and significant clinical feasibility and application value.

Abstract:Objective To study the changes of learning and memory ability in mice during high-altitude de-acclimatization(HADA),and to explore the gut-brain axis mechanism of intestinal flora changes,so as to provide basis for taking targeted safeguard measures for HADA.Methods A total of 26 Kunming mice were randomly divided into control group and experimental group.The control group was not given any treatment,and the experimental group was given hypobaric hypoxia in the animal hypobaric chamber.Fecal samples were collected immediately after hypoxia and 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing of intestinal flora was performed.The differential flora was screened and the function of the differential flora was analyzed.The learning and memory ability of two groups of mice was tested by Morris water maze test.The pathological changes of hippocampus in mouse brain were observed by Nissl staining.SPSS 17.0 and GraphPad Prism v9.5.1.733 were used for data analysis.Results Morris water maze test showed that HADA could reduce the directional navigation ability of mice(P＜0.05).Nissl staining showed that the degeneration and necrosis of hippocampal neurons in the experimental group was more serious than that in the control group.The intestinal flora analysis showed that there was statistical difference between the control group and the experimental group(P＜0.05).The principal component analysis of microbial structure of the two groups showed that the microbial structure of the experimental group was different from that of the control group(P＜0.05).The histogram of linear discriminant analysis value distribution in linear discriminant analysis effect size showed that there were statistical differences in bacterial species between groups(LDA Score＞2).Conclusion Hypoxia at high altitude can cause disturbance of intestinal flora,and the differential bacteria of intestinal flora mainly focus on aging,infection and degeneration,and these pathways are closely related to learning and memory function.In the period of HADA,it shows degeneration and necrosis of hippocampal neurons and decrease of learning and memory ability,suggesting that HADA may affect intestinal flora,affect the aging and degenerative changes of brain tissue through the gut-brain axis,and thus affect their learning and memory ability during HADA.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen(HBO)therapy on pathological injury of brain tissue and energy metabolism in high-altitude de-acclimatization(HADA)model mice.Methods Thirty-six male Kunming mice were divided into 3 groups(n=12)by random number table method:normal control group(NC group),HADA group and HBO group.HBO group was divided into 2 subgroups(1d and 3 d group)according to HBO treatment time,with 6 mice in each subgroup.Mice were raised in a low-pressure chamber to simulate the high-altitude environment at an altitude of 5 000 m.After being raised in the chamber for 14 d,the open field test was conducted to evaluate the HADA model of mice,and the eight-arm maze experiment was conducted to evaluate the behavioral changes of each group of mice.After finishing low-pressure chamber exposure,the mice were treated with HBO therapy for 3 d.Pathological changes were observed in the brain tissue of mice 1 and 3 d after anesthesia perfusion,HE staining was used to observe pathological changes of cortex and hippocampus,Nissl staining was used to observe nerve cell injury,and immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the expression of glucose transporter 1(GLUT1)positive cells in brain tissue.Results In the open field test,the movement distance and residence time in the central area,the times of crossing lattice,and the total movement distance of the model mice were significantly reduced compared with the NC group(P＜0.05).The results of eight-arm maze experiment showed that the number of working memory errors,reference memory errors and total errors in HADA group were significantly higher than those in NC group(P＜0.05).The above indexes decreased significantly after 1 d of HBO treatment(P＜0.05).HE staining showed obvious degeneration and necrosis of nerve cells in the cortex and dentate gyrus region of hippocampus of HADA group.Nissl staining showed that the number of Nissl bodies in the brain tissue of HADA group was reduced,even dissolved,and their morphology was abnormal.The pathological damage of brain tissue of model mice was more serious on day 1 than that on day 3,and the above pathological damage was significantly reduced after HBO treatment.Compared with NC group,the ratio of GLUT 1-positive cells in brain tissue of HADA group was significantly increased on day 1 and day 3(P＜0.05),and the ratio of GLUT1 positive cells in HBO group was significantly lower than that in HADA group(P＜0.05).The expression of GLUT1 positive cells was significantly increased in all groups on day 3 compared with that on day 1(P＜0.05).Conclusion The anxiety-like behavior of mice in the model group was increased compared with that in the NC group,suggesting that the model was successfully prepared.In the short term,glucose utilization in brain tissue was still dominated by anaerobic glycolysis,and HBO treatment could quickly restore the energy metabolism homeostasis of brain tissue.At the same time,the effect of HBO therapy for 3 d was more obvious than that for 1 d,suggesting that HBO therapy can promote the functional recovery of brain cells,improve brain injury and restore energy metabolism homeostasis.

Abstract:Autoimmune encephalitis(AE)is a type of encephalitis that is mediated by autoimmune mechanisms.The main clinical manifestations include acute or subacute psychological and behavioral abnormalities,seizures,and cognitive impairments.At least 1/3 of AE progresses into severe AE,often accompanied by severe autonomic dysfunction,status epilepticus,or central hypoventilation syndrome,necessitating intensive care unit admission.Early immunotherapy can significantly improve the clinical symptoms of these patients and reduce the rates of disability and disease recurrence.Therefore,for severe AE,early diagnosis,early treatment,and in-depth understanding are of great significance for the treatment and prevention of the disease.This article reviews the classification,diagnosis and treatment progress,and prognosis of severe AE,aiming to provide clinicians with more help in the diagnosis and treatment of severe AE.

Abstract:Aviation fatigue refers to a reduction in a pilot's ability to carry out mental or physical activities because of inadequate sleep,prolonged wakefulness or excessive workloads,which has a significant impact on aviation safety.In recent years,in order to better detect aviation fatigue,researchers have developed subjective and objective detection methods such as multidimensional fatigue scale,pilot self-assessment scale,aviation safety report,and circadian rhythm detection,and they have found that sleep deprivation and circadian rhythm disorders increase levels of pilot fatigue.Based on previous studies,this paper proposes an integrated model to detect aviation fatigue in three stages:pre-flight,in-flight,and post-flight.The model combines subjective and objective measurement methods of aviation fatigue,which is a practical and comprehensive new idea for aviation fatigue detection.

Abstract:Mitochondria are important organelles responsible for regulating various life processes such as tricarboxylic acid cycle,calcium balance,cell apoptosis,cell death,cell cycle,and inflammation.Unlike other organelles,mitochondria contain a small amount of mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA),which is uniformly distributed in the mitochondrial matrix in a quasi-nuclear form under normal circumstances,and thus maintains mitochondrial homeostasis.When cells are under stress conditions such as senescence,apoptosis,metabolic disorders,and hypoxia,however,mitochondrial function becomes abnormal.In this case,mtDNA is released into the cytoplasm through mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pores,Bax/Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer(Bak)macropores or discharged into the extracellular space through various pathways such as tunneling nanotubes,extracellular vesicles,migrasome,and connexin.Once mtDNA is released from mitochondria into the cytoplasm or extracellular environment,it will activate Toll-like receptor 9,nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasomes,cyclic GMP/AMP synthase-interferon genes signaling pathways,promoting the release of inflammatory cytokines,inducing inflammatory responses,and participating in the occurrence and development of various diseases such as aging and Alzheimer's disease.