Abstract:Objective This study aimed to develop an in-situ and rapid quantitative analytical method for five key components of Salvia miltiorrhiza slices using hyperspectral imaging(HSI),and to systematically evaluate the impact of different spectral band selections and feature wavelength screening strategies on the performance of partial least squares regression(PLSR)models.Methods Hyperspectral images in the visible-near-infrared and near-infrared bands were acquired from 115 batches of Salvia miltiorrhiza slices.The contents of five key components—salvianolic acid B,tanshinone I,cryptotanshinone,tanshinone ⅡA,and total tanshinones—were quantified.Spectral data from the VNIR,NIR,and fused full-band ranges were extracted.These spectra were preprocessed using six methods,including multiplicative scatter correction and standard normal variate transformation.Feature wavelengths were then selected by competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,successive projections algorithm,and uninformative variable elimination.Finally,partial least squares regression models were developed and evaluated based on the correlation coefficient,root mean square error of the validation set,and residual predictive deviation.Results The partial least squares regression model,built using full-band spectra and refined by competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,achieved optimal predictive performance.For all five analytes,the validation correlation coefficients(Rv)ranged from 0.92 to 0.96,and the residual predictive deviation values exceeded 3.5,demonstrating enhanced model robustness and reliable predictive capability.Conclusion The integration of full-band hyperspectral data with CARS feature selection enables rapid,nondestructive,and accurate quantification of five key components in Salvia miltiorrhiza slices.This approach provides a scientific basis and technical support for intelligent quality control and rapid on-site testing of traditional Chinese medicinal slices.

Abstract:Objective To prepare cannabidiol(CBD)-loaded dissolving microneedles(DMNs),and characterize their properties and conduct a preliminary pharmacodynamic evaluation,aiming to achieve precise drug delivery,reduce dosage,minimize adverse effects,and thereby optimize the balance between efficacy and safety.Methods CBD-loaded DMNs were fabricated using a layer-by-layer casting method,with the preparation process optimized through single-factor experiments.The morphology and mechanical properties of the microneedles were evaluated for quality assessment.The in vivo analgesic efficacy was investigated using a mouse acetic acid-induced writhing model.Results The optimal preparation parameters were determined as follows:using PVP K30 and PVP K90 as the matrix materials for the needle tips and backing layer,re-spectively,employing a two-step centrifugation method with a tip solution centrifugation time of 5 min and a fixed centrifuge speed of 4 500 r·min-1.The resulting microneedles exhibited intact morphology and satisfactory mechanical strength,with a single needle fracture force of no less than 2.9 N.Pharmacodynamic results showed that the CBD-loaded DMNs exhibited a higher pain inhibition rate compared to the CBD gel formulations,despite being administered at a much lower dose.Conclu-sion This study successfully developed CBD-loaded dissolving microneedles,which demonstrated significant analgesic effi-cacy at an extremely low dosage,indicating promising application prospects.

Abstract:Honeysuckle as a Chinese medicinal herb with both edible and medicinal value,contains various effective ingredients such as volatile oils,flavonoids,organic acids,triterpenoid saponins,etc.It has many pharmacological effects such as antibacterial and antiviral,anti-inflammatory and antipyretic,antioxidant,and immune regulation,and has broad development prospects and high economic value.The research focuses on three aspects:the active ingredients,main pharmacological mechanisms,and current industrial development status of honeysuckle.A systematic review and summary of relevant studies were conducted,aiming to provide scientific basis for the deep development and utilization of honeysuckle and the high-quality development of the industry.

Abstract:Objective To explore the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of fenugreek on diabetes nephropathy through network pharmacological analysis and in vivo experimental verification.Methods TCMSP,SwissTarget and UniProt databases were used to screen,supplement and correct the active components of fenugreek and related targets.GeneCard,DisGNet,DigSee,TTD,OMIM,and DrugBank databases were used to obtain relevant targets for diabetic nephropathy;PPI network construction with STRING 11.0;GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed using Cytoscape 3.7.1 software;Blood glucose and blood lipid indexes of each group were detected by in vivo experiment,including FBG,TG and TC levels.Renal function indicators:BUN,SCR and 24h-mALB levels;Oxidative stress related indexes:SOD,MDA and CAT levels;Levels of inflammatory cytokines CCL2,IL-6 and ICAM-1.Results 14 active ingredients and 171 intersecting targets of"fenugreek-diabetic nephropathy"in fenugreek were obtained,and 2 core modules related to the regulation of inflammatory response were screened,and GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway may be the key pathway for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy,and the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway was related to inflammatory factors and oxidative stress responses.Conclusion Fenugreek can regulate the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway through anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress and play a therapeutic role in diabetic nephropathy.

Abstract:By analyzing data on hospital preparations in Shandong Province and integrating relevant literature on hospital preparations in some provinces and cities across the country,this paper identifies the problems in the development of hospital preparations in China and proposes corresponding suggestions.The statistical results showed that as of 2023,Shandong Province had 132 medical institutions holding preparation numbers,109 holding Hospital Preparation Licenses,and 2391 registered preparations.All these figures exhibited a significant decreasing trend compared with those in 2014.The reasons for this situation included talent-related factors,hardware conditions,quality systems,management systems and so on.It was recommended to improve the development environment of the hospital preparation industry from the perspectives of internal management and external policies,explore innovative cooperation models,expand market space,establish a sound scientific research cooperation platform,and promote the high-quality development of medical institution preparations.

Abstract:With the transformation of knowledge production mode from closed discipline to multi-collaborative,postgraduate education of pharmacy degree is facing the problem of training paradigm transformation,and it is necessary to complete the task of reconstructing the education system to better meet the increasingly complex social needs and knowledge innovation challenges in the medical field.Looking back at its development process,it is found that the existing training system is still deeply embedded in the logic of the traditional knowledge production mode(mode I and mode II),and it is difficult to adapt to the quadruple helix collaborative innovation ecology of"university-industry-government-public"emphasized by mode III.To this end,this paper drawed lessons from the innovative education experience of the"Science and Technology Courtyard"and proposed to build a"real situation-collaborative co-education"ecology to open up the education chain and production chain;Reshape the path of educating people and drive knowledge integration and task innovation with real problems;Reform the evaluation mechanism of scientific research and practice,and build a generative quality culture with output orientation.

Abstract:The post-approval CMC(chemical,manufacturing and control)changes are important parts of pharmaceutical product lifecycle.The changes considered to have a substantial potential to have a significant effect on safety,efficacy and quality of modified-release formulations.The pharmaceutical sponsors who intend to change the batch size,specification,storage condition and strength of some oral modified-release formulations should submit supplemental applications for major changes.Based on specific cases of oral modified-release formulations,the pharmaceutical considerations were put forward to assess the effects of the change and change research,in order to provide references for conduct change research and management.

Abstract:Cnidium monnieri(L.)Cuss is the mature and dried fruit of the umbelliferae medicinal plant Cnidium monnieri,which has various effects such as warming the kidney,assisting yang,and killing insects.It is extensively utilized in TCM clinical practice to treat diseases such as eczema,scabies,and infertility.Osthole is a natural coumarin compound mainly derived from Cnidium monnieri(L.)Cuss.Modern pharmacological investigations have demonstrated that it endows various pharmacological activities,including anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor,cardiovascular protection,bronchial protection,organ protection,analgesic,anti-microbial infection,and resistance to pests,which the pharmacological effects involve multiple molecular signaling pathways and targets.However,the low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability seriously restricts the application in basic research and clinical setting.Combining osthole with nanodrug delivery technology could effectively ameliorate the above shortcomings.Therefore,this review systematically retrospected and summarized the pharmacological effects and nano drug delivery systems of osthole,to provide ideas and basis for its clinical application and agent development.

Abstract:Objective Based on the concept of quality marker(Q-marker)in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),the fingerprint,network pharmacology and multi-constituent quantification were used to screen the potential Q-Marker of Hedan Tablets(HDT)for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.Methods Firstly,the HPLC fingerprint of HDT was established and the differential markers were analyzed by chemical pattern recognition.Secondly,by using network pharmacology,the potential targets and pathways of HDT in treatment of hyperlipidemia were predicted,and the potential Q-Marker then screened out according to the degree value.Finally,a UHPLC-based multi-constituent quantification was established to determine the content of the predicted landmark components.Results The fingerprint was established and 21 common peaks were detected,from which 10 differential markers were selected by chemical pattern recognition and confirmed by reference substance chromatography.Utilizing network pharmacology analysis,the above 10 differential markers exert lipid-lowering effects by acting on Akt1,TNF,PPARG,MMP9,TP53,HMGCR and other targets to modulate the signaling pathways of endocrine resistance,insulin resistance,lipids and atherosclerosis.And then 6 core active ingredients,including sennoside A,rosmarinic acid,quercetin-3-O-glucuronide,hyperoside,psoralenoside and nuciferine were screened as the potential Q-Markers based on the degree value,with the content of 0.01～0.09,0.02～0.27,0.21～4.30,0.09～1.71,0.06～0.54,0.11～0.60 mg per tablet,respectively.Conclusion The above 6 core active ingredients were consistent with the screening principles of TCM Q-Markers,such as the compatibility environment,effectiveness,specificity and measurability,and could be used as potential Q-Markers for HDT in the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

Abstract:Objective To explore the effects of exogenous selenium application on the appearance and morphology of honeysuckle flower buds and the absorption and transfer of selenium in honeysuckle plants,in order to provide a scientific basis for the application of selenium fertilizers in medicinal plants such as honeysuckle.Methods Different concentrations of sodium selenite were sprayed on the leaves of honeysuckle,and the contents of metal elements in honeysuckle plants after selenium application were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).Results When the concentration of sodium selenite was low(0～50 mg·L-1),the appearance and morphology of honeysuckle flower buds were normal,while at high concentrations(100～300 mg·L-1),there was a certain degree of scorching on the flower buds.Appropriate concentrations(20～50 mg·L-1)of sodium selenite could promote the absorption of beneficial elements such as calcium,magnesium,iron,zinc,and manganese.At different treatment times(6,12,18,and 24 days),with the increase of sodium selenite concentration,the selenium content in the roots,stems,and leaves of honeysuckle significantly increased.Notably,except for the lead content in the roots of honeysuckle being slightly higher at 20 mg·L-1,the contents of heavy metal elements such as lead,cadmium,chromium,arsenic,and copper in different parts of honeysuckle plants were all lower than those in the blank group,indicating that sodium selenite could inhibit the absorption of heavy metals.Conclusion This study provides a scientific basis for the application of selenium fertilizers in medicinal plants such as honeysuckle.Appropriate concentrations of sodium selenite can not only promote the absorption of beneficial elements but also effectively control heavy metal pollution,which is of great significance for improving the quality and safety of medicinal plants.

Abstract:Objective To systematically review the progress in the optimization of traditional drugs and the research on new therapies in hair loss treatment,providing a basis for hair loss treatment.Methods Comprehensive computer-based searches of relevant domestic and international databases were performed to systematically summarize the current status of existing drug treatments and emerging therapies for alopecia.Results Traditional drugs such as minoxidil and finasteride have significantly improved efficacy through optimization strategies including nanocarrier technology or combination therapy.Meanwhile,novel therapeutic approaches—such as prostaglandin analogs,small nucleic acid drugs,JAK inhibitors,and biological therapies—have shown promising potential for treating alopecia via different mechanisms.Conclusion The research on formulation optimization and novel therapeutic strategies provides more ideas for hair loss treatment,holding significant clinical implications and research value.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effect of gentiopicroside(GPS)on oxidative damage in white adipose tissue of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)mice and explore its underlying mechanism.Methods After a high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin(STZ)induced a T2DM model in C57BL/6J mice,the mice were randomly divided into a model group,a low-dose GPS group(25 mg·kg-1),and a high-dose GPS group(50 mg·kg-1),and another 10 C57BL/6J mice fed with normal diet were taken as the normal control group,and the drug was given orally once a day for 8 weeks.During the experiment,the basic metabolic indices of the mice were measured.When the mice were sacrificed,the serum and white adipose tissue were collected.Pathological staining was performed on the white adipose tissue.Lipid metabolism-related indices in the serum and oxidative stress-related indices in the white adipose tissue were measured.Western blotting was used to determine the protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ(PPAR-γ)and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)in the white adipose tissue.Results GPS significantly reduced the postprandial blood glucose(PBG),fasting blood glucose(FBG),food intake,and water intake in T2DM mice(P﹤0.01).It also significantly improved oral glucose tolerance abnor-malities(P﹤0.01)and enhanced insulin sensitivity in T2DM mice(P﹤0.01).GPS attenuated the pathological morphological abnormalities in white adipose tissue and lipid metabolism disorders in T2DM mice(P﹤0.01),and reduced the white fat weight and white fat index(P﹤0.01).GPS remarkably increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the contents of an-tioxidant substances(P﹤0.01),and markedly reduced malondialdehyde(MDA)content(P﹤0.01)in white adipose tissue.Furthermore,GPS increased the expression of PPAR-γ and Nrf2 proteins in white adipose tissue(P﹤0.01).Conclusion GPS may exert its anti-T2DM effect by alleviating oxidative damage in white adipose tissue through regulating the PPAR-γ/Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Abstract:Objective To identify the volatile components of honeysuckle and compare the differences in volatile components among samples at different flowering stages.Methods Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry(GC-IMS)was used to analyze the volatile organic compounds in honeysuckle samples at different developmental stages.The OPLS-DA analysis method was employed to screen representative differential characteristic components.A systematic study was conducted on five varieties of honeysuckle at five different flowering stages.Results A total of 72 volatile compounds were detected by GC-IMS.The silver flower stage and the golden flower stage contained rich components such as benzaldehyde dimer,and some components(such as benzaldehyde monomer,trans-2,4-heptadienal monomer,etc.)gradually increased with development.The OPLS-DA results showed a clear distinction among honeysuckle samples at different flowering stages,and 28 differential characteristic components were screened out,including cis-3-hexenol monomer,n-hexanol monomer,cis-3-hexenol dimer,etc.Conclusion For the first time,the similarities and differences of volatile components in different flowering stages and varieties of honeysuckle were quickly and comprehensively presented,and the 28 volatile components screened out could be distinguished as their characteristic components.

Abstract:Alkaloids,as nitrogen-containing natural compounds characterized by complex cyclic structures and significant pharmacological activities,present a fundamental challenge for their efficient and precise extraction in natural drug development.Conventional methods,including acid extraction followed by alkaline precipitation and organic solvent extraction,are often associated with high toxicity,poor selectivity,and interference from impurities,rendering them less compatible with green chemistry principles.Deep eutectic solvents(DES),distinguished by their tunable properties,low toxicity,and high solvation capacity,provide a novel strategy for sustainable alkaloid extraction.This review systematically summarized recent advances in DES-based extraction methodologies for alkaloids,with the aim of establishing a reference framework for the advancement of green extraction and separation systems.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect and underlying mechanism of Eleutherococcus senticosus ex-tract on α-glucosidase.Methods The half-maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)was determined using in vitro enzyme inhibition assays.Enzyme kinetics and fluorescence spectroscopy were employed to analyze the inhibition type,interaction mechanism,and thermodynamic parameters.Results E.senticosus extract exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase,with an IC50 value of 0.86 mg·mL-1.The inhibition was characterized as predominantly mixed-type with a non-competitive component.Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the extract induced conformational changes in the enzyme through dynamic quenching.Thermodynamic analysis indicated that hydrophobic interactions were the main driving force.Conclusion E.senticosus extract inhibits α-glucosidase through conformational modulation and hydrophobic interactions,suggesting its potential application in blood glucose regulation.

Abstract:Objective To explore the inhibitory activity of the flavonoid jaceosidin against the RNA polymerase of the novel coronavirus.Methods Molecular docking was first employed to investigate the binding mode of jaceosidin at the active site of RNA polymerase,to determine whether jaceosidin could stably bind to the NTPs channel and obstruct the entry of substrates.Subsequently,the inhibitory pharmacological activity of jaceosidin against RNA polymerase was evaluated using a cell-based assay system for the catalytic reaction of the novel coronavirus RNA polymerase.Results Jaceosidin exhibited favorable binding to the active site of RNA polymerase,occupying the NTPs channel and hindering the entry of nucleotides,thereby achieving pharmacological action to inhibit RNA polymerase-mediated nucleic acid replication.The results of pharmacological experiments at the cellular level demonstrated that jaceosidin possesses inhibitory activity against RNA polymerase,albeit with weaker activity compared to remdesivir.However,jaceosidin exhibited lower cytotoxicity compared to remdesivir.Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that jaceosidin exhibits inhibitory activity against RNA polymerase,providing a potential reference for the development of anti-novel coronavirus drugs.

Abstract:Indirubin,a kind of bis-indole alkaloid,is derived from the traditional Chinese medicine Indigofera tinctoria L.,and exhibits anti-tumor activities against various cancers,especially chronic myelocytic leukemia.This paper described the structural modification of indirubin and relative anti-tumor mechanisms from the cellular level,cancer-related proteins,targets,and signaling pathways,providing a basis for the development of novel indirubin derivatives with excellent anti-tumor activity.

Abstract:Compound bilayer tablets have been widely concerned in the development of novel solid formulations because of its advantages including enhancing drug efficacy,reducing side effects and improving patient compliance by combining medications or adjusting the rate of drug release.This review summarized the key points in prescription screening and process development of chemical generic compound bilayer tablets,combining the literature patents,relevant domestic and foreign drug laws and regulations.This included the characteristics of active pharmaceutical ingredients,the selection of ex-cipients,the design of multi-strengths prescription,the development of bilayer process and batch amplification,etc.,in order to provide a reference for generic compound bilayer tablets drug development.

Abstract:Objective This study analyzes the contamination levels of 8 heavy metals in Euryales Semen and its aquatic sediments from Jiangsu Province and conducts a health risk assessment,thereby providing data support for the safety evaluation of Euryales Semen and the establishment of heavy metal limit standards for traditional Chinese medicinal materials in Jiangsu Province.Methods Samples of Euryales Semen and corresponding sediments were collected from 8 cities in Jiangsu Province.Heavy metal contents in the samples were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and catalytic pyrolysis-cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry.Sediment pollution was assessed by applying the single-factor pollution index,Nemerow integrated pollution index,and potential ecological risk index methods.Based on a multi-pathway health risk assessment model and bioaccumulation factors,the study analyzed the potential human risks posed by heavy metals and their accumulation capacities in Euryales Semen.Results The heavy metals in sediments within the study area showed no overall pollution,but localized areas posed a moderate ecological risk from Cd and Hg.For medicinal or dietary use,the levels of heavy metals in Euryales Semen remained below the standard,and the associated health risks were within safe limits.However,when consumed frequently as a cereal,3.12％of the samples exceeded the limits for Hg and Pb,and 28.12％of the samples presented non-carcinogenic risks from As.Additionally,the bioconcentration factors for all heavy metals in Euryales Semen were below 1,and their concentrations did not exhibit a significant correlation with the corresponding heavy metal levels in sediments.Conclusion The risks posed by heavy metals in Euryales Semen and its aquatic sediments in Jiangsu are generally controllable.However,enhanced monitoring of Hg,Pb,and As in Euryales Semen is recommended when it is consumed frequently and in large quantities.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effects and mechanisms of ligustilide cycloprolactam(LIGc)on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation(OGD/R)-induced injury in H9c2 cells.Methods H9c2 cells were divided into control,OGD/R model,and LIGc-treated groups.Cell viability was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8).Microplate assays were employed to measure nitric oxide(NO),malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione(GSH),and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)levels.Flow cytometry was used to detect reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels and apoptosis rate.Western blotting(WB)analyzed protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2),heme oxygenase-1(HO-1),B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2),and Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax).Results Compared with the control group,the OGD/R model group exhibited significantly reduced cell viability(P＜0.01),aggravated oxidative stress(elevated NO,MDA,ROS;decreased SOD,GSH),and increased apoptosis(elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio)(all P＜0.01).LIGc treatment markedly reversed these alterations(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).Conclusion The ligustilide derivative LIGc,a bioactive marker of Angelica sinensis,alleviates OGD/R-induced oxidative stress injury in H9c2 cells,potentially through regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.