Abstract:Objective To report results of real-time intracochlear electrocochleography(ECochG)monitoring during cochlear implantation.Methods A total of 63 patients(68 ears)undergoing cochlear implantation from March 2024 to April 2025 were enrolled(32 males and 31 females,age from 5 years and 10 months to 73 years).Based on preoperative low-frequency residual hearing,patients were divided into Group A(thresholds≤80 dB HL at 125 Hz,250 Hz,and 500 Hz;n=31,33 ears)and Group B(average threshold＞80 dB HL at 125 Hz,250 Hz,and 500 Hz;n=32,35 ears).During electrode insertion,ECochG potentials were measured in real time from the apical electrode to track changes in cochlear microphonic(CM)amplitude.Postoperatively,electrode positioning and low-frequency hearing preservation were evaluated.Results Real-time ECochG monitoring was successful in 65 of the 68 ears(95.6%).In Group A,CM waves were detected in 22 ears(68.8%),showing ascending Type A in 6 ears(18.8%),descending Type C in 5 ears(15.6%),fluctuating Type CC in 11 ears(34.4%),and no response(Type D)in 10 ears(31.2%).The CM amplitude ranged from 4 to 220 μV in this group.In Group B,CM was detectable only in 3 ears(9.1%),including ascending Type A in 1 ear(peak amplitude:240 μV)and fluctuating Type CC in 2 ears(peak amplitudes:6.5 μV and 8 μV).The rest 30 ears(90.9%)showed no response(Type D).In Group A,the average preoperative low-frequency hearing threshold was 75(59.5,78.5)dB HL for those showing Type A responses,with a average postoperative low-frequency threshold shift of 15(6.5,22.7)dB HL;78(76.5,80)dB HL for those showing Type C responses,with a postoperative shift of 22(15,26)dB HL;and 77(75,80)dB HL for those showing Type CC responses,with a postoperative shift of 17(10,25)dB HL,with no significant differences in preoperative or postoperative low-frequency thresholds among different CM waveform types.Electrode translocation into the scala vestibuli was observed in 2 ears(40%)with Type C responses,and not in Types A or CC responses.Conclusions Preoperative low-frequency residual hearing influences the intraoperative ECochG detection.Real-time intracochlear ECochG monitoring provides feedback to guide adjustments in electrode insertion(speed and angle),thereby reducing the incidence of electrode translocation and improving postoperative residual hearing preservation.

Abstract:Objective The results of hearing screening and gene sequencing in 18 865 neonates in Haikou area are reported to promote the prevention and control of deafness in the region.Methods Heel blood samples from newborns delivered at healthcare facilities in Haikou between April 2024 and December 2024 were collected and screened for 20 mutations in four common hereditary deafness genes(GJB2,GJB3,SLC26A4 and MT-RNR1)using high-throughput sequencing technology(combinatorial probe anchor synthesis sequencing method).This was combined with hearing screening to determine characteristics of deafness genes carriers and their hearing status.Results A total of 18 865 newborns were included,with a rate of mutant genes detection of 3.3%(622/18 865).The detection rate for the GJB2,SLC26A4,MT-RNR1 and GJB3 genes was 1.4%,1.1%,0.5%and 0.3%,respectively,with the detection rate of compound heterozygous mutation involving two genes at 0.1%.The most frequent mutations were c.235delC heterozygous mutation(1.2%),c.919-2A＞G heterozygous mutation(0.9%),m.1095T＞C homozygous mutation(0.3%),and c.538C＞T heterozygous mutation(0.2%).The rate of SLC26A4 gene mutations in Li ethnic newborns was significantly higher than that in Han and Miao ethnic newborns(P＜0.05).The detection rates and composition ratios of deafness gene mutations were not significantly different between genders(P＞0.05).Among the 18 865 newborns,4 were diagnosed with childhood hearing loss.Conclusions Deafness gene mutations among newborns in Haikou area involves mainly the GJB2 gene,with c.235delC and c.919-2A＞G being the most common.The rate of SLC26A4 gene mutations among Li ethnic newborns is higher.The information can be used to formulate deafness prevention and control strategies.

Abstract:Objective To define subclasses of sudden sensorineural hearing loss based on the degree of hearing loss,and report their clinical characteristics and prognosis.Methods A total of 928 patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss admitted to the Department of Otolaryngology,Head and Neck Surgery,Sixth Medical Center of the People's Liberation Army General Hospital for treatment were included and,based on their pure tone thresholda before treatment,divided into Group 1(80 to＜95 dB HL),Group 2(95 to＜110 dB HL),and Group 3(≥110 dB HL).Non parametric rank test,stratified chi square,multiple logistic regression,and trend test were used to compare the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes among the three groups.Results(1)Significant differences were found in time from onset to treatment(P=0.002),incidence of vertigo(P＜0.001),coexisting diabetes(P=0.012),age(P=0.014),and affected side(P=0.019),but not in gender(P=0.469),tinnitus(P=0.099),ear fullness(P=0.098),hypertension(P=0.906),or triggering factors(P=0.102).(2)There were differences in the overall treatment effectiveness among the three groups(P＜0.001),specifically for those who received treatment within 14 days(P＜0.001)and those during 14 to 40 days(P=0.041)of onset,but not for those who received treatment between 40～180 days(P=0.110)of onset.Differences in hearing outcomes among the three groups were present for low(P=0.003),mid(P=0.002)and high(P=0.013)frequencies.(3)In 294 patients with complete speech recognition data,the rate of speech recognition improvement was 36.7%for those initiating treatment within 30 days,and 39.1%for those within 180 days(P＜0.001).(4)Four factors were found associated with prognosis,namely disease duration(OR=0.95),age(OR=0.99),hearing loss exceeding 110 dB HL(OR=0.67,compared to 80～95 dB HL),and gender(OR=1.40,female vs male).Conclusions Subclasses of patients with profound sudden deafness show different clinical characteristics,and hearing and speech recognition outcomes associated with the degree of hearing loss.Such subtyping of sudden deafness patients can help improve the effectiveness of diagnosis and treatment.

Abstract:Objective To report the efficacy of degradable microsphere particle drug-coated balloon dilation catheters in a model of acute eustachian tube inflammation,and its mechanisms of action on morphology,function and histopathological outcomes of the eustachian tube.Methods A randomized controlled experimental design was used.Nine(18 ears)miniature Bama pigs were randomly selected the controls(n=1,2 ears),acute inflammation model(n=1,2 ears),model control(n=1,2 ears),and self-controlled study group(n=6,12 ears),which received dilation with a sirolimus-dexamethasone composite drug-loaded balloon catheter,controlled with routine non-coated balloon dilation.An was established before the operation.eustachian tube balloon dilation surgery was performed 1 week after establishment of acute eustachian tube inflammation model.Otoscopy and eustachian tube endoscopy were completed before and after the operation for morphological changes.Histopathological study and lumen morphological measurement were conducted 4 weeks after the operation.Results The cartilaginous wall of the normal eustachian tube in Bama pigs was covered mainly by pseudostratified low-ciliated epithelium.In the acute eustachian tube inflammation model,the tympanic membrane showed acute hyperemia,with edema of the eustachian tube mucosa lining and partial transformation of the epithelium into pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.The score of inflammatory cell infiltration was 2.96±0.464,significantly higher compared with the normal group(P＜0.001).After balloon dilation,the cartilaginous part of the Eustachian tube in the study group was covered mainly by pseudostratified low-ciliated epithelium with reduced inflammatory infiltration compared to the control and the model groups(P＜0.001).The inner diameter of the eustachian tube lumen in the study group showed a significant dilation effect at(162 174.8±100 526.46)μm2,(397.7%greater than that in the disease model group(P＜0.001)and significantly better than that in routine dilation control by 32289.81μm2(P=0.044).Conclusions Dilation with degradable microsphere particle drug-coated balloon exerts anti-inflammatory(dexamethasone)and anti-proliferative(sirolimus)effects in addition to mechanical dilation through sustained drug release,and effectively improves the eustachian tube microenvironment to maintain the morphological stability of the lumen.This is of great significance in improving the success rate of eustachian tube balloon dilation and in reducing the rate of recurrence.The results of this study demonstrate important application potentials in the clinical treatment of eustachian tube dysfunction.

Abstract:Objective To report clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcomes of patients with gradually declining sudden sensorineural hearing loss(SSNHL).Methods Clinical data of 52 patients with gradually declining SSNHL admitted to the PLA General Hospital from 2008 to 2025 were retrospectively analyzed,including demographic data,pathogenic precipitators,accompanying symptoms,comorbidities and audiological features.Therapeutic outcomes was compared among patients with different time courses of continued hearing decline until the worst level(i.e.＜3 days and 3～7 days).Results At least one precipitator was identified in 34.6%(18/52)of patients,with staying up late being the most common(21.2%,11/52).The main accompanying symptoms were tinnitus(94.2%,49/52)and aural fullness(57.7%,30/52),and vertigo developed in 23.1%(12/52)of patients after hearing loss progressed to the worst level.The most common comorbidities were hypertension(21.2%,11/52)and diabetes mellitus(11.5%,6/52).Audiologically,most patients showed involvement of all frequencies(94.2%,49/52),with total deafness being the most prevalent(73.1%,38/52)and showing the worst degree of hearing loss(44.2%,23/52).The rate of overall treatment effectiveness was 82.7%(43/52):84.4%for the＜3 days group and 80%for the 3～7 days group.In terms of frequency-specific hearing recovery,the had higher the rates of complete recovery and overall effectiveness for low-frequencies(25%,8/32 and 87.5%,28/32 for the＜3 days group,and 15.6%,5/32 and 71.9%,23/32 for the 3～7 days group)were better than for high-frequencies(25%,5/20 and 75%,15/20 for the＜3 days group,and 10%,2/20 and 70%,14/20 for the 3～7 days group).Conclusions Patients with progressively declining SSNHL are characterized by continued hearing decline often involving all frequencies,severe hearing impairment,and frequent accompaniment of tinnitus,aural fullness,and vertigo.This type of SSNHL has a favorable therapeutic response,with better outcomes in patients whose hearing loss stops progressing in＜3 days.Additionally,low-frequency hearing recovery is often superior to high-frequency hearing recovery.

Abstract:Hearing relies on sound signals being transmitted from hair-cell sensors via spiral neurons(SGNs)to brain processors.Hair cell and SGNs dysfunction caused by noise exposure,aging,ototoxicity and genetic factors are the main causes of hearing loss.Cochlear tissue resident macrophages are essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis and repair.Studies have shown that peripheral monocytes can be recruited into the inner ear and differentiate into macrophages after environmental damage.Notably,cochlear macrophages are heterogeneous and can be divided into multiple subpopulations,and these subpopulations perform different functions in the inner ear.However,the specific roles of macrophages in the progression of cochlear diseases and related signaling pathways remain to be further explored.This review will summarizes the multiple functions of cochlear macrophages in age-related hearing loss and noise-induced hearing loss,as well as the latest research progress on their treatment strategies.We hope to provide an in-depth understanding of the physiological function of cochlear macrophages for new strategies of hearing the restoration and protection,with a focus on analyzing the dynamic interactive mechanisms among macrophage subpopulations and cochlear cells serving as a theoretical basis for targeted interventions.

Abstract:Objective To report clinical characteristics of acute low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss(ALHL)and factors influencing its clinical prognosis.Methods This retrospective study included 70 hospitalized patients(70 ears)diagnosed with unilateral ALHL at the Department of Otolaryngology,Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University,from October 2022 to March 2025,including 24 males and 46 females,with an age range of 11 to 59 years(mean age=34.0±10.6 years).Audiological examinations,electrocochleography(ECochG),and gadolinium-enhanced inner ear magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)were performed.All patients received the same treatment regimen and were followed up for at least 3 months to evaluate clinical efficacy.The influence of factors such as comorbid diseases,tinnitus and aural fullness,degree of hearing loss,ECochG,and gadolinium-enhanced inner ear MRI on prognosis was analyzed.Results For the 70 patients,the average pure-tone threshold was(39.7±9.1)dB HL over low frequencies(125～500 Hz).After treatment,the rate of complete recovery was 55.7%(39/70),the rate of partial recovery was 14.3%(10/70),the rate of no-change was 30%(21/70),yielding a total effectiveness rate of 70%(49/70).Univariate analysis revealed that presence of precipitating factors,number of episodes of hearing loss,ECochG,and gadolinium-enhanced inner ear MRI were correlated with prognosis.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that ECochG and gadolinium-enhanced inner ear MRI were correlated with prognosis.Combining both analyses,abnormal ECochG and positive gadolinium-enhanced inner ear MRI were associated with a poorer clinical prognosis.Conclusions ALHL predominantly affects middle-aged women with typically unilateral presentation.Besides hearing loss,aural fullness is a frequent symptom.The overall prognosis is favorable,although a subset of patients may experience fluctuating or recurrent hearing loss.Abnormal ECochG and positive inner ear MRI enhancement are significantly correlated with unfavorable clinical outcomes,suggesting their combined use may improve prognostic evaluation in ALHL.

Abstract:Objective To validate the feasibility of a stepwise differentiation protocol for generating human inner ear organoids(hIEOs)from human induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs).Methods A urine-derived iPSCs line from a healthy male donor was subjected to directed differentiation into hIEOs by recapitulating the sequential activation and inhibition of key signaling pathways involved in human inner ear development,including BMP(Bone Morphogenetic Protein),TGF-β(Transforming Growth Factor-beta),FGF(Fibroblast Growth Factor),WNT(Wingless-related integration site),and SHH(Sonic hedgehog)pathways.During early differentiation,morphological progression was monitored by bright-field microscopy,and stage-specific molecular markers were assessed via immunofluorescence staining.Results(1)Concurrent activation of FGF and BMP signaling coupled with TGF-β inhibition efficiently induced iPSCs toward non-neural ectoderm(NNE)on day 3,confirmed by co-expression of NNE markers EYA1+GATA3+TFAP2A+ECAD+.(2)Subsequent sequential modulation—FGF activation followed by BMP and TGF-β inhibition,and co-activation of WNT and SHH—promoted to the formation of otic placode by day 10 and further progression to otic pit by day 15.(3)Sustained WNT inhibition combined with SHH activation promoted the emergence of three-dimensional,spherical otic vesicles by day 42.Within these vesicles,early hair cell-like cells expressing MYO7A,F-actin,and POU4F3 were observed,potentially early connected by NFL+neuronal-like cells.Conclusions This study demonstrated the reproducibility and efficacy of the protocol for iPSCs-derived early hIEOs,which contained early hair cell-like cells and potential early sensory-neural connectivity.The hIEO is expected to provide a human-derived in vitro model for further studies on otogenesis and pathogenesis.

Abstract:Sudden sensorineural hearing loss(SSNHL)refers to idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss occurring within 72 hours,characterized by a hearing loss of at least 30 dB at two adjacent frequencies.The annual incidence of this condition has shown an increasing trend in recent years,primarily affecting the middle-aged population.Currently,systemic corticosteroid therapy is the first-line treatment for SSNHL.However,approximately 30%to 50%of patients exhibit poor response to treatment,and some experience significant side effects from corticosteroid use,making developing new therapeutic approaches crucial.Systemic immune dysregulation affects the local microenvironment in the inner ear through inflammatory factors,autoantibodies and immune cell infiltration,disrupting its immune-privileged state and ultimately leading to unilateral hearing loss.Abnormal immune responses,such as autoantibody deposition,T-cell subset dysregulation,and macrophage hyperactivation,further exacerbate inner ear tissue damage.Additionally,biomarkers such as NLR and PLR in peripheral blood,as well as HSP70 and prestin in the inner ear,are associated with disease progression.Clinically,targeted therapies based on immunoinflammatory mechanisms have achieved notable progress,including those targeting the NLRP3 pathway,JNK signaling pathway and antioxidant stress.Furthermore,emerging research on cell-protective and functional-repairing small-molecule drugs and gene therapy provides a foundation for treating sudden deafness.However,current research still faces multiple challenges,such as limited efficacy of existing treatments,significant heterogeneity in biomarker profiles,drug delivery barriers due to the blood-labyrinth barrier,and high heterogeneity in etiology.Future research needs to achieve breakthroughs in key areas such as in-depth elucidation of pathogenesis,precise biomarker screening and development of efficient drug delivery systems,thereby promoting a systematic improvement in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of SSNHL.

Abstract:Progressive hearing loss in children refers to sensorineural hearing loss with gradually worsening hearing thresholds over time in childhood,characterized by its insidiousness,heterogeneity and high risks of disability.It is one of the important causes of hearing disability in children.This article systematically elaborates on the definition,characteristics,and core hazards of progressive hearing loss in children,analyzes major risk factors such as genetic factors,viral infections,noise exposure and ototoxic drugs,and focuses on the challenges in early identification and the precise prevention and control strategies based on risk stratification.It emphasizes the importance of establishing an active monitoring system and a multidisciplinary collaborative model to achieve early detection and precise intervention,thereby reducing the negative impact of PHLC on children's language,cognitive,and social skills,and ensuring their auditory health and all-round development.

Abstract:Objective To report hearing gain after endoscopic type Ⅰ tympanoplasty for mid-size and large tympanic membrane(TM)perforations caused by chronic suppurative otitis media(CSOM)and its correlations with perforation characteristics.Methods Endoscopic TM images and audiological data from 62 patients(63 ears)diagnosed with CSOM and underwent endoscopic type Ⅰ tympanoplasty at the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University from March 2022 to March 2024 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients were followed for 3 to 6 months.The change of air conduction thresholds(ΔAC)and air-bone gap(ΔABG)after surgery were used as the index of postoperative hearing gain.The relationship between TM perforation area relative to the total tympanic membrane area(RAp)and its location,and postoperative hearing gain was analyzed.Results ΔAC and ΔABG showed significant hearing for both med-and large size perforations(P＜0.05),except for the differences of 125 Hz and 250 Hz.Perforation size was positively correlation with postoperative hearing gain(r=0.630、0.699,P＜0.05).ΔABG showed no statistically significant correlation to perforation location in two-by-two comparisons(P＞0.05).Conclusions Endoscopic type Ⅰ tympanoplasty can yield significant hearing improvement for both mid-and large size tympanic membrane perforations,with greater benefits for large perforations.Perforation location had no significant effect on hearing outcomes.

Abstract:Sudden sensorineural hearing loss(SSNHL)is a common emergency in otolaryngology,with viral infection being one of its primary etiologies.Herpes simplex virus(HSV)is considered a potential pathogen associated with this condition.Among SSNHL patients with HSV infection,adults are predominantly infected with HSV-1 and exhibit significant variability in prognosis,whereas neonates are mainly infected with HSV-2,often accompanied by central nervous system damage,leading to severe hearing loss.Regarding treatment,some experimental and clinical studies suggest that combination therapy with corticosteroids and antiviral agents may be effective,although related evidence remains conflicting.This article reviews recent research advances in HSV-associated SSNHL from four perspectives—epidemiology,clinical evidence,pathological mechanisms,and therapeutic progress—to provide insights for etiological studies and clinical subtyping of SSNHL.

Abstract:Methods Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were primary cultured and exosomes were isolated via ultracentrifugation.The isolated exosomes were labeled with fluorescence.Transmission electron microscopy,nanoparticle tracking analysis,western blotting,RNA extraction,and surface protein positivity assays were performed to characterize the exosomes.Results The isolated exosomes displayed a clear boundary,spherical morphology,and uniform size distribution.Nanoparticle tracking analysis showed an exosome particle concentration of 2.22×1010 particles/mL with a particle size of 81.97 nm.The bicinchoninic acid assay determined the exosomal protein concentration as 0.36 μg/μL.Characteristic exosomal membrane proteins,including TSG101,CD9,CD81,CD63 and Syntenin were detected.The RNA concentration of the exosomes was measured at 1.5 ng/μL.Conclusions This experimental method successfully isolated and purified exosomes for inner therapy.

Abstract:Objective To report the impact of ambient noise in non-soundproof environments on the accuracy of mobile audiometry,and the efficacy of correction through post-measurement adjustment based on environmental noise levels.Methods Seventy participants aged≥50 years(mean=68.57 years)underwent mobile audiometry using the"Silver Hearing Health"WeChat mini-program in a quiet clinical room,where ambient noise levels were simultaneously recorded.Conventional pure-tone audiometry conducted in a sound-treated booth served as the control.Post hoc adjustment based on ambient noise levels was applied to mobile audiometry thresholds.Conventional pure-tone audiometric thresholds were compared to mobile audiometric thresholds before and after the adjustment using the Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Bland-Altman analysis.Participants were stratified into normal-hearing and hearing-loss groups according to the conventional pure-tone average(PTA)≥20 dB HL,and diagnostic performance for identifying hearing loss was evaluated using the same threshold before and after adjustment.Results Before adjustment,mobile audiometry overestimated thresholds across frequencies and PTA(P＜0.05),especially at low frequencies.After noise adjustment,differences were non-significant in the total sample and hearing-loss group(P＞0.05),but minor residual differences persisted in the normal-hearing group,including PTA.Bland-Altman plots indicated improved diagnostic agreement,with narrower coherency limits and more concentrated data distribution post-adjustment,while diagnostic specificity improved from 0.35 to 0.85,and the Youden index increased from 0.35 to 0.77,suggesting improved overall diagnostic performance after accounting for ambient noise,Conclusions Compensating ambient noise levels during mobile audiometry in non-soundproof settings can enhance result accuracy.This approach demonstrates potential feasibility for expanding hearing screening services in resource-limited environments,and offers a methodological perspective for future refinement and broader adoption.

Abstract:Objective To report outcomes of 40 Hz frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS)in the treatment of chronic subjective tinnitus.Methods A total of 55 patients with subjective tinnitus were prospectively enrolled between July 2024 and January 2025 at the Center of Tinnitus Diagnosis and Treatment,Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University.Patients received consecutive 5-day 40 Hz rTMS treatment.The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory,Tinnitus Loudness Visual Analog Scale,Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and Athens Insomnia Scale were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect before and after treatment.Results Three months post-treatment,the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory score decreased from 58.18±19.68 to 44.04±18.58,the Tinnitus Loudness Visual Analog Scale score decreased from 6.24±1.92 to 4.45±1.95,the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale score decreased from 49.45±9.61 to 40.91±9.08,and the Athens Insomnia Scale score decreased from 10.25±3.55 to 6.54±3.61(P＜0.01).Conclusions 40 Hz rTMS can significantly alleviate tinnitus severity,anxiety,and sleep disturbances in patients with chronic subjective tinnitus,indicating promising clinical application prospects.

Abstract:Sudden sensorineural hearing loss is a common emergency in otolaryngology.When hearing loss involves main high-frequencies(2～8 kHz),it is classified as high-frequency sudden sensorineural hearing loss.Most patients experience severe high-pitched tinnitus and exhibit a significant reduction in speech recognition ability,particularly in noisy environments.However,due to the mild level of hearing loss at speech frequencies coupled with severe tinnitus,the patient's hearing loss tends to be masked,resulting in delayed treatment.Furthermore,conventional treatment for HFSSNHL often yields suboptimal outcomes.This article reviews the etiology,pathogenesis,treatment and prognosis of HFSSNHL,with the aim of providing a basis for the clinical reclassification of SSNHL.

Abstract:Temporal bone CT is one of the essential tools in the diagnosis and treatment of ear diseases.Accurately determining the type and location of lesions,and their relations to adjacent structures is of significant importance for selecting treatment and surgical approaches.In practice,due to the intricate temporal bone anatomy and relative few experienced otolaryngology radiologists,misdiagnosis and missed diagnoses may occur.Computer-aided deep learning diagnostics offers advantages such as high speed and resistance to fatigue,playing an increasingly important role in temporal bone CT-assisted diagnosis.Remarkable progress has been made in the recognition and segmentation of key temporal bone structures,as well as qualitative and quantitative diagnosis of diseases.This paper reviews domestic and overseas literatures in recent years,summarizes the achievements of deep learning technology in the identification and segmentation of key temporal bone structures,and discusses the challenges faced in the clinical application of temporal bone CT and the prospects of its future development.

Abstract:Middle ear cholesteatoma is a non-neoplastic lesion of the middle ear that can lead to serious intracranial and extracranial complications,potentially life-threatening in severe cases.Although multiple pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed,no definitive conclusion has been reached to date.Currently,there are no effective non-surgical treatment options,thus research into its pathogenesis is critical for developing non-invasive therapeutic strategies and reducing postoperative recurrence.Studies indicate that significant inflammation is one of the hallmark features of cholesteatoma and is considered a prerequisite for its formation and recurrence.This review summarizes the potential mechanisms of inflammation and immune microenvironment in cholesteatoma progression,along with their current applications and future prospects in therapeutic interventions,aiming to provide novel insights for the development of non-surgical management approaches.

Abstract:Cochlear implant(CI)is a leading intervention for severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss,with postoperative auditory rehabilitation being crucial for optimal outcomes.Traditional assessments of CI rehabilitation effectiveness often rely on subjective measures such as auditory perception feedback,questionnaires,and hearing and speech tests,which can be challenging to implement in patients with congenital or age-related hearing loss.Electroencephalography(EEG),a non-invasive technique with high temporal resolution,offers a promising approach to evaluate neural plasticity and functional changes in the auditory cortex.This review examines recent advancements in the application of EEG for assessing postoperative rehabilitation in CI patients,aiming to provide objective insights for developing personalized speech rehabilitation strategies.

Abstract:Middle ear cholesteatoma is a common benign otological disease,although often eroding surrounding tissues leading to intracranial and extracranial complications.Surgery is the main treatment,but incomplete eradication of the lesion often results in recurrence.Imaging is important in the diagnosis and treatment of middle ear cholesteatoma.This article summarizes the advances of imaging examination of middle ear cholesteatoma in recent years.