Abstract:Chronic constipation(CC),characterized by prolonged duration,significantly impairs patients'quality of life.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)demonstrates unique advantages in treating CC,including multi-target effects,holistic regulation,synergistic efficacy,and high safety.TCM theory attributes the pathogenesis of CC to dysfunction of large intestine transportation,involving diverse pathological factors(cold,heat,deficiency,excess)that often interconvert.Clinical treatments emphasize clearing heat and promoting bowel movement,regulating Qi to eliminate stagnation,warming the middle jiao to disperse cold,tonifying the spleen and boosting Qi,and nourishing Yin and enriching blood.Representative classical formulas include Maziren pill,Liumo decoction,Dahuang Fuzi decoction,Wenpi decoction,Jichuan decoction,Huangqi decoction,Buzhong Yiqi decoction,Runchang pill,and Zengye decoction.This review categorizes these nine classical formulas by efficacy and indications,systematically analyzing their clinical applications and mechanisms in CC treatment.Findings suggest that TCM significantly improves constipation by enhancing gastrointestinal fluid secretion and motility.

Abstract:Current research on ancient medical practitioners in the Shandong region tends to focus on specific dynasties,individual case studies,or broadly categorizes them as"Confucian physicians",all of which have certain limitations.This paper selects authors of medical texts from the pre-Qin period to the Qing dynasty in medical history,who were native to Shandong,as representative examples of ancient medical practitioners in the region.The study spans a long historical period and covers a wide range,making it a typical representation of ancient medical practitioners in Shandong.Through methods such as literature research,historical analysis,and a combination of holistic and case-specific approaches,this paper reveals the group characteristics of ancient medical practitioners in Shandong,summarizes their contributions to the development of traditional Chinese medicine,and explores the influence of social and political factors on the development of medicine in Shandong.This study provides new perspectives for research on ancient medical practitioner groups,addresses gaps in the academic study of such groups,and offers reference for research on medical practitioner groups in other regions,particularly medical schools.

Abstract:Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome(ALI/ARDS)is a critical respiratory condition with high mortality,caused by multifactorial etiologies.Its pathogenesis remains complex and incompletely elucidated.Current evidence indicates that the synergistic interaction between oxidative stress and inflammatory responses plays a pivotal role in disease progression.The activation and release of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and inflammatory mediators contribute to disrupting alveolar-capillary endothelial barrier integrity,thereby exacerbating lung tissue damage.From the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),phlegm-heat is recognized as a core pathological factor in ALI/ARDS.Phlegm-turbidity,viewed as the pathological manifestation of ROS,arises from disordered water metabolism,while heat-toxin,corresponding to inflammatory factors,serves as a key effector substance aggravating the inflammatory cascade.Based on the TCM theory of phlegm-heat,this paper proposes that ALI/ARDS progression is characterized by confluence of internal and external dampness,accumulation and steaming of phlegm-heat,and interaction of blood stasis and toxin.The core treatment principle of fortifying the spleen and nourishing the primordial essence is consistently applied throughout the course.Preventive strategies emphasize strengthening the spleen to consolidate the root and benefiting the lungs to reinforce the exterior,utilizing the Fuzheng Biwen formula.In the early stage of the disease course,the focus is on clearing heat and ventilating the lung,activating the spleen to resolve turbidity.Xuanfei Huazhuo formula is selected for treatment.During middle to late stages,emphasis shifts to clearing the ying level,resolving blood stasis,cooling the blood,and detoxifying,using the Qingfei Tongluo Formula.This approach aims to provide novel theoretical insights and methodological guidance for the clinical prevention and treatment of ALI/ARDS.

Abstract:With the increasing number of chronic diseases year by year,the incidence of comorbidities is also increasing.Currently,there is a lack of standardized diagnosis and treatment measures and prevention and control systems,and there is a lack of consensus on the concept of multimorbidity.This article first outlines the concept of multimorbidity,defines multimorbidity,coexisting diseases and comorbidities,providing prerequisite conditions for guiding clinical diagnosis and treatment,establishing prevention and treatment systems,and conducting clinical research.Taking the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular metabolic patterns,which account for a large proportion of chronic disease comorbidities,as an example to explore the etiology,pathological basis,characteristics,diagnosis and treatment strategies,and management models of multimorbidity.To further standardize research on comorbidities,intervention strategies,prevention and control measures,and management models for multimorbidity provide ideas and references for multimorbidity prevention,treatment,and management.

Abstract:As a distinctive regional medical school in modern Chinese medical history,Shanghai-style traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has developed unique practical experiences in the diagnosis and treatment of arthralgia diseases under the specific social,economic,and cultural background of Shanghai,guided by the academic philosophy of"openness,inclusiveness,harmony in diversity".This article reviews the academic experience of Shanghai-style TCM in treating arthralgia diseases from the late Qing dynasty and early Republic of China to the modern era,summarizing its trajectory from traditional inheritance to modern development.Shanghai-style TCM proposes the etiology and pathogenesis of arthralgia diseases as"deficiency of Yang Qi and depletion of Ying blood","malnourishment of the liver,spleen,and kidneys",and"phlegm and blood stasis as pathogenic factors".In terms of therapeutic principles and approaches,it demonstrates notable diversity and distinctiveness.Key features include the consistent emphasis on kidney-tonifying,Yang-warming,and blood-harmonizing therapies.Additionally,it incorporates the use of insect-based and proprietary medicines specifically for arthralgia.The approach also involves the combined application of classical and empirical formulas,as well as the integration of internal and external treatments.Furthermore,it highlights the adept utilization of herbal pairs in clinical practice.Exploring the academic experience of Shanghai-style TCM in treating arthralgia diseases not only enriches the connotation of its academic thought but also provides valuable insights for the integrated treatment of modern rheumatological diseases and the innovative research and development of TCM.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the protective effect of Naoshuantong capsules on acute ischemic stroke and its metabolic pathways and mechanism.Methods Mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion was established by the suture-occluded method.The mice that underwent successful model establishment were divided into the model group,the Low-dose Naoshuantong group,the High-dose Naoshuantong group and the nimodipine group.The sham group only underwent vascular operation separation.After three days,HE staining was used to observe the morphological structure of brain tissue cells.GC/MS metabolomics technology was used to detect endogenous metabolite changes in mouse brain tissue and then performed statistical analysis,the metabolomics detection additionally set up a sham surgery group(Sham),a model group(Model),and a Naoshuantong capsules group(NSTC),screened differential metabolites between groups,and conducted metabolic pathway enrichment analysis.Results HE staining revealed that mice in the NSTC-L and NSTC-H groups exhibited milder structural disorganization and relatively normal nuclear morphology,the brain tissue injury was improved compared to the model group.Metabolomic analysis was performed on the NSTC group and the Model group.20 differential metabolites were screened out between the two group,6 metabolites were upregulated,including adenosine,oleamide,and N-acetylaspartic acid,et al.14 metabolites were downregulated,including N-methylalanine,glycyltyrosine,and oleic acid,et al.It was concluded that the main metabolic pathways involved in the intervention of acute ischemic stroke by Naoshuantong capsules included cAMP signaling pathway,Glyoxylic acid and dicarboxylic metabolism,Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies,cGMP-PKG signaling pathway,Vascular smooth muscle contraction,Regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes,Sphingolipid signaling pathway.Conclusion Naoshuantong capsules can improve brain injury in MCAO mice through metabolic pathways such as cAMP signaling pathway,cGMP-PKG signaling pathway,Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies,Regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes and Sphingolipid signaling pathway.

Abstract:Latent pathogens,as pathogenic factors that remain hidden in the body after infection and cause delayed onset,are the core cause of recurrent ulcerative colitis(UC).The characteristics of latency,progression,and accumulation of latent pathogens align with the pathogenesis of UC,which is"deficiency of vital Qi as the root,and damp-heat and blood stasis as the manifestation".This perspective also correlates with pathological mechanisms confirmed by modern medicine,such as mucosal barrier damage and persistent activation of tissue-resident memory cells.Based on the latent pathogen theory,this paper explores the evolutionary patterns of UC recurrence and corresponding treatment principles.It also proposes the"new eight principles of syndrome differentiation for spleen and stomach diseases"as a guideline for syndrome differentiation and treatment during remission,offering new insights into the prevention and treatment of UC recurrence with traditional Chinese medicine.

Abstract:This study analyzes Wang Mengying's Medical Cases to explore its role and value within the framework of narrative medicine.The text not only documents patients'symptoms and treatment processes but also delves into the intricate interactions between the physician,patients,and their families.These detailed narratives highlight the significance of each participant in the medical process,reflecting the importance of all involved parties in traditional Chinese medicine.The analysis further examines narrative elements such as identity recognition,disease experience,doctor-patient communication,and the progression of illnesses,demonstrating how these elements align with the core principles of narrative medicine.As a classic example of traditional Chinese medical case studies,Wang Mengying's Medical Cases enriches the theoretical foundation of narrative medicine and provides valuable insights for its practical application in contemporary medical practice,fostering a more human-centered approach in healthcare.

Abstract:Objective To study the effect of Maxing Ersan decoction on airway inflammation and its effect on intestinal flora in asthmatic rats,and to reveal the intestinal microecological mechanism of the prevention and treatment of asthma by regulating intestinal microbiota.Methods Thirty-two SPF-grade male SD rats were randomly divided into blank group(C),model group(M),Maxing Ersan decoction group(Z),and dexamethasone group(D).The asthma model was prepared by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin(OVA)and aluminium hydroxide gel sensitization,and OVA nasal drip excitation.After 10 days of drug intervention,the rats were observed for general conditions,histopathological changes in lungs,and changes in intestinal microorganisms were analysed by 16S rDNA sequencing.Results 16S rDNA sequencing showed that the species diversity and abundance of the intestinal flora of the rats in the model group were reduced,and the species diversity and abundance of the flora were increased after treatment with Maxing Ersan decoction.At the phylum,the abundance of Firmicutes in the model group decreased compared to the blank group,but increased after intervention with Maxing Ersan decoction.At the family,compared with the blank group,the abundance of Muribaculaceae decreased,but after treatment with Maxing Ersan decoction,the abundance of Muribaculaceae in the microbiota increased.At the genus,the abundance of Lactobacillus in the model group decreased compared to the blank group,but increased after intervention with Maxing Ersan decoction.The LEfSe analysis results showed that the gut microbiota of rats in the Maxing Ersan decoction group had the highest relative abundance of Firmicutes and Lachnospiraceae.KEGG functional prediction shows that in the gut microbiota of rats,carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism pathways are most closely related,and are associated with functions such as transcription and membrane transport.Conclusion Maxing Ersan decoction can significantly increase the abundance of intestinal beneficial flora,and effectively inhibit the colonization of pathogenic bacteria,which may be one of the key ways to exert the anti-asthma effect of Maxing Ersan decoction and reflects the therapeutic characteristics of the regulation of the"gut-lung axis"of traditional Chinese medicine.

Abstract:Objective To explore the biological basis of cerebral infarction(ischemic stroke)with Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome(CI-QDBS)by using proteomic techniques.Methods 24 patients with CI-QDBS were selected as the research group,and 24 patients with non-Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome and non-cerebral infarction were selected as the control group.Label free and LC-MS/MS techniques were used to perform quantitative proteomic analysis on plasma samples,and bioinformatics methods were used to screen for differential proteins and analyze the pathways involved.Results A total of 178 differentially expressed proteins were identified between the research group and the control group(113 up-regulated and 65 down-regulated),mainly enriched in platelet activation,complement and coagulation cascade,PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,etc.Key proteins include FGB,FGG,F2,F13A1,COL1A1,ITGA2B,etc.,which participate in the pathological process of CI-QDBS by regulating blood hypercoagulability,thrombus formation,and platelet activation.Clinical indicators showed that the research group had significantly increased systolic blood pressure,uric acid,triglycerides,and low-density lipoprotein(P<0.05),while high-density lipoprotein were significantly decreased(P<0.05),which were correlated with syndrome score and degree of neurological dysfunction.Conclusion The mechanism of Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome in cerebral infarction is closely related to the abnormalities of complement and coagulation cascade,and platelet activation pathway.Among them,platelet activation is the core link connecting molecular abnormalities and syndrome manifestations,providing a basis for research on the mechanism of platelet protein changes.

Abstract:Cardiotoxicity is one of the common adverse reactions of anthracyclines(ANTs),significantly impacting patients'quality of life and the efficacy of antitumor drugs.This article proposes that Yang deficiency may promote the production of cardiotoxic pathogens,while these pathogens further damage Yang Qi.Therefore,"Yang deficiency and toxin accumulation"may be the core pathogenesis of cardiotoxicity.From the perspective of"Yang deficiency and toxin accumulation",this article explores the pathogenic characteristics and corresponding treatment strategies for cardiotoxicity at different stages,summarizing three key pathogenic features:"impairment of heart Qi and damage to collaterals by stasis and toxin"in the acute phase,"failure of spleen-Yang to transport and endogenous cold toxin"in the chronic phase,and"exhaustion of kidney-Yang and accumulation of turbid toxin"in the terminal phase.Treatment should be tailored to the stage:in the acute phase,the focus is on nourishing the heart,unblocking vessels,and dispelling stasis and toxin;in the chronic phase,on warming Yang,strengthening the spleen,and resolving cold toxin;and in the terminal phase,on warming Yang,promoting diuresis,and dispersing turbid toxin.By addressing ANTs-induced cardiotoxicity from the perspective of"Yang deficiency and toxin accumulation",this article establishes the core therapeutic principle of"warming Yang and detoxifying"throughout the treatment process,which may enrich the pathogenic understanding of cardio-oncology and provide theoretical references for the clinical management of cardiotoxicity.

Abstract:Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)and diabetes are mutual risk factors,and their comorbidity is common in elderly males,often presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS).Based on the Synopsis of the Golden Chamber,this article explores the syndrome differentiation and treatment of LUTS in elderly males with BPH complicated with diabetes from the perspectives of etiology,pathogenesis,treatment principles,and medication formulation.Clinically,the main manifestations include"dysuria"or"involuntary urination"combined with"wasting-thirst".The conditions are categorized into syndromes of kidney Qi deficiency,water retention in the lower energizer,and intermingling of water and heat.Correspondingly,treatments include Shenqi Wan,Wuling San,and Zhuling Tang,with modifications based on clinical symptoms,demonstrating considerable efficacy.This provides a reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of LUTS in elderly males with BPH complicated with diabetes.

Abstract:Objective To explore the common material basis and molecular mechanisms of Shenqi Buqi granules for treating chronic atrophic gastritis,glomerulonephritis,obstructive pulmonary disease,liver cirrhosis,and heart failure as"treating different diseases with the same method"through component analysis coupled with network pharmacology and molecular docking.Methods Using hypoxic tolerance and fatigue resistance as evaluation criteria for improving Qi deficiency syndrome,the normobaric/hypoxic and weight-bearing swimming experiments were operated.The therapeutic effects of Shenqi Buqi granules on Qi deficiency were evaluated by comparing the duration of hypoxia tolerance and weighted swimming among mouse groups.Qualitative analysis of the major chemical components was identified using UPLC-Q/TOF-MS.The network of"chemical components-treating different diseases with the same method targets"was conducted,and core components and targets were identified through topological parameter analysis.AutoDock Tools was ultimately employed to validate the docking of the active ingredients with the targets.Results Pharmacological efficacy experiments showed that,compared with the normal control group,the survival time and weight-bearing swimming time of mice in the treatment group under normobaric hypoxia conditions were both prolonged,indicating that Shenqi Buqi granules have significant hypoxic tolerance and anti-fatigue effects.A total of 44 chemical components were identified in the compound,including saponins,flavonoids,nucleosides,etc.A total of 72 core targets related to Shenqi Buqi granules"treating different diseases with the same method"were screened out,finding 23 important components such as Ononin,Cyclosin,Ginsenoside Rg1 and Methylnissolin,as well as key target points such as AR,IL2,VEGFA,and EGFR.These targets were involved in regulating biological processes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis,and were associated with signaling pathways including AGE-RAGE,PI3K-Akt,TNF and HIF-1,and so on.Conclusion This study elucidates how the Shenqi Buqi granules exert therapeutic effects on five diseases as"treating different diseases with the same method"through a combined action involving multiple components,targets and pathways,providing a theoretical foundation for further development and application of Shenqi Buqi granules.

Abstract:Atherosclerosis(AS)is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease characterized by persistent inflammatory responses,activation of inflammatory vesicles,and cellular inflammatory damage.The pathogenesis of AS is complex,and emerging evidence in recent years highlights the critical role of mitochondrial dysfunction in its development.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),with its advantages of multi-target and multi-pathway interventions,has garnered widespread attention for regulating mitochondrial homeostasis and preventing and treating AS.TCM can exert its preventive and therapeutic effects on AS by targeting the regulation of mitochondrial oxidative stress,dynamics,autophagy,biosynthesis,apoptosis,and calcium homeostasis.Based on this,this article reviews the relationship between mitochondrial quality control systems and atherosclerosis,as well as the mechanisms of TCM interventions targeting mitochondrial quality control systems for the prevention and treatment of AS.The aim is to provide new insights for TCM in preventing and treating AS and to offer a theoretical basis for clinical research on TCM interventions for AS.

Abstract:The Qing dynasty was a crucial period for the rapid development of the Warm Disease School.Xue Xue,a renowned representative physician of the Warm Disease School during the Qing dynasty,authored Wen Nve Lun,a critical essay targeting contemporary doctors who confined the treatment of warm malaria to Cold damage methods and deviated from clinical practice.Based on the theories of the Inner Canon of Huangdi and the Treatise on Febrile Diseases,Xue argued that warm malaria does not belong to major pathogenic Cold damage but rather to minor pathogenic malaria.He differentiated warm malaria from Cold damage,febrile malaria,and latent Qi in terms of etiology,pathogenesis,disease location,and treatment principles.In terms of treatment,Xue Xue contended that warm malaria should not follow the treatment principle of Cold damage,which advocates"resolution upon sweating",nor should Baihu Jia Guizhi decoction be used as a universal prescription.Instead,he proposed a new formula,Qing Nve Yin.This essay holds significant reference value for studying Xue Xue's academic thoughts on warm diseases.

Abstract:Acupuncture is one of the important methods in traditional Chinese medicine for treating knee osteoarthritis(KOA),and it has a clear therapeutic effect on delaying the progression of KOA and alleviating symptoms.With the continuous deepening of research on KOA,it has been found that acupuncture may take effect by intervening in different signaling pathways.Acupuncture can directly stimulate nerves and activate the conduction of different signaling pathways,thereby reducing the inflammatory response of the KOA synovium and inhibiting the pathological hyperplasia and degeneration of the knee joint.This article mainly focuses on the regulation of Toll-like receptor(TLR)/NF-κB,Wnt/β-catenin,MAPK,OPG/RANKL/RANK and other signaling pathways were reviewed to provide reference for future related clinical work and experimental research.

Abstract:Ulcerative colitis(UC)is an inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology that specifically affects the rectum and colon.There is currently no cure for UC,and existing treatment options often fail to meet clinical needs.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),characterized by its holistic approach and syndrome differentiation-based treatment,has demonstrated significant efficacy with a lower recurrence rate,offering new perspectives for the management of UC.TCM theory posits that pathological factors such as"blood stasis,Qi stagnation,and damp-turbidity"persist throughout the onset and progression of UC,contributing to its chronic and recurrent nature.Danggui Shaoyao San,a classical formula known for"harmonizing blood,moving Qi,and promoting diuresis",aligns with the modern pathogenesis of UC.This article aims to explore the theoretical foundations and mechanisms of action of Danggui Shaoyao San in treating UC from this perspective,providing a scientific basis for its clinical application.

Abstract:Acute diseases are often characterized by"sudden onset and slow recovery",presenting complex syndromes,misleading manifestations,and a mixture of deficiency and excess,making it difficult to distinguish between true and false symptoms.Liu Wansu of the Jin dynasty,well-versed in the theory of Five circuits and Six Qi,elucidated the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases through the principles of excess causing harm and regulation bringing control.When the six climatic factors become excessively intense,"the transformation of overcoming one's own nature"may occur,complicating the differentiation of true and false symptoms.This article elaborates on Liu Wansu's process of distinguishing true from false symptoms in acute diseases,aiming to understand the dynamics of Yin and Yang changes and guide the formulation of treatment principles and prescriptions.

Abstract:"Relieving stagnation of lung Qi"is a significant theory in traditional Chinese medicine,which suggests that methods of dispersion and drainage should be employed to address the stagnation of lung Qi.This reflects the core philosophy of guiding according to circumstances and providing an outlet for pathogenic factors.Professor Wang Xiaomin believes that"stagnation of lung Qi"is a key pathological mechanism in the occurrence,development,invasion,and metastasis of lung cancer.In clinical practice,he applies the diagnostic and therapeutic approach of"relieving stagnation of lung Qi"to treat lung cancer through methods such as ventilating lung Qi,clearing phlegm and stasis,promoting urination and defecation,and soothing liver stagnation.By guiding according to circumstances,expelling pathogenic factors,and restoring the normal circulation of Qi in the body,certain therapeutic effects have been achieved in controlling tumor progression and improving patients'quality of life.This article summarizes Professor Wang Xiaomin's clinical experience in treating lung cancer using the theory of"relieving stagnation of lung Qi"for clinical reference.

Abstract:Objective This study aims to systematically sort out and scientifically evaluate the comprehensive clinical value of Hulisan capsule in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis of wind-cold-dampness obstruction syndrome,so as to provide valuable data and clues for national medical policy formulation,pharmaceutical market promotion,pharmacy administration services,as well as clinical and basic medical research.Methods Based on the multi-criteria decision analysis model(MCDA),and by using the Chinese Patent Medicine Clinical Evidence and Value Evaluation Software CSC v2.0,a combined comprehensive clinical evaluation of Hulisan capsule was conducted from six dimensions of effectiveness,safety,economy,innovation,suitability,accessibility and characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine in accordance with the"6+1"evaluation framework.Results In terms of safety and effectiveness,Hulisan capsule was associated with mild adverse drug reactions(ADR),with rare severe ADRs,indicating good safety.Combination therapy with Hulisan capsule and Western medicine showed superior outcomes to monotherapy with Western medicine in terms of the Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)score,Lysholm Knee Function Scale score,and overall clinical effective rate.Regarding economy,incremental effectiveness analysis demonstrated that the treatment cost of Hulisan capsule was acceptable,reflecting favorable economic efficiency.The product exhibited high innovation in terms of dosage form and preparation technology.Hulisan capsule required no special technical or management requirements,featured simple drug supply,storage and transportation,and had a reasonable price,with high coverage and availability rates in hospitals at all levels,thus showing good suitability and accessibility.As a traditional Yi ethnic medicine,Hulisan capsule had an elaborate formulation with a small number of medicinal ingredients but significant efficacy,and was supported by abundant real-world studies,representing distinct TCM characteristics.Conclusion Based on the evidence from the"6+1"evaluation dimensions,Hulisan capsule obtain a favorable clinical value assessment.It is recommended that Hulisan capsule be conditionally included in the consideration scope of essential clinical medication management policies in accordance with standardized procedures,so as to form relevant policy outcomes.