Abstract:Objective The aim of this study is to identify the key effective components of the Shenshu Yijing Formula(SZYJF)and to explore its therapeutic mechanism against obesity-related male infertility(ORMI)by integrating ultra-perform-ance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q/TOF-MS),network pharmacology and molec-ular docking technology.Methods UPLC-Q/TOF-MS was used to determine the primary active components of SZYJF.The tar-get proteins of these components were retrieved from the Swiss Target Prediction database.Disease-related targets for obesity and male infertility were obtained from Genecards,OMIM and the Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Database(TCMID).Overlapping targets between SZYJF and diseases were identified.A protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was constructed using the STRING platform.GO and KEGG pathway analysis were performed using R software.A drug-component-target-pathway network was visualized with Cytoscape.And molecular docking validation was conducted using PyMOL and AutoDock Vina.Ani-mal experiments were performed to validate the findings.Results UPLC-Q/TOF-MS identified 245 active components in SZYJF,with 34 prioritized based on pharmacological properties,corresponding to 199 targets.A total of 117 overlapping targets were mapped to obesity and infertility.Biological processes included responses to external stimuli,lipid metabolic processes and hypoxia.Enriched pathways included the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications,TNF signaling,Toll-like re-ceptor(TLR)signaling,NOD-like receptor(NLR)signaling and adiponectin signaling.Molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinity between target proteins and active components.Animal experiments had found that SZYJF has a positive effect on improving sperm concentration and sperm motility in obese reproductive injury model mice,and the mechanism may involve regu-lating the expression of IGF-1/IRS-2/CLU proteins to exert protective effects on fertility.Conclusion SZYJF exerts a multi-target,multi-pathway mechanism against ORMI by modulating aberrant protein expression,alleviating oxidative stress in mice,and preserving fertility.

Abstract:Reproductive function of male gonadal consists of several key factors including sex hormones,spermatogenesis and maturation.Previous studies have suggested that the imbalance of oxidative and antioxidant systems in the body induced by hypoxia leads to the excessive generation of ROS which may directly or indirectly affect the reproductive function of male gonadal.This paper focuses on the progress of research on the mechanism of oxidative stress-mediated effects on male gonadal reproductive func-tion under hypoxia.

Abstract:Liquid-liquid phase separation(LLPS)refers to the process by which biological macromolecules such as cellu-lar proteins and nucleic acids condense into droplet-like condensations to form different liquid phases.This process is regulated by a variety of factors,such as pH,light intensity,temperature,salt concentration,osmotic pressure,molecular crowding,post-translational modifications,etc.LLPS is a ubiquitous and vital phenomenon in cell life activities,which is involved in the forma-tion of membrane-free organelles,gene transcription regulation,cell signal transduction and other processes.In recent years,studies have shown that LLPS is involved in the regulation of many male urinary and reproductive systems,such as infertility,erectile dysfunction,prostate cancer,etc.This article reviews the role of LLPS in some male urinary and reproductive system diseases,and discusses the unanswered questions and future development trends in this field.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical characteristics,diagnostic challenges and treat-ment strategies for prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma combined with squamous cell carcinoma(SASC),which provides the refer-ence for clinical decision-making.Methods The clinical history,imaging findings and pathological features of an 82-year-old male with prostatic adenosquamous carcinoma(ASC)were introduced in this article.A systematic literature review was conduc-ted using the CNKI and PubMed databases to summarize pathological mechanisms,diagnostic criteria,and therapeutic approa-ches for ASC.Results The patient initially presented with an elevated prostate-specific antigen(PSA)level and declined a di-agnostic prostate biopsy at the first visit.Following endocrine therapy,PSA decreased to castration levels.Due to persistent low-er urinary tract symptoms,the patient re-presented and was subsequently diagnosed with prostatic adenosquamous carcinoma via biopsy.Immunohistochemistry showed the coexistence of squamous cell carcinoma markers(CK5/6,p63,p40 positive)and ad-enocarcinoma markers(NKX3.1).As the family declined radical prostatectomy,ongoing endocrine therapy was combined with local radiotherapy for disease control.Ultimately,due to disease progression accompanied by hematuria and severe urinary ob-struction,the patient underwent palliative transurethral resection of the prostate and cystoscopy,during which a bladder perfora-tion was identified.Literature analysis indicates that prostatic ASC is rare,with aggressive squamous components resistant to en-docrine therapy and a median survival of 11 months.Early radical surgery combined with chemoradiotherapy may improve prog-nosis,but most patients with advanced-stages disease require palliative interventions(transurethral resection,prostatic artery embolization).Conclusion Prostatic ASC exhibits dual adenocarcinoma-squamous differentiation,necessitating extensive path-ological sampling and immunohistochemical differentiation to avoid misdiagnosis.Personalized comprehensive strategies were re-quired for its poor prognosis,which includes radical surgery with adjuvant therapy for early-stage disease and symptom-focused palliation(e.g.,platinum-based chemotherapy,targeted therapies)for advanced cases,though evidence remains limited.Mul-ticenter studies are urgently needed to optimize diagnostic and therapeutic protocols.

Abstract:Prostate cancer is globally the most prevalent malignant tumor in the male genitourinary system,with increasing incidence rates in China.Traditional treatment methods often lead to overtreatment in some patients,prompting the emergence of focal therapy as a new approach.Among these,cryoablation is a promising method,utilizing rapid freezing and slow thawing to destroy cancerous tissues.Moreover,with the guarantee of safety by image-guided techniques,it can reduce functional damage and has a good effect on patients with varying risks.However,it still faces challenges such as the difficulty in treatment scope definition,the imperfect long-term efficacy evaluation system,and insufficient comparative research with other treatment meth-ods.The research progress on cryoablation will be reviewed in this article.

Abstract:Objective To explore the safety and efficacy of apical breakthrough enucleation with lobar resection in the treatment of large-volume benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 90 BPH pa-tients with prostate volume＞80 mL admitted to the Urology Department of Lianyungang Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine from March 2021 to March 2025.The patients in control group(43 cases)underwent conventional transurethral plasmakinetic resection of the prostate(PKRP).And in the observation group(47cases),apical breakthrough enucleation with lo-bar resection was performed.The surgical outcomes(operation time,intraoperative blood loss,resected prostate weight),postopera-tive recovery(indwelling catheter duration,bladder residual urine volume[BVR],maximum urinary flow rate[Qmax]),postopera-tive complications(infection,massive hemorrhage,stress urinary incontinen[SUI]),and International Prostate Symptom Score(IPSS)were compared between the two groups.Results There was no statistically significant difference in operation time between the two groups(P＞0.05).The observation group showed better results in intraoperative blood loss([12.26±4.18]g/L vs[15.53±4.22]g/L)and indwelling catheter duration([3.66±0.87]d vs[5.63±0.69]d)compared to the control group(P＜0.01).The resected prostate tissue volume in the observation group was significantly larger than that in the control group([47.06±4.32]g vs[40.76±5.99]g,P＜0.01).There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of SUI between the two groups(10.64％vs 6.98％,P＞0.05).After 6 months of postoperative follow-up,there was no significant difference in IPSS and BVR between the two groups(P＞0.05),but the Qmax in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group([22.23±2.42]mL/s vs[20.33±2.12]mL/s,P＜0.01).Conclusion Compared with PKRP,apical breakthrough enucleation with lobar resection is equal-ly safe but more effective in the treatment of large-volume BPH,making it an ideal therapeutic option.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the application value of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging(mpMRI)in the use of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate(HoLEP)for hypertrophic prostate.Methods Clinical data of patients who underwent HoLEP at Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital from January 2019 to December 2023 were analyzed retrospectively.The patients whose prostate volumes were greater than 150 mL with complete clinical and follow-up treatment were selected and divided into the observation group and the control group based on whether they underwent mpMRI before surgery.The periopera-tive data and postoperative follow-up data of the two groups of patients were collected.The preoperative baseline data,intraopera-tive and postoperative related indicators of the two groups of patients were statistically analyzed,and the follow-up treatment was statistically analyzed to evaluate the impact of mpMRI on surgery.Results Fifty-nine patients were recruited,of whom 31 were assigned to the observation group and 28 to the control group.All the surgeries for the patients were successfully completed.And the operation time in the observation group was significantly shorter than that in the control group([188.2±20.7]min vs[241.4±34.4]min,P＜0.05).In the observation group,the postoperative descent degree of Hb,drainage time and postoper-ative catheter removal time were also significantly shorter than those of control group(all P＜0.05).The incidence of postopera-tive urinary incontinence was 35.5％in the observation group,which was significantly lower than that in the control group(64.3％,P＜0.05).However,there was no statistically significant difference in the degree of urinary incontinence(P＞0.05).The incidence of perioperative blood transfusion was 17.9％in the control group,which was higher than that in the ob-servation group(6.5％),but there was no statistically significant difference(P＞0.05).After the first-month of follow-up,the IPSS score,QoL score,and Qmax after surgery in both of two groups significantly improved.And the PVR was significantly reduced.While urinary incontinence was significantly improved without significant difference between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion For cases with HoLEP,mpMRI provides a personalized surgical plan for patients,which improves the safety of the surgery.

Abstract:Neuroscience is a scientific discipline that meticulously dissects the architecture and functionality of the brain,as well as the physiological and pathological mechanisms of the nervous system.Reproductive medicine,on the other hand,is a specialized field that concentrates on scrutinizing the physiological and pathological processes within the male and female repro-ductive systems.The brain and the reproductive system are reciprocally intertwined in both structural and functional aspects,synergistically sustaining human growth,development,and procreation.Their relationship is conventionally encapsulated and ex-plicated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal(HPG)axis.However,additional nexuses independent of this axis also prevail between the brain and the reproductive system.In the female context,the brain exerts its modulatory influence on reproductive function through neurotransmitter-mediated signaling and neurotrophic factor-dependent pathways.Reproductive hormones,in turn,can modulate neurotrophic factors to confer neuroprotection and perturb cerebral hemodynamics and white matter integrity.In the male counterpart,the brain impacts reproductive function via neurotransmitter-mediated transduction,and its anatomical conformation can directly impinge on male reproductive capabilities.Reproductive hormones can also influence the brain by means of antioxidant stress mitigation and anti-inflammatory responses.The aggregate of these brain-reproductive interaction mechanisms,in conjunction with the HPG axis,delineate the highly convoluted and multifaceted relationship between the brain and the reproductive system.Grounded on the cutting-edge research and oriented towards theoretical deliberations and clinical exigencies,the concept of"brain reproductive medicine"is cogently postulated.This concept zeroes in on the exploration of the complex relationship between the brain and reproduction,serving as a referential framework for disciplinary progression and aca-demic interchange,augmenting the profundity of understanding regarding the brain-reproductive system relationship,and potenti-ating the caliber of multidisciplinary therapeutics for affiliated maladies.

Abstract:Objective The aim of this study is to explore the role of cellular senescence in prostate cancer and to estab-lish a senescence-related risk score model(SRRS),evaluating the application of its core genes in prognosis.Methods Single-cell transcriptomic data of prostate cancer were downloaded from the GEO database(GSE137829).The seurat package was used to construct a senescence score and identify epithelial cell subpopulations with high senescence features along with associated dif-ferentially expressed genes.The SRRS model was established using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator(LASSO)with TCGA-PRAD data,and its performance in predicting biochemical recurrence was evaluated through nomograms,ROC curves and calibration curves.Additionally,core gene HTRA2 was screened for analysis of its expression features,prognos-tic value,immune infiltration correlation and drug sensitivity.GSEA was utilized to further explore the potential mechanisms,and its broad clinical significance was assessed using pan-cancer data.Results Single-cell analysis identified Cluster 3 as the epithelial cell subpopulation with high senescence features,enriched with 119 senescence-related genes.The SRRS model,con-structed with patient clinical features,significantly differentiated patients with distinct prognoses,with AUC values for predicting 1-,3-,and 5-year survival probabilities of 0.801,0.801 and 0.789,respectively.HTRA2 was identified as a key gene in the model,with high expression significantly associated with poor prognosis and positively correlated with clinical features such as tumor stage and Gleason score.Immune analysis showed that HTRA2 expression was positively correlated with regulatory T cells and negatively correlated with CD4 T cells,indicating an immune-suppressive profile.Drug sensitivity analysis revealed that high expression of HTRA2 was associated with enhanced responses to Docetaxel and Vorinostat.IHC validated strong expression of HTRA2 in high-grade tumor tissues,and GSEA analysis revealed significant enrichment of pathways related to cell cycle and DNA repair.Pan-cancer analysis further confirmed that HTRA2 was highly expressed in various cancer types which was associat-ed with poor prognosis.Conclusion The SRRS model developed in this study effectively predicts the risk of biochemical recur-rence in prostate cancer patients.As a key molecule in the SRRS model,HTRA2 may promote the progression of prostate cancer by regulating cellular senescence phenotypes,remodeling the immune microenvironment,and activating cell cycle-related path-ways.It thus holds promise as a novel target for precision therapy in prostate cancer.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the application value of inverted urethral flap for glans reconstruction in the treat-ment of penile carcinoma.Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of penile cancer patients treated in Baoji Cen-tral Hospital from Jan.2019 to Jun.2023.All patients were divided into two groups including the traditional partial penectomy(TPP)group and the glans reconstruction group with inverted urethral flap(GR-IUF).The pre-,intra-and post-operative data were recorded and compared between the two groups.Results Both groups of patients successfully completed the surgery.There was no difference in the general data and tumor features between the two groups(P＞0.05).There was no difference in the follow-up time([46.44±10.99]months vs[42.57±12.10]months),operation time([61.32±10.23]min vs[65.24±4.17]min),intraoperative blood loss([25.62±2.61]mL vs[26.81±1.60]mL),postoperative hospital stay([4.91±0.51]d vs[5.19±0.68]d),catheter indwelling time([11.88±1.25]d vs[11.33±1.24]d)between the TPP group and GR-IUF group(P＞0.05),as well as the local recurrence rate after operation(14.7％vs 9.5％,P＞0.05).The average score of IIEF-15 in the patients of GR-IUF group was higher than that of TPP group(P＜0.05).And the patient's satisfaction on the appearance of the penis was also higher than that in TPP group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Glans reconstruction with an in-verted urethral flap is a simple,safe and appropriate surgical method,which achieves satisfactory cosmetic outcome.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the physical health,sexual function,and psychological status of adult males in China.Methods We collected male data from physical examination center by using internet-based application survey including sexual health and psychological questionnaire.The physical examination data encompassed demographic information,glucose and lipid metabolism indicators,uric acid levels,vascular ultrasound,and urinary system ultrasound.The online survey included general information and four questionnaires including Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale(GAD-7),Patient Health Ques-tionnaire 9-item scale(PHQ-9),International Index of Erectile Function 6-item version(IIEF-6)and Premature Ejaculation Di-agnostic Tool(PEDT).Based on disease diagnostic criteria and questionnaire evaluation standards,SPSS and Excel software were used to statistically analyze the prevalence of various diseases and abnormal conditions.Results A total of 8 235 partici-pants were recruited from physical examination centers,with an average age of(40.5±10.8)years.And 2 299 participants were included from internet data,with an average age of(38.8±9.2)years.Among the overall male population undergoing physical examination,the incidence rate of hyperlipidemia,hyperuricemia and carotid plaques was 64.7％,58.2％and 52.2％,respectively.In individuals under 40 years old,the incidence rates of hyperlipidemia and hyperuricemia were high.And more than 40.0％of the participants showed signs of carotid atherosclerosis.Among those over 50 years old,up to 81.0％of the participants had carotid plaques,and 51.1％had prostate abnormalities.In the population from online survey,the inci-dence rate of erectile dysfunction(ED)and premature ejaculation(PE)was 30.9％and 11.6％,respectively.8.2％of males had both ED and PE simultaneously.Among those under 30 years old,the overall incidence rate of ED and PE was 31.9％and 14.4％,respectively.The prevalence of high depression scores was 23.2％,and high anxiety scores was 17.8％in the general population.Notably,among males aged 31-40,the proportion with high anxiety scores reached 20.4％.Furthermore,31.6％of clerical workers and 39.5％of them had high depression scores,while 30.8％of manual workers and 38.5％of them had high anxiety scores.Conclusion The incidence of metabolic diseases is high among young and middle-aged males,with cardiovascu-lar disease risks and prostate disease incidence gradually increasing with age.Aging is the primary risk factor for ED,but there is a trend of younger onset.And manual workers have a higher risk of developing ED.The levels of anxiety and depression are significantly elevated among middle-aged males,particularly among clerical and manual workers.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the satisfaction of patients after penile prosthesis implantation.Methods A ret-rospective analysis was conducted on clinical data of 23 patients who underwent penile prosthesis implantation at the General Hos-pital of the Southern Theater Command from June 2021 to December 2024 and participated in follow-up surveys.Results The average age of patients was(40.7±12.0)years.The primary etiologies of erectile dysfunction included trauma(69.6％),dia-betes(26.1％)and neurological diseases(4.3％).All surgeries were performed via the penoscrotal approach.The operative duration ranged from 120 to 154 minutes,with a median of 135 minutes.The incidence of postoperative complications was 17.39％,mainly concentrated in diabetic patients,and all were effectively controlled through debridement or conservative treat-ment.The average postoperative sexual frequency was 1.34±0.77 times per week.The satisfaction scores of the patients and their partners for postoperative sexual life averaged 2.04 and 2.22 points(out of 3),respectively.Conclusion Penile pros-thesis implantation significantly improves the quality of sexual life in patients with erectile dysfunction,demonstrating high me-chanical safety and postoperative satisfaction.Although the diabetic population carries a higher risk of complications,their strong demand for functional recovery means their postoperative satisfaction remains largely unaffected.

Abstract:Prostate cancer(PCa)is one of the most common malignant tumors.Its incidence rate is gradually increasing in China,posing a serious threat to male health.The tumor microenvironment(TME)is composed of various cells and non-cellular components that interact with tumor cells,including the extracellular matrix,stromal cells,immune cells and vasculature.These elements form an interconnected and dynamic system that regulates tumor cell proliferation,metabolism,immune evasion,and distant metastasis through processes such as matrix remodeling,fibroblast recruitment,immune cell migration and angiogenesis.In recent years,with the advancement of single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics technologies,the heterogeneity of tumor cells and the relationships among different cellular populations have become increasingly clear.It has also been recognized that the TME plays a crucial role in the initiation,progression,and metastasis of PCa.Modulating the TME to reverse malignant tumor progression represents a promising therapeutic strategy.However,studies investigating the specific functions of various cel-lular components within the TME and their dynamic interactions with prostate cancer cells remain limited.This review aims to provide an in-depth overview of TME and to elucidate the mechanisms of interaction between PCa cells and the TME,with the goal of offering a theoretical foundation for novel therapeutic strategies in PCa.

Abstract:Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD+)is a crucial coenzyme in cells,which participates in physiological processes including cellular energy metabolism,DNA repair,cell growth,and cell death.It can regulate reproductive functions by modulating oxidative stress,maintaining redox balance,and through NAD-dependent enzymes(such as the Sirtuins and poly ADP-ribose polymerases).Recent research has discovered that NAD+precursor supplements have demonstrated favorable out-comes in preventing and treating male reproductive system disorders,such as oligospermia,asthenospermia,reproductive dys-functions caused by aging and diabetes,as well as oxidative damage during the process of sperm cryopreservation and thawing.Additionally,NAD+has also exhibited potential application value in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.This article presents a review on the role of NAD+in male reproductive health and provides a scientific basis for the development of new ther-apeutic strategies for andrological diseases.

Abstract:Objective To explore the efficiency and safety of the octagonal en-bloc of plough-shaped electrode(Dayu Scalpel)for transurethral plasmakinetic enucleation of prostate in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)patients.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of the 1st to 30th BPH patients who were treated with oc-tagonal en-bloc of plough-shaped electrode(Dayu Scalpel)for transurethral plasmakinetic enucleation of prostate with at the Af-filiated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from October 2023 to December 2023.Patients were divided into three groups(A,B,C)based on the sequence of surgery,with each group consisting of consecutive sets of 10 patients.Perioperative data,postoperative complications and clinical outcomes were compared among the groups.Results There were no statistically significant differences in age,body mass index(BMI),prostate volume,residual urine volume,the maximum urine flow rate(Qmax),prostate specific antigen(PSA),international prostate symptom score(IPSS),and quality of life(QoL)among the three groups(P＞0.05).The enucleation efficiency in Group B was significantly higher than that in Group A([1.84±0.45]g/min vs[0.97±0.39]g/min),P＜0.05).However,there was no statistically significant difference in enucleation efficiency between Group C([2.26±0.63]g/min)and Group B(P＞0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in enucleated gland weight,enucleation rate,catheterization time,bladder irrigation time,postoperative hospital stay and decrease in hemoglo-bin among the three groups(P＞0.05).All patients were followed up for 3 months after surgery.The residual urine volume,Qmax,IPSS and QoL of the three groups improved significantly(P＜0.05).But there were no statistically significant differences among the three groups(P＞0.05).There were no statistically significant differences in the postoperative immediate urinary control rate among the three groups(90.0％[9/10]vs 90.0％[9/10]vs 100.0％[10/10],P＞0.05).No stress urinary incontinence,re-current hematuria or bladder neck contracture occurred at three months postoperatively.Conclusions The octagonal en-bloc of plough-shaped electrode(Dayu Scalpel)for transurethral plasmakinetic enucleation of prostate is effective with good safety.

Abstract:With the development of social economy and the transformation of fertility concepts,male reproductive health is receiving increasing attention..This article reviews the impact of advanced paternal age on adverse pregnancy outcomes and the relevant research achievements in recent years.Existing evidence suggests that advanced paternal age may increase the risk of miscarriage,preterm birth,low birth weight,macrosomia,and birth defects.The mechanisms may be closely related to age-re-lated molecular changes such as epigenetic variations,gene mutations,and DNA fragmentation.At the same time,advanced pa-ternal age may also have adverse effects on the outcomes of assisted reproductive technology.Overall,most studies support the existence of a certain association between advanced paternal age and adverse pregnancy outcomes.However,the relevant evi-dence is still insufficient,and the research results are also inconsistent.In the future,large-scale prospective studies need to be carried out to further clarify the relationship between the two and provide a scientific basis for the reproductive assessment and clinical decision-making of advanced-aged men.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the basic clinical characteristics,surgical parameters,safety,efficacy,postoperative satisfaction,and other outcomes of the patients with erectile dysfunction(ED)undergoing penile prosthesis implantation(PPI)in China.Methods A total of 187 ED patients who underwent PPI at eight medical institutions in Shandong Province from No-vember 2022 to June 2024 were enrolled,with 111 patients completing postoperative follow-up.The clinical data,including medical history,surgical metrics,complications and satisfaction rates were collected and analyzed.Results The average age of this group of patients was 47.65±12.07 years,with an ED duration of 5.87±3.78 years.Comorbid diabetes was identified in 43.9％(82/187)of patients.The AMS 700 LGX model was the most frequently implanted prosthesis,accounting for 49.21％(92/187).Postoperative complications occurred in 18.7％(35/187)of cases,with an infection rate of 1.1％.Follow-up data revealed high satisfaction rates 96.4％(107/111)of male patients.Conclusion In China,the patients who receive PPI treat-ment are mainly those with diabetes and low age.The proportion of patients who have undergone radical prostatectomy is low.The average operation time is short,and the incidence of postoperative infections and other complications is low.PPI can signifi-cantly improve the sexual quality and satisfaction rates of patients with ED.

Abstract:Endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)plays a crucial role in determining the fate and function of cells,and its functional imbalance is closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases.Varicocele(VC),a common cause of male infertility,leads to an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species(ROS),inducing oxidative stress damage and apoptosis of germ cells,which is the core mechanism of VC-induced infertility.This disease is also closely related to ERS.This article reviews the research progress of ERS in VC-related reproductive dysfunction,specifically covering the molecular mechanisms of ERS,the damage to testicular and epididymal reproductive function caused by ERS,the interaction between ERS and the functions of mitochondria and other organelles,as well as the research progress of related intervention strategies.By ana-lyzing the results of existing studies,it provides references for in-depth exploration of the mechanism of ERS in VC-induced re-productive disorders and the development of precise treatment plans.

Abstract:Objective To explore the effect of Xiongcan Yishen Formula on ferroptosis in testicular tissue of male rats with late-onset hypogonadism(LOH).Methods A total of 48 male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 6 months were randomly divided into model group,low-dose and high-dose Xiongcan Yishen Formula groups and propionate testosterone group,with 12 rats in each group.An additional 6 male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 8 weeks were set as the normal group.Except for the normal group,the rats were intraperitoneally injected with Cyclophosphamide at a dose of 20 mg/(kg·d)for 5 consecutive days to establish the LOH model,while the normal group received an equal volume of physiological saline for 5 days.The normal group and model group were given equal volumes of distilled water by gavage,while the low-dose and high-dose Xiongcan Yishen Formula groups were administered concentrated decoction at doses of 10.4 g and 41.6 g/kg/d respectively,and the propionate testosterone group received intramuscular injections of 5.21 mg/kg/d propionate testosterone,all for 28 consecutive days.ELISA was used to detect serum testosterone levels in rats,HE staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the gross morphology of testicular tissue and the ultrastructure of Leydig cells,and RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of ferroptosis-related genes and proteins in testicular tissue.Results The LOH model rats exhibited pathological changes such as atrophy of seminiferous tubules,structural disorder,and reduced spermatocytes in the lumen,as well as ultrastructural changes in Leydig cells including altered nuclear morphology,increased mitochondrial density,and reduced cristae.After intervention with Xiongcan Yishen Formula and propionate testosterone,the pathological changes in testis and the ultrastructure of Leydig cells were improved.Compared with the normal group,serum testosterone levels in the model group were significantly decreased(P＜0.05),the expression of ROS,ACSL4 mRNA and protein in testicular tissue was significantly increased,while the expression of FTH1,GPX4,and SLC7A11 mRNA and protein was significantly decreased(P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,ser-um testosterone levels in the low-dose and high-dose Xiongcan Yishen Formula groups and the propionate testosterone group were significantly increased(P＜0.05),and the expression of ROS,ACSL4 mRNA and protein was significantly decreased(P＜0.05);the high-dose Xiongcan Yishen Formula group showed significantly increased expression of FTH1,GPX4,and SLC7A11 mRNA and protein(P＜0.05).Conclusion Ferroptosis in testicular tissue is increased in LOH rats,and Xiongcan Yishen For-mula can elevate serum testosterone levels and improve pathological changes and ultrastructure in testicular tissue of LOH rats,possibly related to the inhibition of ferroptosis in testicular tissue of LOH rats.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effects and mechanisms of high-fat diet(HFD)-induced obesity on male ze-brafish reproductive function.Methods Adult male zebrafish were divided into normal diet(ND)group and HFD group.Growth and metabolic conditions were evaluated by measuring body weight,body length,BMI,organ index,and glucose/lipid lev-els.Reproductive capacity was assessed via sperm concentration,motility,fertilization rate,and testosterone levels.Testicular tissues from both of groups were subjected to transeriptomic sequencing(RNA-seq).And qRT-PCR was used to validate the expression of genes.Results Compared to male zebrafish in ND group,the ones in HFD group exhibited hepatic steatosis and glucose/lipid meta-bolic disorders(P＜0.05).Testicular structural disorganization,along with reduced testosterone levels,decreased gonadosomatic in-dex,and impaired sperm concentration and motility occurred in HFD group(P＜0.05).GO analysis revealed that differentially ex-pressed genes were enriched in spermatogenesis and ciliary system,while KEGG analysis highlighted metabolic related pathways(pu-rine metabolism,thyroid hormone synthesis,mTOR signaling)and cell adhesion molecules.Twenty key differentially expressed genes were validated by qRT-PCR,which confirmed the reliability of RNA-Seq results.Conclusion Impairment of reproductive function induced by HFD in zebrafish may be associated with three regulatory mechanisms including ciliary system,metabolic dysregulation,and aberrant cell adhesion molecule signaling.This study provides mechanistic insights and identifies potential therapeutic targets for clinical management of diet-associated infertility.