Abstract:In the space controlled ecological life support system,plants can not only provide food,oxygen,and purified water for the crews,but also absorb carbon dioxide,regenerate oxygen,remove trace harmful gases,and alleviate the psychological stress.Therefore,study on plant cultivation techniques under space-specific environment is of positive significance for maximizing the functions of plants.Plant cultivation in space needs to achieve the maximum plant production with the minimum resource consumption,and aeroponic cultivation can effectively enhance both plant productivity and efficiency.This paper reviews the fundamental principles,characteristics,advantages,and ground-based applications of aeroponics technology,discusses its feasibility for space applications,and focuses on analyzing key technical challenges such as water supply(oxygen supply),nutrient supply,plant cultivation,and system integration for aeroponics.It also summarizes the latest research progress in space aeroponics technology both domestically and internationally and looks ahead to future trends in space plant development.

Abstract:Objective To explore the laws of herb selection and acupoint prescription in acupuncture-medicine combination for improving cardiac function,and to verify the synergistic intervention effect of electroacupuncture stimulation combined with Longgui Yangxin Pill on cardiac function in rats under simulated microgravity condition.Methods Literature on acupuncture and Chinese herbal prescriptions for improving cardiac function published between 2016 and 2021 was retrieved from CNKI,VIP,and Wanfang databases.Frequency,compatibility association,and complex network analyses were performed using Excel,Modeler 18.0,and Gephi.25 SPF-grade healthy male Wistar rats were divided into the blank control group,model group,electrical stimulation group,medication group,and acupuncture-medication combination group,with five rats in each group.A tail suspension-induced simulated microgravity model was established over 28 days.After intervention,cardiac function indicators including left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)and left ventricular fractional shortening(LVFS)were measured using echocardiography.Myocardial tissues were collected for HE staining,Hoechst staining,immunohistochemical detection,Western blotting,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)to analyze myocardial morphology,apoptosis,caspase-3 expression,and the activities of succinate dehydrogenase(SDH)and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH).Results Literature analysis showed that the combination of Neiguan(PC6)acupoint with Qi-invigorating and blood-activating Chinese herbs was common in acupuncture-medication combination therapy.Animal experiments revealed that the acupuncture-medication combination group had increased LVEF and LVFS,which were significantly superior to both the electrical stimulation group and the medication group(all P<0.05),with markedly improved myocardial cell morphology.Compared to the model group,caspase-3 expression decreased in both the electrical stimulation group and the acupuncture-medication combination group(all P<0.05).SDH and LDH activities were significantly improved in the electrical stimulation group,medication group,and acupuncture-medication combination group compared to the model group(all P<0.05).Conclusion The combination of acupuncture and medication can effectively enhance cardiac function.Longgui Yangxin Pills combined with acupoint electrical stimulation can significantly improve the cardiac disfunction and cardiovascular disorders in rats under simulated microgravity.Acupoint electrical stimulation can inhibit cell apoptosis.The mechanism may be related to the regulation of Caspase-3 expression and enzyme activities.

Abstract:This paper investigates the collection charateristics of a solid particle collection system utilizing ventilation under microgravity conditions,establishes a mathematical model of the solid particle collection system,performs numerical simulations of collection performance under various operational parameters,and identifies an inlet ventilation structure with superior collection efficiency.An experimental platform was developed using parabolic flight tests,through which collection and distribution outcomes of solid particles under different operating conditions were obtained.The results were compared and validated against numerical simulations,leading to the identification of optimal operating parameters for solid particle collection in microgravity.

Abstract:Objective To observe the effects of microgravity environment on sex hormones in sexually mature male rats and the intervention effect of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),with the purpose of providing a data reference for research on astronauts'reproductive health.Methods 48 healthy sexually mature male SD rats were randomly divided into the control group,experimental group,Yin-nourishing group and Yang-warming group.Except for the control group,rats in the other three groups underwent tail suspension for 28 days to simulate microgravity.The Yin-nourishing and Yang-warming groups received daily oral administration of corresponding TCM decoctions for 28 days,while the experimental group received an equal volume of normal saline.Testicular mass was recorded,histopathological changes in testicular tissue were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining,and serum levels of sex hormones were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results Compared with the control group,testicular mass was significantly reduced in the experimental,Yin-nourishing and Yang-warming groups after 4 weeks of suspension(all P<0.01).Compared with the experimental group,testicular mass showed a tendency to increase in Yin-nourishing and Yang-warming groups,but the differences were not statistically significant(all P>0.05).HE staining revealed normal testicular architecture in the control group,while marked or severe atrophy were observed in the experimental group.Both the Yin-nourishing group and Yang-warming group showed varying degrees of structural damage,yet less severe than those in the experimental group.Serum levels of luteinizing hormone(LH),prostaglandin E(PGE),and gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)in the experimental group showed a downward trend compared with the control group,but without statistical significance(all P>0.05).Compared with the experimental group,the Yin-nourishing group showed significantly increased serum levels of LH and testosterone(all P<0.01),significantly decreased follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)(P<0.05),and a non-significant trend toward reduced PGE and GnRH(all P>0.05).The Yang-warming group showed a significant increase in LH levels compared with the experimental group(P<0.01),while no significant differences were found in GnRH,testosterone,PGE and FSH levels(all P>0.05).Conclusion Although Yin-nourishing and Yang-warming TCM interventions did not significantly reverse testicular atrophy induced by simulated microgravity,they can mitigated the extent of histopathological damage.Yin-nourishing TCM may alleviate such reproductive injury by modulating the expression of sex hormones.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effects of α-ketoglutarate(AKG)on cardiac function and cardiac remodeling in rats subjected to simulated microgravity and its potential mechanisms.Methods 32 SD rats were randomly divided into the control group,AKG group,simulated microgravity group,and AKG+simulated microgravity group using a random number table,with eight rats in each group.A simulated microgravity model was established in the simulated microgravity group and the AKG+simulated microgravity group using tail suspension,and AKG was administered via drinking water(2%concentration)for 28 days.After 28 days,body weight,heart weight and soleus muscle wet weight of the rats in each group were measured,and the ratio of soleus muscle wet weight to body weight was calculated.Echocardiography was used to measure left ventricular ejection fraction(EF),left ventricular fractional shortening(FS),left ventricular internal dimension at end diastole(LVIDd),left ventricular internal dimension at end-systole(LVIDs),left ventricular anterior wall diastolic thickness(LVAWd),and left ventricular anterior wall systolic thickness(LVAWs).ELISA was used to measure adenosine triphosphate(ATP)and adenylate monophosphate(AMP)levels in myocardial tissue.HE and Masson staining were used to observe myocardial tissue morphology and degree of fibrosis.Real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)and brain natriuretic peptide(BNP).Western blot was used to detect the expression of proteins related to the focal adhesion kinase/protein kinase B/forkhead box protein O3A(FAK/Akt/FOXO3A)signaling pathway in myocardial tissue.Results Compared with the control group,the body weight,heart weight,soleus muscle wet weight,and ration of soleus muscle wet weight to body weight in the simulated microgravity group were significantly decreased(all P<0.05).EF and FS were significantly decreased,while LVIDd and LVIDs were increased,and LVAWd and LVAWs were decreased(all P<0.05).Myocardial ATP content was significantly decreased,while AMP content was significantly increased(P<0.05).Myocardial structure was disordered and collagen deposition was increased.The mRNA expressions of ANP and BNP in myocardial tissue were significantly upregulated(all P<0.05).The protein ratios of p-FAK/FAK and p-Akt/Akt and FOXO3A protein expression were significantly downregulated(all P<0.05).The protein ratios of p-FAK/FAK,p-Akt/Akt and FOXO3A protein expression in myocardial tissue of the AKG group were significantly increased compared with the control group(P<0.05),the other indicators in the AKG group showed no significant changes compared with the control group(all P>0.05).Compared with the simulated microgravity group,the AKG+simulated microgravity group showed significant improvement on the above changes.Body weight,heart weight,soleus muscle wet weight,and ratio of soleus muscle wet weight to body weight in the AKG+simulated microgravity group increased significantly(all P<0.05).In the AKG+simulated microgravity group,EF and FS increased significantly,while LVIDd and LVIDs decreased significantly,and LVAWd and LVAWs also increased significantly(P<0.05);ATP content increased significantly,while AMP content decreased significantly(P<0.05).Myocardial structure became more regular,and the area of fibrosis was significantly reduced;ANP and BNP mRNA expressions were significantly downregulated(all P<0.05).p-FAK/FAK,p-Akt/Akt protein ratios,and FOXO3A protein expression were significantly upregulated(all P<0.05).Conclusion AKG intervention can improve myocardial energy status,alleviate structural remodeling,and restore cardiac function in simulated microgravity rats,its mechanism may be related to activation of the FAK/Akt/FOXO3A signaling pathway.

Abstract:Objective To explore the differences in image quality,radiation dose and diagnostic efficacy of different imaging protocols based on dual-layer detector spectral CT in the differentiation of small kidney stones(diameter≤5mm)in civil aviation pilots.Methods A total of 120 civil aviation pilots with kidney stones(diameter≤5mm)who underwent enhanced CT urography with abdominal compression in our hospital from May 2024 to July 2025 were retrospectively included.They were divided into the control group and the spectral group,with 60 cases in each group.The spectral group underwent reconstruction of 40 keV and 55 keV virtual monoenergetic images(VMI),while the control group underwent reconstruction of conventional images.Using ureteroscopic electronic flexible ureteroscopy as the gold standard,image quality scores and stone detection rates were evaluated for the two groups.Results The 40 keV images were consistently identified as the optimal VMI.There was no statistically significant difference in image quality between the 40 keV images in the spectral group and the conventional images in the control group(P>0.05).The accuracy,sensitivity,and specificity for the control group were 93.22%,92.86%,and 94.12%respectively,while they were 93.86%,94.12%,and 93.10%respectively for the spectral group.Conclusion The 40 keV VMIs of the dual-layer detector spectral CT can significantly reduce the radiation dose by approximately 30%and the amount of iodine contrast agent by 50%while ensuring image quality.It has significant clinical value for small kidney stones screening in pilots.

Abstract:With the advancement of human deep-space exploration missions,astronauts increasingly face severe disruptions to their circadian rhythms while enduring prolonged exposure to space environments.Circadian rhythms are primarily regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN)through a transcription-translation feedback loop,along with multilayered modulation involving epigenetic and metabolic mechanisms.However,microgravity,non-24-hour light-dark cycles(e.g.,the 90-minute orbital period in low Earth orbit),and confined isolation in space may collectively contribute to circadian desynchronization.Studies indicate that circadian disruption is significantly associated with sleep disturbances,cognitive and emotional dysregulation,immune suppression,and an elevated risk of metabolic syndrome in astronauts.Current countermeasures include pharmacological interventions,light therapy,nutritional modulation,and physical exercise.Future research will focus on multidimensional biological rhythm regulation technologies.These advancements will not only support deep-space exploration but also demonstrate a"terrestrial spillover effect",potentially revolutionizing treatment paradigms for shift-work disorder,sleep disorders,and even cancer,which certainly underscore the interdisciplinary value of space medicine research.

Abstract:Genetic testing holds specific technical advantages in disease screening and health assessment,it has been increasingly applied in clinical medicine,particularly in precision health management.Extreme environments involve various complex and unique stress factors,including aerospace,polar area,deep sea and so on.These factors can induce and activate specific genes to undergo regulatory expression changes.Through genetic testing,mutations,susceptible gene types and functional loci can be identified,enabling analysis of individual and population adaptation mechanisms at the molecular functional level.However,due to constraints such as medical ethics,testing technology,and standards,genetic testing has not yet been officially applied in the selection of personnel working in extreme environments and related occupations.This article elaborates on the current advancements in genetic testing technologies,reviews recent discoveries on gene expression characteristics induced by various environmental factors in extreme settings,and prospects the potential advantages,limitations and future applications of genetic testing in selecting personnel working in extreme environments.

Abstract:During spaceflight,environmental factors such as microgravity and space radiation can profoundly affect astronauts'immune function,with some of these effects persisting even after returning to Earth.As core components of innate immune system,monocytes and macrophages are closely linked to astronaut health.This paper focuses on monocytes and macrophages,systematically summarizing their dynamic changes and underlying mechanisms under space-specific conditions(microgravity,radiation)and during post-flight recovery,aiming to provide a scientific basis for safeguarding immune health in deep-space exploration and to offer insights for terrestrial immunological research.

Abstract:Objective To explore the key targets and underlying mechanisms of Rhodiola rosea in alleviating intracranial hypertension and protecting astronauts'vision using network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques.M ethods Common targets between Rhodiola rosea and intracranial hypertension were screened to construct a"Herb-Chemical Component-Common Target"network and a protein-protein interaction(PPI)network,identifying active components and core targets of Rhodiola rosea for treating intracranial hypertension.Functional enrichment analysis was performed to elucidate associated biological pathways.Molecular docking was conducted to validate the binding affinity between active components and key targets.Results The active components of Rhodiola rosea against intracranial hypertension were identified as kaempferol,gallic acid,7-hydroxycoumarin,and salidroside.The core targets included serine/threonine kinase 1(Akt1),tumor protein P53(TP53),beta-actin(ACTB),nuclear factor kappa B1(NF-κB1),and HSP90AA1.Functional enrichment analysis determined 848 functional terms and 152 related pathways.Molecular docking results indicated strong binding affinities between gallic acid and TP53,kaempferol and Akt1,and 7-hydroxycoumarin with Akt1.C onclusion Rhodiola rosea may alleviate intracranial hypertension and protect astronaut vision under microgravity conditions by modulating the key targets Akt1,TP53,ACTB,NF-κB1,and HSP90AA1 through its active components—kaempferol,gallic acid,7-hydroxycoumarin,and salidroside,thereby influencing the PI3K/Akt1 and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effect of Yuchuang Powder on mucosal tissue damage and the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),interleukin-1β(IL-1β),and interleukin-6(IL-6)in rats with recurrent oral ulcers(ROU)induced by acetic acid.Methods 48 healthy SPF-grade SD rats(equal numbers of males and females)were randomly divided into the blank control group(n=8)and the modeling group(n=40)using a random number table.The modeling group was used to establish the ROU model by acetic acid induction,and then randomly divided into the model group,chitosan group,low-dose Yuchuang Powder group,medium-dose Yuchuang Powder group,and high-dose Yuchuang Powder group,with 8 rats in each group.The chitosan group was treated with oral ulcer gel,while the Yuchuang Powder groups were treated with different doses of Yuchuang Powder.After 7 consecutive days of medication,mucosal tissue pathology was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin(HE)staining,expression levels of TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-1β in tissue were evaluated by immunohistochemistry,concentrations of TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-1β in tissue homogenates were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and protein expression levels of TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-1β in ulcer tissue were analyzed using Western blotting.Results HE staining showed that mucosal tissue damage in the medication groups was significantly alleviated compared with the model group Immunohistochemistry indicated reduced expression of TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-1β in the medication groups compared with the model group(all P<0.05).ELISA results showed significantly lower concentrations of TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-1β in the medication groups(all P<0.05).Western blotting confirmed decreased protein expression of TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-1β in the medication groups(all P<0.05).No statistically significant differences were observed among the medication groups(all P>0.05).Conclusion Yuchuang Powder can promote the mucosa lrepair in ROU rats,and this effect may be achieved by reducing the concentrations of TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-1β in ulcer mucosal tissues and alleviating local inflammatory response.

Abstract:Objectives To develop a portable blood collection box set and mobile blood bank information management system for emergency fresh whole blood collection,enabling modular centralized management of blood collection and cross-matching equipment,facilitating portable deployment,and supporting data collection,querying,recording,and tracing in the mobile blood bank information management system.Methods All elements and entire process of fresh whole blood collection and cross-matching were analyzed.Portable devices were selected,a material base list was formulated,and modular box set was designed.The information management system,which was developed with four-level modules based on requirements of data collection,management and storage,was optimized and verified through case application.Results Validated in 4 major missions,the box set responded rapidly and deployed smoothly.The system facilitated smooth querying,recording,and blood collection/cross-matching,with a total of 48 400 mL of fresh whole blood collected.No transfusion-related infections or allergic reactions occurred during tracing.Conclusion The portable blood collection box set and mobile blood bank information management system for emergency fresh whole blood collection has realized the modularization and portability of whole blood collection equipment and supplies,as well as as well as the advancement and informatization of mobile blood bank management.A complete emergency blood support system has been established,which can significantly enhance the support capacity of remote Gobi hospitals and space launch medical support in responding to the challenges of treating injuries and illnesses.

Abstract:Objective In the development of products,vibration environments are critical factors to consider,as the dynamic characteristics of these products reflect their ability to withstand vibrational loads.Traditional dynamic design processes for products rely on experimental iterations,leading to long design cycles and high costs.This study proposes a human-computer interactive optimization design method for the dynamic characteristics of products,offering a potential solution to address these challenges.Methods The proposed method integrates the strengths of both human beings and computers,leveraging their respective expertise.By manually interpreting computer-generated modal animation results,structural weaknesses under vibrational loads are identified.Subsequently,a human-computer interactive approach is employed to iteratively optimize the product's topology with strong directional guidance.This method was applied to optimize a thin-walled cylindrical product currently under development.Results After optimization,the product's fundamental frequency increased by 133%without weight gain.Under sinusoidal excitation,node response decreased by 77%and maximum stress decreased by 94%compared to the pre-optimization state.The optimized product meets design requirements with significant improvement.Conclusion The human-computer interactive optimization method for dynamic characteristics has been successfully validated through this thin-walled product.This approach is both feasible and effective,achieving the goal of reducing design cycles and costs which can be served as valuable references for optimizing similar products.

Abstract:To meet the requirements of civil aviation regulations regarding crew fatigue management,a prediction model based on the bidirectional long short-term memory with multi-head attention(BiLSTM-MHA)was designed using heart rate variability(HRV)as the fatigue assessment metric.Overlapping window sampling was used to extract HRV parameter features from pilots'physiological data,which were then utilized as model inputs.Model performance was evaluated using the coefficient of determination(R²),mean absolute error(SAME),and root mean square error(SRMSE).The predictive accuracy of the BiLSTM-MHA model was systematically compared against three other LSTM-based models.Test results showed that the BiLSTM-MHA model consistently outperformed the comparative models in predicting HRV parameters,providing a critical foundation for early intervention in flight fatigue and offering significant potential to enhance aviation safety management.

Abstract:Objective To construct a ground-based mental fatigue induction paradigm for military pilots with a simulated task and to evaluate its effectiveness in inducing a state of mental fatigue.Methods 50 military pilots were recruited to continually perform a 100-minute simulated flight task involving mental arithmetic and flight situation maintenance.Subjective fatigue ratings,critical flicker fusion frequency(CFF),cognitive task behavioral indicators(reaction time and related metrics),and electroencephalography(EEG)indicators(contingent negative variation,CNV)were collected before and after the task to assess the reliability of the paradigm in inducing mental fatigue.Results After completing the simulated task,subjective fatigue levels increased significantly(t=4.16,P<0.001).Discrimination of red light flicker fusion frequency decreased(t=-3.16,P=0.015).Reaction time variance increased significantly(t=6.083,P<0.01).The proportions of reaction time exceeding 300 ms and 400 ms were both increased significantly(exceeding 300 ms:z=2.527,P<0.01;exceeding 400 ms:z=2.207,P<0.05).The amplitude of the CNV also showed significant negative changes(significant changes observed at FCz,Cz,CPz,and POz electrodes).Conclusion The simulated task could successfully induce a state of mental fatigue in military pilots.

Abstract:Objective To develop an objective pilot control workload assessment model using physiological data monitored during flight training,combined with subjective workload evaluation scales,and the consistency between model predictions and subjective assessments was also verified.Methods In March 2024,eight pilots were recruited from a military unit to participate in the study.Physiological parameters(pulse wave indicators)were continuously monitored across 26 flight sessions.After each flight,pilots completed a subjective control load evaluation questionnaire to quantify their perceived workload.Results A decision tree algorithm was used to construct the pilot control load assessment model,which achieved an accuracy of 90.9%for low workload,93.3%for high workload,and an overall accuracy of 92.1%.Conclusions The proposed pilot control workload assessment model can accurately evaluate workload levels during flight sessions,which provides a scientific reference for aviation medical support in flight training.

Abstract:Objective To develop a multimodal data fusion-based health records system for cervical-lumbar injuries and motor function,aiming to improve the efficacy and precision of rehabilitation management for flight personnel with cervical or lumbar disorders.Methods Digital technologies were used to develop a health records system that integrates clinical assessments,functional evaluations,and dynamic follow-up data,enabling real-time monitoring and statistical analysis of cervical/lumbar injury status and motor function in flight personnel.Results The system facilitates comprehensive end-to-end rehabilitation management,encompassing information collection(including medical history,posture and body alignment),multimodal assessment(covering joint function,muscle strength,and psychological status),personalized interventions(such as physical rehabilitation,exercise training,and nutritional guidance),as well as efficacy tracking and long-term follow-up,thereby addressing multidimensional needs in clinical rehabilitation and health management.Conclusion Through a data-driven dynamic intervention approach,this system provides technical support for personalized prevention and treatment of cervical/lumbar injuries in flight personnel,and lays the foundation for a standardized,routine-based medical assessment framework for cervical and lumbar function,which has significant practical value for military occupational health protection.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the mechanism of Modified Xinyi Power in the treatment of allergic rhinitis(AR)based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology.Methods Active components and targets of Modified Xinyi Power were screened and collected from TCMSP database.The AR-related targets were obtained from the GeneCards and OMIM databases.Online mapping tool platform Venny 2.1 was used to generate a Venn diagram identifying intersection targets between Modified Xinyi Power and AR,and these targets were uploaded to the STRING database to construct a protein-protein interaction(PPI)network.Gene Ontology(GO)enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analyses were performed using Bioconductor software and RR language.The traditional Chinese medicine-active component-target network was constructed using the Cytoscape 3.9.2 software.Molecular docking was performed using the AutoDock Vina 1.1.2 software,and the molecular docking pattern diagram was drawn using the PyMOL 2.5 software.Results A total of 164 potential targets of Modified Xinyi Power for AR treatment were obtained.The core active components were quercetin,kaempferol,baicalein,naringenin and nobiletin,and the core targets included Akt1,IL-6,TNF,IL1B,and PTGS2.Modified Xinyi Power in treating AR mainly exerts the effects of inhibiting the inflammatory response,reducing mucosal inflammatory cell infiltration,and regulating immunity through signaling pathways such as the AGE-RAGE(advanced glycation end product and receptor for AGE),PI3K-Akt,and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways.Molecular docking showed strong binding ability between core targets and core active components.Conclusion Modified Xinyi Power may exert the effects of inhibiting the inflammatory response and reducing mucosal inflammatory cell infiltration through active components such as quercetin and kaempferol.

Abstract:Objectives In this study,we examined the differences in EEG activity between tolerant and intolerant subjects during the resting state and Flanker task,and the effects of 24-hour sleep deprivation on cognitive control.Methods In this study,a total of 39 volunteers were recruited.Seven cases were excluded or dropped out,and 32 cases were included in the statistical analysis(16 in the tolerance group and 16 in the intolerance group).Electroencephalogram measurements were conducted in the resting state and under the Flanker task before and after 24-hour sleep deprivation,respectively.Results The intolerant group showed significant cognitive decline after sleep deprivation,whereas the tolerant group maintained stable cognitive performance after sleep deprivation.Brain network analysis showed that the intolerance group showed hyperconnectivity characteristics in high frequency bands(Beta and Gamma)at baseline,while these connectivity were significantly decreased after sleep deprivation,especially in Gamma band.The tolerant group showed enhanced connectivity in the Theta and Alpha bands under the task.By combining spatial pattern network(SPN)features,the classification performance of linear discriminant analysis(LDA)was significantly improved before and after SD,especially in the Flanker task inconsistency condition,which further verified the effectiveness of SPN features in distinguishing tolerant and non-tolerant populations.Conclusion this study reveals a new perspective on the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive function,and provides a new basis for the identification of tolerant and non-tolerant populations after sleep deprivation.

Abstract:Objective To use the Delphi method to study the TCM syndrome differentiation patterns and clinical manifestations of acute high altitude hypoxic encephalopathy,to establish a TCM syndrome differentiation protocol for this condition,and to provide a basis for standardizing its clinical application.Methods Based on literature research,a TCM diagnosis and treatment expert consultation questionnaire for acute high altitude hypoxic encephalopathy was developed.Using the Delphi method,authoritative experts in this field were selected for consultation.The questionnaire content was supplemented and revised based on expert opinions.Following two rounds of consultation,the survey results were evaluated using key statistical metrics including mean scores,sum of ranking scores,and Coefficient of Variation.Results In the first round,Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.949and Cr was 0.829,In the second round,Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.955 and Cr was 0.883.The two rounds of expert evaluations on the four clinical syndromes of acute high-altitude hypoxic encephalopathy-"Qi deficiency and blood stasis with cerebral orifice obstruction syndrome","Qi-yin deficiency with malnourishment of the sea of marrow syndrome","Obstruction of clear yang and malfunctioning of mental faculty syndrome",and"Disorder of Qi-blood with cerebral hydro-stasis syndrome"-demonstrated good consistency across all 51 assessment indicators.Conclusion Through the Delphi expert consultation method,four fundamental TCM syndrome patterns and their key diagnostic features for acute high altitude hypoxic encephalopathy were established.These findings demonstrate statistical reliability and clinical relevance,providing a reference for further standardization research on TCM syndrome patterns.