Abstract:Plant essential oils are plant-derived secondary metabolites with good biological activities,such as antimicrobial,antioxidant and antiseptic preservation,which have great potential for application in the preservation of fruits and vegetables.Moreover,People pay increasing attention to food safety,which has pro-moted the development of green and efficient preservation agents.The study on the types and mechanisms of plant essential oils has made breakthrough progress.Besides,the research on the application of plant essential oils in fruits and vegetables preservation is increasing.The types of plant essential oils,the antimicrobial mechanisms,and the potential applications in fruits and vegetables preservation were systematically described in this paper.In addition,the article briefly outlined the problems in the application of essential oils in preser-vation,and looked forward to the prospects of their application in fruits and vegetables preservation.It aimed to provide a basis for the development of novel preservatives and preservation technologies of plant essential oils,and to promote the application of plant essential oils in fruits and vegetables preservation.

Abstract:In order to investigate the effects of endophytic fungi on growth and physiological characteris-tics of Hordeum bogdanii under different temperatures,this experiment was carried out focusing on H.bogdanii from Wensu County,Xinjiang.The changes of plant height,tiller number,malondialdehyde(MDA)content,proline content,and activities of catalase(CAT)and peroxidase(POD)in H.bogdanii plants with endophyt-ic fungi(E+)and without endophytic fungi(E-)were studied after 3,7 and 14 days of 10,15 ℃ and 20 ℃ treatments.The results showed that the plant height and tiller number of E+plants were significantly higher than those of E-plants at 10℃ and 15 ℃.After 3 and 7 days of different treatments,the POD activity of E+plants continuously increased with temperature decreasing and was significantly higher than that of E-plants at 10 ℃.The CAT activity of E+plants was higher than that of E-plants under the three temperature treat-ments,and reached significant level at 15 ℃.Under 10 ℃ and 15 ℃ treatments,the MDA content of E+plants was lower than that of E-plants,while the proline content was higher than that of E-plants,which reached significant level at 15℃ and 10℃,respectively.In summary,the endophytic fungi of H.bogdanii could enhance the adaptability of host to different temperature environment by increasing the activities of antioxi-dant enzymes,promoting the accumulation of osmotic adjustment substances and reducing membrane damage.

Abstract:The aim was to isolate Bacillus sp.with degrading effect on aflatoxin B1(AFB1)from samples of different sources,so as to provide a theoretical basis for the exploitation and utilization of Bacillus.strains degrading AFB1.The intestinal contents and anal swabs of chickens and soil samples were collected.After en-richment,the suspected Bacillus colonies were selected through culture using MYP and primary screening me-dium,and then the strains with degrading effect on AFB1 were selected by analyzing the degradation rate of AFB1 and identified the bacterial genus and species by 16S rRNA sequencing.The selected Bacillus strains were tested for hemolysis,antibiotic sensitivity,growth curve,acid and bile salt resistance.The results showed that a total of 20 Bacillus strains degrading AFB1 were selected.Combined with the results of bacterial sequen-cing and hemolysis test,three B.licheniformis strains(S51,S48,S8-2)with high degradation rate were se-lected for further tests.The results showed that the three B.licheniformis strains were sensitive to multiple anti-biotics;among which,S51 had the highest growth rate,the largest concentration of bacterial fluid,and was more tolerant to both acid and bile salt than the other two strains.Overall,one B.licheniformis strain with bet-ter degrading effect on AFB1 was selected for its good safety and tolerance,which was expected to be applied as a microecological agent in the degradation process of AFB1.

Abstract:Stripe rust is an important factor affecting wheat yield and food security,and accurate seg-mentation of wheat stripe rust images is an important means of computer-aided precision control.A wheat stripe rust image segmentation method based on improved Swin-Unet was proposed in this study to address the prob-lems of complex lesion morphology,blurred boundaries between lesions and non-lesions,and low segmentation accuracy in wheat stripe rust image.The method enhanced the model's ability to express stripe rust features by introducing SENet and ResNet modules into Swin-Unet.The experimental results showed that the improved Swin-Unet had precision rates of 99.24%,82.32%and 94.36%for background,spore and leaf,respectively,and could segment background,spore and leaf images in challenging situations,so it had better computer vi-sion processing and segmentation evaluation effects.The overall segmentation accuracy,average intersection to union ratio and average pixel accuracy of improved Swin-Unet were 96.88%,84.91%and 90.50%,respective-ly,which were 2.84,4.64 and 5.38 percentage points higher than those of Swin-Unet.Compared with other network models such as U-Net、PSPNet、DeepLabV3+and Swin-Unet,the improved Swin-Unet had the best segmentation performance.The method proposed in this study could accurately detect and segment wheat stripe rust features,providing technical support for automatic detection and early prevention of wheat stripe rust in complex field environments.

Abstract:This study conducted transcriptome analysis on the leaves of Nymphaea'Madame Ganna Wal-ska'under shading treatment and natural light to reveal the influencing mechanism of shading on its leaf de-velopment.The results showed that a total of 1 303 differentially expressed genes were screened under shading treatment,of which,558 genes were up-regulated and 745 genes were down-regulated.GO functional annota-tion analysis found that shading treatment could affect cell development and secondary metabolism.The KEGG pathway annotation and enrichment analysis results showed that shading treatment affected the expression of signaling pathways such as secondary metabolism,signal transduction,cell wall biosynthesis and photosynthe-sis.Screening of differential expression gene showed that under shading conditions,the genes of AUX1/LAX,SAUR,and IAA in auxin signaling pathway,psbR,LHCB4 and LHCB1 in photosynthesis pathway,CHS and 4CL in metabolic pathways,GF PT,TUBA and CESA in cell wall development,as well as genes involved in photo morphogenesis such as HY5,RFWD2 and COP1,of Nymphaea leaves exhibited significantly differential expression.This indicated that under shading or low light conditions,Nymphaea leaves adapted to environmen-tal change by limiting cell wall growth,affecting light absorption capacity,regulating primary and secondary metabolic pathways,responding to auxin,and regulating light signal transduction and related genes expres-sion,so as to maintaining their normal growth and physiological functions.

Abstract:The brown planthopper(BPH),Nilaparvata lugens,is one of the most serious pest of rice.The present pest control strategies show certain limitations,so it is necessary to research and explore novel methods for controlling BPH.In this study,we used RNA interference(RNAi)technology mediated by double-stranded RNA(dsRNA)with sugar transporter 4(Nlst4)of N.lugens as target gene to synthesize the specific dsRNA of Nlst4 in vitro.The transcript level of the target gene was significantly decreased and the lethal phe-notype were observed in N.lugens after feeding with dsRNA.We constructed the RNAi vector of the Nlst4 gene,which was then introduced into rice by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method.After feeding with the transgenic rice,the transcript level of the target gene in N.lugens were significantly reduced,the 1st and 2nd instar nymph duration were significantly prolonged,but no lethal phenotype was observed.These re-sults indicated the practicability of breeding transgenic rice to control N.lugens by RNAi technique,and pro-vided the scientific basis for breeding transgenic rice for field-level control of planthoppers.

Abstract:In order to investigate the effects of exogenous zeatin on nicotine content,endogenous hor-mones contents,and gene expression related to nicotine synthesis in tobacco leaves,this study set three spray concentrations of zeatin(1,2 and 3 mg/L)with equal amount of water as control.Foliar spraying was carried out on the day of topping the tobacco plants,and the agronomic traits of tobacco plants and nicotine content,endogenous hormones contents and expression levels of key genes related to nicotine synthesis in leaves were measured at 5,10 and 15 days after treatment.The results showed that compared with the control,spraying different concentrations of exogenous zeatin had no significant effect on agronomic traits of tobacco plants.The nicotine content in tobacco leaves significantly decreased,and the most significant decrease occurred on the 5th day after spraying with a reduction of 20.58％,31.76％and 28.74％,respectively.The contents of zeatin(ZR),auxin(IAA)and gibberellin(GA)significantly increased with an increase range of 21.63％to 41.68％,13.94％to 87.49％,and 10.56％to 47.32％,respectively.The content of abscisic acid(ABA)sig-nificantly decreased with a reduction of 4.34％to 72.70％.The expression levels of NtPMT,NtODC and NtM-PO were significantly downregulated.NtPMT and NtMPO were most significantly downregulated at 10 days af-ter treatment with a decrease of 26.82％,55.59％,62.88％and 31.22％,36.97％,45.75％in treatment T1,T2 and T3,respectively,compared to control.NtODC was most significantly downregulated at 5 days after treatment with a decrease of 36.30％,77.26％and 53.34％in treatment T1,T2 and T3,respectively,com-pared to control.Above all,foliar spraying of zeatin on the day of topping had no significant effect on tobacco growth,but had significant impacts on endogenous hormone levels in tobacco leaves,thereby affecting the ex-pression of nicotine synthesis related genes and significantly reducing nicotine content in tobacco leaves.A-mong them,spraying 2 mg/L zeatin had a better regulatory effect.This study could provide the theoretical ba-sis and technical support for regulation of nicotine content in tobacco production.

Abstract:In this study,the RT-PCR detection was carried out on suspected viral disease samples,and the amplified products were sequenced and the phylogenetic analysis was conducted,which verified that the samples were infected by Tomato brown rugose fruit virus(ToBRFV).The ToBRFV could be detected in seeds of infected tomato fruits,but could not be detected in seedings grown from the infected seeds,which indicated that ToBRFV was mainly existed in seed coat.The virus could be inactivated when the infected seeds were dis-infected with 10％of trisodium phosphate.Twenty-two Solanum pimpinellifolium resources were inoculated and identified by mechanical inoculation method at seedling stage,and two materials tolerant or resistant to To-BRFV were obtained,which could provide resources for resistant variety breeding.

Abstract:Importin α(IMPα)is an important transport protein for proteins and RNA in cytoplasm to en-ter nucleus and plays important roles in plants.In this study,IMPα genes of maize were identified and ana-lyzed by bioinformatics analysis,and then the relative expression level of ZmIMPα in different maize inbred lines under salt stress were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,and its function was verified through constructing a prokaryotic overexpression Escherichia coli strain and analyzing its growth under salt stress.The results showed that a total of 15 transcripts of 7 IMPα genes were identified from maize with the CDS sequence as 297 to 625 aa,the molecular weight as 32.5 to 64.0 kDa and the isoelectric point as 3.95 to 7.27;they were all located in cytoplasm,and ten were also located in cell nucleus.The phylogenetic analysis showed that they could be divided into 3 subfamilies except Zm00001eb001150_T001,and they had higher similarity with those of Arabidopsis thaliana.Conserved domain analysis showed that the IMPα family belonged to the SRP1 superfamily.The promoter analysis showed that the IMPα genes of maize contained hormone re-sponse elements and abiotic stress-related response elements,which might play roles in plant growth and re-sponse to abiotic stresses.Under salt stress,the expression level of ZmIMPα increased significantly in salt-tol-erant material,and decreased significantly in salt-sensitive material.The prokaryotic expression analysis showed that the growth of the strain containing pET28a-ZmIMPα plasmid was inhibited compared with the no-load strain under 0.6 mol/L and 0.8 mol/L NaCl stress,and the degree of inhibition increased with the in-crease of NaCl concentration,suggesting that ZmIMPα might show a negative regulatory pattern under salt stress.The results of this study could provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the role of importin family genes in the stress resistance of maize.

Abstract:To improve the salt-tolerance of Hibiscus syriacus seedlings and to provide the scientific refer-ence for its planting in highly salinized soil,in this experiment,one-year-old seedlings of H.syriacus were used as materials,and four treatments of T0(0 NaCl+0 g/L salicylic acid),T1(1.0％NaCl+0 g/L salicylic acid),T2(0 NaCl+0.3 g/L salicylic acid)and T3(1.0％NaCl+0.3 g/L salicylic acid)were set.The effects of salicylic acid(SA)application on the growth and development of seedlings,the activity,osmotic adjust-ment and oxidative stress of roots,and the contents of SA in roots,stems and leaves of H.syriacus under high salt(1.0％NaCl stress)were studied.The results showed that the roots of H.syriacus seedlings were subjected to osmotic stress under high salt stress with the growth and development delayed,root activity decreased,and cellular oxidative stress level increased.Compared with T1 group,the plant growth and biomass in T3 group were increased,the root activity and contents of proline,soluble sugar and soluble protein were significantly increased,while the membrane permeability and malondialdehyde(MDA)content were significantly de-creased.Meanwhile,the activity of antioxidant enzymes in roots significantly increased on the 10th,20th,and 30th days after treatment in T3 group,among which,the superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity increased by 30.98％,30.48％and 183.09％;the catalase(CAT)activity increased by 20.97％,21.32％and 192.58％,and the peroxidase(POD)activity increased by 44.06％,42.66％and 146.92％,respectively.In addition,it was observed that the content of SA in the roots,stems and leaves of H.altissima were constantly changing dy-namically with the highest in leaves and the lowest in roots.In summary,SA had the ability to promote the growth of H.syriacus and to improve root osmotic regulation and antioxidant capacity under high salt stress,so as to alleviate the damage caused by high salt stress to roots.

Abstract:To investigate the effects of foliar application of zinc fertilizer on sugar and acid accumulation and yield and quality of Korla fragrant pear fruits,and to screen out the optimal concentration of zinc fertilizer,this experiment was carried out using 6-year-old Korla fragrant pear trees as test materials.On the basis of con-ventional fertilization,spraying 0.15％zinc sulfate(Z1),0.30％zinc sulfate(Z2)and 0.45％zinc sulfate(Z3)solutions were set at 23,38,53 and 68 days after flowering respectively with spraying water as the con-trol(Z0),and their effects on yield and quality related indicators of mature fruits were studied.The results showed that spraying zinc fertilizer could increase the number of fruits per plant,single fruit weight and yield,and also improve the fruit quality.Among them,the Z2 treatment had the best effects.The number of fruits per plant,single fruit weight and yield of Z2 treatment increased by 28.19％,5.07％and 34.79％,respectively,compared to Z0 treatment;the fruit hardness and contents of soluble solids,VC and protein increased by 18.91％,7.48％,6.74％and 20.00％,respectively,while the organic acid content significantly decreased by 9.85％.From the correlation analysis results,it could be seen that the soluble sugar content of fruits was highly significantly positively correlated with fructose content;the total acid content was highly significantly positively correlated with malic acid,oxalic acid and shikimic acid contents,and the strongest correlation was with malic acid;the soluble sugar content was highly significantly negatively correlated with the total acid content.In summary,in the production and management of 6-year-old Korla fragrant pear,appropriate foliar application of zinc fertilizer could improve the yield and quality of pear fruits.It was recommended to spray zinc fertilizer at a concentration of 0.30％.

Abstract:Nitrogen fertilizer is important for ramie growth and yield and quality formation.Traditional ni-trogen detection methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive,and have poor timeliness,etc.Hyperspectral remote sensing technology can effectively monitor a number of physiological indicators of crops,thus help to grasp crop growth and nutritional status in real time.In this study,we set four nitrogen application levels,i.e.,N0(no fertilization),N1(273 kg/hm2 pure nitrogen),N2(332 kg/hm2 pure nitrogen),N3(390 kg/hm2 pure nitrogen,conventional application rate),and two stages of fertilizer application,i.e.,the row closure stage(a)and the vigorous stage(b),and then used spectral technique to analyze the differences of spectral characteristics under different treatments at two scales of crown and leaves.By analyzing the correla-tion between multi-scale hyperspectral data and nitrogen content in leaves(LNC)of ramie,three machine learning methods,namely partial least squares regression(PLSR),support vector machine(SVM)and ran-dom forest(RF)were used to construct the models for estimation of ramie LNC at key growth stages(seedling stage,row closure stage,vigorous stage and maturity stage),and then the comparative analyses were carried out.The results showed that the accuracy of the canopy spectral model was better than that of the leaf spectral model at several growth stages.The accuracy of the ramie LNC estimation model based on canopy spectral band was the highest at maturity stage(R2=0.795,RMSE=0.608),and that based on leaf spectral band was the highest at vigorous stage(R2=0.670,RMSE=0.470).The LNC estimation model constructed based on RF algorithm was the best in multiple growth periods with stable performance and higher accuracy.In conclusion,the estimation of ramie leaf nitrogen content based on multi scale hyperspectral technology was feasible,espe-cially at the canopy scale.This study provided a better means for ramie nitrogen inversion.

Abstract:Two adlay varieties,JY01(early-maturing)and YZ04(medium-late-maturing),were used as test materials,four nitrogen(N)application rates of 90(N90),180(N180),270(N270),and 360(N360)kg/hm2were set using a randomized block design,and their effects on dry matter accumulation and nitrogen utilization characteristics of each adlay variety were investigated.The results showed that at mature stage,adlay grain yield increased first and then decreased with the increase of N application rate,and the grain yield of YZ04 was significantly higher than that of JY01 at each N level.The aboveground dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in both JY01 and YZ04 showed the trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase of N application rate,reaching their peak at 180 kg/hm2of nitrogen.Among which,their maximum dry matter accumulation were 7 100.90 and 19 052.95 kg/hm2,their nitrogen accumulation were 113.44 kg/hm2 and 253.39 kg/hm2,and their grain harvest indices ranged from 38.25～41.09%(JY01)and 25.87～30.74%(YZ04),respectively.For nitrogen grain production efficiency,the value of JY01 was 23.16～25.05 kg/kg which showed no significant difference among N levels.The value of YZ04 was 21.72～26.21 kg/kg showing the trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase of nitrogen application rate,and reached the maximum value at N270 level which showed no significant difference with other treatments.The ni-trogen harvest indices of JY01 and YZ04 were 45.85～50.93%and 46.57～55.26%,respectively.Nitrogen re-quirement per 100 kg of grains increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate,reaching their peak at the nitrogen application rate of 270 kg/hm2,which was 4.32 kg and 4.60 kg,re-spectively.It was known according to the linear regression equation fitting the nitrogen application rate with the grain yield,the optimal N application rates for JY01 and YZ04 was 259.21 kg/hm2 and 222.67 kg/hm2.

Abstract:In order to explore the impact of temperature changes in later growth period of rice on yield and cadmium transportation and accumulation,three conventional late rice varieties(v1,v2,v3)with differ-ent cadmium absorption capacity were used as materials,and the pot experiment was conducted in the artificial climate room of the Rice Institute of Hunan Province in 2023 by setting two temperature treatments as control(CK,day 30℃/night 20℃)and temperature increase treatment(day 35℃/night 25℃).The impact of temperature increase from full heading period to mature period on yield traits and cadmium content,accumula-tion and transportation of rice were studied.The results showed that temperature increase significantly reduced the yield of v1,v2 and v3 by 35.3%,33.1%and 22.2%,respectively compared with their CK,and reduced the seed rate,1 000-grain weight and kernel number per ear.Temperature increase promoted the cadmium ab-sorption in roots,stems and leaves of the three varieties during mature period.The cadmium content in roots increased by 177.0%,119.5%and 142.3%compared with their CK,respectively,which were up to signifi-cant level.The cadmium content in stems and leaves of v1 and v3 increased by 131.7%and 75.5%compared with their CK,and reached significant level.Temperature increase inhibited the accumulation of cadmium into grains.The transfer coefficient of cadmium from stems and leaves to brown rice decreased by 78.4%and 57.1%in v1 and v3 compared with their CK.Cadmium accumulation in brown rice of the three varieties de-creased by 67.5%,21.7%and 32.4%,respectively.During temperature increase,the contents of malondial-dehyde(MDA),non-protein thiols(NPT),glutathione(GSH),and phytochelatins(Pcs)in rice flag leaves were significantly improved,and the synthesis and transportation of photosynthetic products were reduced.In summary,temperature increase promoted the cadmium absorption of roots and its transportation to stems and leaves,which inhibited the synthesis and transportation of photosynthates in rice,thereby reduced the yield and cadmium contentin brown rice.

Abstract:The effects of apple branch compost on nutrients,enzymes and microbial diversity of apple rhizosphere soil were studied in this experiment in order to provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of ap-ple pruning waste resources.The impacts of applying fermented pruned branches(T1),fermented rabbit ma-nure(T2),composted pruned branches(T3)and conventional fertilizer management(CK)on the physico-chemical properties and enzyme activities of apple rhizosphere soil were studied,and the high-throughput se-quencing was employed to analyze the differences in bacterial and fungal community structure and diversity.The results showed that the soil under T3 treatment exhibited significant increases in organic matter,available nitrogen(N),available phosphorus(P),available potassium(K),available calcium(Ca)and available zinc(Zn)compared to T1 and T2 treatments.The activities of soil enzymes including catalase,sucrase,phos-phatase and urease were enhanced by 40.43％,78.37％,52.36％and 83.87％respectively compare to CK.The Chao1 index and Shannon index of soil bacteria and fungi increased significantly,while the Simpson index decreased significantly.Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the dominant bacteria,account-ing for 76.76％to 82.23％in relative abundance.The fungi was mainly composed of Ascomycota,Zygomycota and Basidiomycota,and Ascomycota was the absolute dominant phylum with the relative abundance ranging from 50.20％to 67.24％.The diversity and structure of bacterial communities in apple rhizosphere were mainly affected by the content of available iron in soil,and those of fungal communities were mainly affected by the a-vailable nitrogen content.These findings suggested that the addition of branch compost in orchards could signif-icantly increase the contents of available nutrients,activities of enzymes,and species richness and diversity of soil bacteria and fungi communities,so improved the soil environment of orchards.

Abstract:The legume pod borer,Maruca vitrata(Fabricius)(Lepidoptera:Crambidae),is an impor-tant pest of legume crops,which occurs seriously in China.In this study,mating behavior and oviposition characteristics were observed in laboratory.The results showed that the courtship and mating behaviors of leg-ume pod borer adults began from the 2nd day after emergence,and reached the peak at 3 to 5 days after emer-gence.The mating activity mainly occurred between 21:00 and 06:30 with the peak at 23:00 to 03:00.In general,the adults only mate once in the lifetime,but some could mate 2 to 3 times,and the average mating time was 53.1 minutes.The mating rate and the number of eggs were higher when the male to female ratio was 1∶1 or there were more male adults.In the range of 20 to 27 ℃,the mating rate increased with the increase of temperature.When the temperature was over 25 ℃,the mating rate was over 50％and the average number of eggs was over 800.The female adults started to lay eggs on the 3rd day after emergence,and reached the peak at 7 to 8 days;the number of eggs could reach 80％of the total number on the 12th day.These results could provide theoretical basis for indoor feeding and effective control of legume pod borer.

Abstract:Somatic cell count trait is one of the important economical traits in dairy cow production and breeding.Screening important functional genes related to this trait and mining key molecular markers are of great significance to genetic improvement of the somatic cell count trait in dairy cow.In this study,the impor-tant genes and key metabolites affecting somatic cell count trait were screened by genome-wide association study(GWAS)combined with metabolomics analysis.Firstly,2 709 Holstein cows were genotyped using Illu-mina Bovine 50K SNP microarrays,and GWAS was performed using the genomic estimated breeding value(GEBV)for somatic cell count trait in dairy cow,and then six candidate genes including NPFFR2,ZNF831,SLC4A4,SLMO2,SKAP1 and CBX1 were screened out.KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the candidate genes were mainly enriched in the biological processes such as neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions,pan-creatic secretion,bile secretion,proximal tubule bicarbonate regeneration and Rap1 signaling pathway.Sec-ondly,the cows with extreme phenotype of high somatic cell count(Hscc)or low somatic cell count(Lscc)were selected for plasma metabolomics analysis based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS),and 71 plasma significantly differential metabolites were screened out.Compared to the Hscc group,57 differentially expressed metabolites such as cortisol,aldosterone and cinnamic acid ethyl ester were up-regulated in the Lscc group,while 14 differentially expressed metabolites such as taurodeoxycholic acid and phasic acid were down-regulated.KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the significantly differential metabo-lites were mainly enriched in the pathways of aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption,bile secretion,glyox-ylate and dicarboxylate metabolisms,and ketone body synthesis and degradation.The joint analysis of GW AS and metabolomics indicated that bile secretion was an important pathway in the regulation of somatic cell count trait,and the SLC4A4 gene affecting bile secretion process and bile secretion metabolite cortisol was the key gene and metabolite affecting the somatic cell count trait in dairy cows.The results of this study might provide important candidate genes and molecular markers for the genetic improvement of the somatic cell count trait in dairy cow.

Abstract:A total of 1 080 one-day-old'Yisheng 909'small white feathered broilers were selected and randomly allocated to nine groups with six replicates to study the effects of different levels of total phosphorus(TP)and high doses of phytase in feed on growth performance and physicochemical indexes.The nine treat-ments included control(TP 0.68％for 1～21 days and 0.65％for 22～42 days,available phosphorus 0.45％for 1～21 days and 0.40％for 22～42 days,no phytase),four non-phytase treatments(TP 0.35％,0.40％,0.45％and 0.50％for 1～42 days),and four phytase treatments(TP 0.35％,0.40％,0.45％and 0.50％for 1～42 days,phytase 5 000 FTU/kg).There were twenty broilers per replicate with half female and half male ones.The results were as follows.(1)For the four non-phytase treatments,the daily weight gain and feed con-sumption at 1～21 days and 22～42 days of age increased significantly with the increase of TP,but were all significantly lower than those of the control(P＜0.05);the feed-weight ratio at 1～21 days of age was signifi-cantly higher than that of the control(P＜0.05)except the 0.50％TP treatment;the mortality rates of the 0.35％and 0.40％TP treatments at 1～21 days of age showed the increasing trend compared to the control(0.05 ≤P＜0.10);the serum phosphorus level at 21-day old was significantly lower than that of the control(P＜0.05),and at 42-day old,the serum phosphorus level and tibia ash were significantly lower than those of the control(P＜0.05)except for the 0.50％TP treatment.(2)For the four phytase treatments,the daily weight gain at 1～21 days and 22～42 days of age were higher or significantly higher(P＜0.05)than that of the control,while the feed-weight ratio and mortality rate had no significant differences with the control;the serum phosphorus of the treatments with 0.40％or more TP at 21-day old,and the serum calcium,phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase and the tibia ash contents at 42-day old had no significant differences with the control.(3)The activity of amylase,trypsin and lipase in the duodenum had no significant differences among all treat-ments at 42-day old.(4)The fecal phosphorus level significantly increased with the increase of TP level in feed in both non-phytase treatments and phytase treatments(P＜0.05),but had no significant difference be-tween non-phytase treatments and phytase treatments with the same dietary TP;fecal copper,iron,manganese and zinc contents had no significant differences among all treatments when broilers aged 42 days.It could be seen that a diet with TP below 0.50％and without phytase cannot meet the phosphorus need of small white feathered chickens;when the diet contained 5 000 FTU/kg phytase,0.40％TP for 1～21 days and 0.35％TP for 22～42 days could meet the phosphorus need of small white feathered chickens,which could save 94％of feed calcium hydrogen phosphate dosage and reduce 65％of fecal phosphorus content compared to the control.

Abstract:Using small-fruit colored fresh-edible high-oleic peanuts varieties Kainong 615 and Kainong 616 as materials,four different spring sowing dates and five different planting densities were set in Kaifeng,Henan Province.Through plot test in field,the effects of different sowing dates and planting densities on main agronomic traits and yield of them were investigated.The results of sowing date test showed that with the delay of sowing date,the emergence rate gradually increased,both the main stem height and lateral branch length exhibited rising trends,whereas the total number of branches decreased gradually.The number of fruiting branches,the total number of pods and the fresh weight of pods per plant all increased first and then de-creased.The kernel rate and full pod rate gradually increased with the postponement of sowing and harvesting dates.The 100-pod weight and 100-kernel weight varied between cultivars.The density experiments revealed that as the planting density decreased,The main stem height and lateral branch length of both cultivars de-creased;the total number of branches,fruiting branches,total pod number and fresh pod weight per plan all increased gradually;the full pod rate showed a trend of increasing first and then decreased.The yield analysis showed that,the later the sowing date of spring-sown peanuts was,the higher the pod yield was.Under differ-ent density treatments,both of the two varieties achieved the highest pod yield at the density of 103 700 holes per hectare.Considering both agronomic traits and yield performance comprehensively,the optimal sowing time for mulched cultivation of small-fruit colored fresh high-oleic peanuts in northern peanut-producing areas repre-sented by Kaifeng was from April 15th to April 22nd,and the best planting density was 103 700 holes/hm2,which resulted in the highest yield.This conclusion could provide data support and theoretical basis for the ef-ficient cultivation of small-fruit-type colored fresh high-oleic peanut.

Abstract:In this study,the number of Apolygus lucorum was investigated during the occurrence period in tea garden,chrysanthemum garden and chrysanthemum-tea intercropping garden in Taishan area,and the control effects of different insecticides were compared during the autumn migration period of A.lucorum in tea garden,hoping to provide reference for the prevention and control of A.lucorum in Taishan tea area.The re-sults showed that September to November and April to June were the main occurrence periods of A.lucorum in tea gardens.The adults mainly occurred in mid-September to late October and mid-May to early June.Through monitoring the occurrence dynamic of A.lucorum in three planting patterns in autumn,it was found that the full-bloom chrysanthemum in September had a significant attraction effect on A.lucorum,and had an impact on the migration of A.lucorum in the near tea gardens.In October,after the chrysanthemum withered,the at-traction of flowering tea plants to A.lucorum began to highlight,so the number of A.lucorum in the chrysan-themum garden decreased rapidly,and the A.lucorum in the chrysanthemum-tea intercropping garden trans-ferred from chrysanthemum to tea plants to continue to harm.The results of different insecticides in the same period showed that the control effect of bifenthrin on A.lucorum in the tea garden was significantly superior to that of the other three insecticides,which was up to more than 80％at seven days after the third time applica-tion,so it could be used as the first choice in the control of A.lucorum in the tea garden.In addition,weeds around the tea garden could help A.lucorum hide and feed,so the weeds in the autumn tea garden should be included in the scope of prevention and control to improve the autumn control efficiency of A.lucorum in the tea garden.