Abstract:This study aimed to explore the mechanism of the main active components in Pulsatilla chinensis for the prevention and treatment of bacterial enteritis using a network pharmacology approach.The main active components of Pulsatilla chinensis were screened using the TCMSP and SwissADME databases.Their potential targets were collected from TCMSP,SwissTarget,and PharmMapper databases.Disease targets related to bacterial enteritis were retrieved from the GeneCards,DisGeNET,and OMIM databases.A protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was constructed using the STRING database and Cytoscape software to screen core targets.Gene Ontology(GO)functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analyses were performed using the DAVID database.Molecular docking validation was conducted using AutoDock Vina.The results showed that the experiment identified 10 main active components in Pulsatilla chinensis,including isorhamnetin and aureusidin,and screened 64 core targets.Key targets involved tumor protein p53(TP53),epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR),protein kinase B(AKT1),SRC proto-oncogene(SRC),signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3),heat shock protein 90 α family class A member 1(HSP90AA1),and tumor necrosis factor(TNF).KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the core targets were primarily involved in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B(PI3K-Akt),mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK),and forkhead box O(FoxO)signaling pathways.Molecular docking demonstrated strong binding affinity between active components like isorhamnetin and the key targets.The study shows that Pulsatilla chinensis may act on key targets such as TNF,EGFR,and AKT1 through various active ingredients such as isorhamnetin and aureusidin,regulate signaling pathways such as PI3K-Akt,MAPK,and FoxO,and exert anti-inflammatory,anti apoptotic,and autophagic effects,thereby achieving the prevention and treatment of bacterial enteritis.

Abstract:This study aimed to investigate the effects of double-low rapeseed meal replacing soybean meal in low-protein diets on the growth performance of piglets.In experiment 1,a total of 240'Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire' weaned piglets with an initial body weight of(10.75±0.51)kg were randomly divided into five groups with six replicates per group and eight piglets per replicate.Control group(group 1)was fed a basal diet,while groups 2 to 5 were supplemented with 4％,8％,12％and 16％of double-low rapeseed meal in the basal diet,respectively.The pre-test period was three days,and the formal test period was 14 days.In experiment 2,a total of 240'Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire' piglets with an initial body weight of(21.34±0.63)kg were used.The experimental design and grouping were identical to those in experiment 1.The pre-test period was three days,and the formal test period was 20 days.The results showed that the coefficients of variation(CV)for crude fat(EE)and protein solubility were high among different batches of double-low rapeseed meal.Compared with soybean meal,double-low rapeseed meal had significantly higher concentrations of dry matter(DM),EE,and crude fiber(CF)(P＜0.05),but significantly lower contentrations of crude protein(CP)and protein solubility(P＜0.05).In experiment 1,replacing soybean meal with double-low rapeseed meal had no significant effects on final weight,average daily feed intake(ADFI),average daily gain(ADG),and feed-to-gain ratio(F/G)of piglets(P＞0.05).In experiment 2,replacing soybean meal with double-low rapeseed meal had no significant effects on final weight,ADFI,ADG,and F/G of piglets(P＞0.05).Compared with group 1,the apparent digestibility of DM,organic matter(OM),gross energy,and CP in group 5 were significantly decreased(P＜0.05).The study shows that the nutritional composition of double-low rapeseed meal varies considerably among different batches,and attention should be paid to indexes such as CF content and protein solubility during its use.It is recommended that the proportion of double-low rapeseed meal replacing soybean meal in the piglet diet be less than 8％.

Abstract:This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of resveratrol on the growth performance,digestive enzyme activities,and non-specific immunity of tilapia.A total of 400 healthy tilapia with uniform body condition were randomly divided into four groups,with four replicates per group and 25 fish per replicate.The control group was fed a basal diet,while the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 100(group RES1),200(group RES2),and 400 mg/kg(group RES3)resveratrol,respectively.The pre-test period was two weeks,and the formal test period was six weeks.The results showed that compared with the control group,the weight gain rate and specific growth rate were significantly increased in groups RES2 and RES3(P＜0.05).The feed conversion ratio and viscerosomatic index were significantly decreased in group RES2(P＜0.05).The levels of immunoglobulin M,metallothionein,and transferrin in the serum of group RES2 were significantly increased(P＜0.05),while the content of malondialdehyde was significantly decreased(P＜0.05).Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly increased in groups RES2 and RES3(P＜0.05),while alanine aminotransferase activity was significantly decreased(P＜0.05).The content of tumor necrosis factor-α in the groups RES1,RES2 and RES3 was significantly reduced(P＜0.05),and the activity of lysozyme was significantly increased(P＜0.05).The intestinal protease activity in group RES2 was significantly increased(P＜0.05),and lipase activity in groups RES2 and RES3 was significantly increased(P＜0.05).The contentrations of intestinal interleukin-6,interleukin-1β,and tumor necrosis factor-α were significantly decreased,while the interleukin-10 content was significantly increased in groups RES2 and RES3(P＜0.05).The study shows that supplementation with 200 mg/kg resveratrol to tilapia diet has the best effects on improving growth performance,improving intestinal digestive enzyme activities,enhancing non-specific immunity,and anti-inflammatory capacity.

Abstract:This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of fermentation time on the fermentation quality and microbial diversity of sugarcane bagasse and to determine the optimal fermentation duration.Sugarcane bagasse was used as the raw material for natural fermentation.Samples were collected at 0(group D0),5(group D5),15(group D15),30(group D30),45(group D45),60(group D60),and 90 days(group D90)of fermentation to analyze the nutritional components,fermentation parameters,and microbial diversity.The results showed that the crude protein(CP)content in group D30 was significantly higher than the other groups(P＜0.05).The concentrations of dry matter(DM),crude fiber(CF),neutral detergent fiber(NDF),and acid detergent fiber(ADF)in group D0 were the highest.The lactic acid(LA)content in groups D0,D5,and D15 was significantly higher than the other groups(P＜0.05).The acetic acid(AA)content in groups D45,D60,and D90 was significantly higher than the other groups(P＜0.05).The propionic acid(PA)content in groups D30,D45,D60,and D90 was significantly higher than the other groups(P＜0.05).The butyric acid(BA)content in group D30 was significantly higher than the other groups except for group D45(P＜0.05).The dominant bacterial phyla in groups D5 to D90 were Firmicutes,Proteobacteria,and Actinobacteria,and the dominant bacterial genus were Acinetobacter.Caproiciproducens,Glutamicibacter,and Bifidobacterium were the dominant genera in groups D45,D60,and D90.Correlation analysis indicated that Lactococcus and Corynebacterium were negatively correlated with CF,ADF,and NDF.Aerococcus was positively correlated with LA,Caproiciproducens was positively correlated with AA and PA,and Bifidobacterium was positively correlated with PA.The study shows that the suitable fermentation time for sugarcane bagasse is 30 days.

Abstract:This study aimed to optimize and scale up the purification process of total polyphenols from Elaeagnus angustifolia L.leaves(TPEAL),compare the in vitro antioxidant activity of the products before and after purification,and evaluate the in vivo antioxidant activity of the purified total polyphenols from Elaeagnus angustifolia L.leaves(TPPEAL).The optimal purification process for TPEAL was determined through static and dynamic adsorption-desorption experiments,followed by process scale up.The scavenging capacity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)free radical was measured for the products before and after purification.By establishing an ethanol induced oxidative damage model in mice and administering TPPEAL by intragastric administration,relevant indicators were detected to evaluate its in vivo antioxidant activity.The results showed that the optimal process conditions using AB-8 macroporous resin were as follows:Sample solution at pH value of 2,sample volume of 4 BV,sample concentration of 1 600 mg/L(calculated based on total polyphenol content),and flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.Elution was performed with 70％ethanol solution,elution volume of 8 BV,flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.Under these conditions,the total polyphenol content of TPPEAL reached 52.96％,which was 3.75 times higher than that of the crude extract of total polyphenols from Elaeagnus angustifolia L.leaves(CETPEAL).Scale up experiments demonstrated that the total polyphenol content in TPPEAL did not significantly decrease with increased resin loading,indicating good process stability.In vitro antioxidant tests showed that the DPPH free radical scavenging rate of 0.5 g/L TPPEAL was 90.52％,1.19 times that of CETPEAL.In vivo experiments revealed that TPPEAL could effectively reverse ethanol induced oxidative damage,extremely increased liver index,serum glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)and total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD)activities,and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)in model mice(P＜0.01),and extremely reduced serum malondialdehyde(MDA)content(P＜0.01).The study shows that the established purification process for TPEAL and its scaled up version are stable and feasible,and the purified product exhibits good antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract:The experiment aimed to systematically review the research progress and current status in the field of mulberry leaves through bibliometric methods.Using the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)and Web of Science(WoS)databases as literature data sources,CiteSpace software was used to visualize and analyze mulberry leaf related literature published from 1996 to 2024,revealing the development trends and hotspots in this field.The results showed that the research field of mulberry leaves had gone through three periods of exploration,development,and prosperity,showing a fluctuating growth trend overall.A research system centered around Chinese scholars and institutions had been formed in this field,and the collaboration network between authors and institutions was relatively close,but international cooperation still needs to be strengthened.The research hotspots mainly focused on optimizing the extraction process of mulberry leaf polysaccharides,the effects of mulberry leaves as feed additives on animal growth performance,and the application of mulberry leaf bioactive ingredients in the medical field.The study shows that mulberry leaf research has formed a multidisciplinary interdisciplinary research system with China as the core,and research hotspots are gradually expanding from basic extraction processes to high-value utilization(such as feed resources and biomedical applications).Future work should strengthen international cooperation,deepen the mechanistic analysis of active ingredients,and advance industrial applications to promote the comprehensive development and utilization of mulberry leaf resources.

Abstract:This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of fermented goji residue on the growth performance,immunity,and serum biochemical indicators in calves.Forty-eight healthy Holstein calves with similar body weights were selected and randomly divided into four groups,with three replicates per group and four calves per replicate.Control group was fed a basal diet,while the experimental groups received the basal diet supplemented with 2.5％(goji residue group 1),5.0％(goji residue group 2),and 10.0％(goji residue group 3)fermented goji berry residue,respectively.The pre-trial period was seven days,and the formal experimental period was 60 days.The results showed that compared with the control group,goji residue group 2 had a significant increase in average daily gain by 14.13％(P＜0.05),a significant reduction in the feed-to-gain ratio by 11.85％(P＜0.05),and a significant decrease in the diarrhea rate by 28.57％(P＜0.05).Goji residue group 2 also showed significant increases in insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1),growth hormone(GH),and thyroxine(T4)concentrations(P＜0.05).The content of interleukin-1β(IL-1β)in the serum of the goji residue group 2 and group 3 was significantly decreased(P＜0.05),while the content of interleukin-10(IL-10)was significantly increased(P＜0.05).The concentrations of interleukin-2(IL-2)and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)in the serum of the goji residue group 2 were significantly increased(P＜0.05),the content of interleukin-6(IL-6)in the serum of the goji residue group 1 and group 2 was significantly decreased(P＜0.05).The content of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in the serum of each experimental group was significantly decreased(P＜0.05).The content of immunoglobulin G(IgG)in the serum of the goji residue group 2 was significantly increased(P＜0.05),and the content of immunoglobulin M(IgM)in the serum of the goji residue group 1 and group 2 was significantly increased(P＜0.05).The content of white blood cells(ALB)in the serum of goji residue group 2 was significantly increased(P＜0.05),while the concentrations of urea nitrogen(BUN)and cholesterol(TC)were significantly decreased(P＜0.05).The activity of aspartate aminotransferase(AST)in each experimental group was significantly decreased(P＜0.05),and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)in goji residue group 2 and group 3 was significantly decreased(P＜0.05).The study shows that fermented goji residue can promote the secretion of growth hormone,enhance immune function,regulate serum biochemical indicators,and improve the growth performance of calves.Considering all factors comprehensively,the appropriate addition level of fermented goji residue is 5.0％.

Abstract:This experiment aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Lonicera japonica polysaccharides(LJP)on mice immunized with pseudorabies vaccine.A total of 180 SPF-grade mice were randomly divided into six groups,with 15 replicates per group and two mice per replicate.The blank control group(group BC)was not immunized and did not receive LJP,the vaccine control group(group VC)was immunized but did not receive LJP,the Astragalus polysaccharide group(group APS)was immunized and administered 600 mg/kg Astragalus polysaccharide,the LJP low-dose group(group LJP-L)was immunized and administered 200 mg/kg LJP,the LJP medium-dose group(group LJP-M)was immunized and administered 400 mg/kg LJP,and the LJP high-dose group(group LJP-H)was immunized and administered 800 mg/kg LJP.The pre-test period was 2 days,and the formal test period was 32 days.The results showed that compared with group VC,the spleen and liver indexes in group LJP-M and the liver index in group LJP-H were significantly increased(P<0.05).In the group LJP-M,the serum levels of immunoglobulin G(IgG),immunoglobulin G1 subtype(IgG1),and immunoglobulin G2a subtype(IgG2a)antibody were extremely elevated(P<0.01),and the level of immunoglobulin G2b subtype(IgG2b)antibody was significantly increased(P<0.05).In the group LJP-H,IgG and IgG2a antibody levels were significantly increased(P<0.05),and IgG1 and IgG2b antibody levels were extremely increased(P<0.01).In the group LJP-L,the IgG1 antibody level was extremely increased(P<0.01).The levels of interferon-γ(IFN-γ),interleukin-2(IL-2),and interleukin-4(IL-4)in the serum of the group LJP-M were significantly increased(P<0.05),while the level of interleukin-10(IL-10)was extremely increased(P<0.01),the levels of IL-2 and IL-4 in the group LJP-L were significantly increased(P<0.05),and the level of IL-10 was extremely increased(P<0.01),the level of IL-4 in the group LJP-H was extremely increased(P<0.01),and the level of IL-10 was significantly increased(P<0.05).The study shows that LJP can significantly enhance the immune efficacy of the pseudorabies vaccine by synergistically inducing a mixed type 1 helper T cell/type 2 helper T cell(Th1/Th2)immune response,with the addition of 400 mg/kg LJP showing a better effect.

Abstract:This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of compound probiotic fermented feed on meat quality in mutton sheep using a meta-analysis.Based on the PICO search strategy,relevant literature published between 2013 and 2023 in the CNKI,Wanfang,VIP,and Web of Science databases was retrieved.Data were extracted and analyzed using Review Manager 5.4 software to comprehensively assess the impact of compound probiotic fermented feed on multiple meat quality indicators.The results showed that supplementing basal diets with compound probiotic fermented feed significantly increased muscle redness(a* value)[P<0.05,standardized mean difference(SMD)=0.21,95%CI:0.01～0.59],and significantly reduced yellowness(b* value)(P<0.05,SMD=-0.33,95%CI:-0.56～0.62),while having no significant effect on lightness(L* value)(P>0.05,SMD=0.28,95%CI:0.14～0.47).In terms of amino acid composition,the feed significantly increased the contents of phenylalanine(P<0.05,SMD=0.59,95%CI:-0.88～2.65)and glutamic acid(P<0.05,SMD=1.29,95%CI:0.62～1.97),but did not significantly affect aspartic acid content(P>0.05,SMD=1.27,95%CI:-0.16～1.63).The feed significantly increased crude protein(P<0.05,SMD=0.38,95%CI:-0.47～0.88)and crude fat(P<0.05,SMD=0.02,95%CI:-0.47～0.88)concentrations in muscle,while having no significant effect on crude ash content(P>0.05,SMD=-0.14,95%CI:-0.37～0.60).The study shows that supplementing basal diets with compound probiotic fermented feed helps improve meat quality in mutton sheep.The experimental results can provide a reference for the application of compound probiotic fermented feed in the production of mutton sheep.

Abstract:This experiment aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of diets with different crude protein(CP)levels on the growth performance,nutrient apparent digestibility,and fecal microbial composition of Wujin pigs under high-altitude conditions.A total of 20 healthy Wujin pigs with an initial body weight of(22.77±3.02)kg were randomly divided into four groups,with five replicates per group and one pig per replicate.GroupsⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,and Ⅳ were fed diets with CP levels of 10.00%,12.00%,14.00%,and 16.00%,respectively.The pre-test period was one week,and the formal test period was four weeks.The results showed that there were no significant differences among groups in average daily feed intake(ADFI),average daily gain(ADG),and feed to gain ratio(F/G)(P>0.05).The apparent digestibility of crude fiber(CF)in group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ(P<0.05).The Simpson index of group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ(P<0.05),while there were no significant differences in other α-diversity indexes among the groups(P>0.05).Among the top 50 bacterial genera screened by random-forest analysis at the genus level,the relative abundance of Dorea A showed extreme differences among groups(P<0.01),while the relative abundances of Bruticola,Listeria,and CAG-791 exhibited significant differences(P<0.05).At the genus level,the relative abundance of Alloprevotella in group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ(P<0.05),and the relative abundance of Anaerovibrio was significantly higher than that in the other groups(P<0.05).The study shows that based on growth performance,nutrient apparent digestibility,and fecal microbiota,the optimal dietary CP level for Wujin pigs during the nursery phase under high-altitude conditions is recommended to be 14.00%.

Abstract:This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with garlic polysaccharide on the growth performance and health status of Carassius auratus gibelio'Zhongke No.5'.A total of 1 440 Carassius auratus gibelio with an initial body weight of(215.52±0.16)g were randomly divided into four groups with three replicates per group and 120 fish per replicate.The control group(group GP0)was fed a basal diet,while the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 5.00(group GP5),10.00(group GP10),and 15.00 g/kg(group GP15)garlic polysaccharide,respectively.The pre-test period was 14 days,and the formal test period was 56 days.The results showed that compared with group GP0,the final body weight(FBW),weight gain rate(WGR),specific growth rate(SGR),and protein efficiency ratio(PER)were significantly increased in the experimental groups(P<0.05).The activities of acid phosphatase(ACP),alkaline phosphatase(ALP),and lysozyme(LZM)were significantly increased in groups GP5 and GP10(P<0.05).The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),catalase(CAT),and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)were significantly increased in the experimental groups(P<0.05),while the concentrarions of hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)and malondialdehyde(MDA)were significantly decreased(P<0.05).The concentrations of total cholesterol(TC)and triglycerides(TG),and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase(AST)and alanine aminotransferase(ALT)were significantly decreased in experimental groups(P<0.05).The study shows that dietary supplementation with garlic polysaccharide can promote growth,and enhance immune,antioxidant,and metabolic functions in Carassius auratus gibelio.The recommended optimal supplementation level is 11.90 g/kg.

Abstract:This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of different application methods of biogas fertilizer on the yield and quality of silage maize.Using the dominant silage maize in North China as the research subject,a three-year field plot experiment was conducted.Five treatments were established,no fertilizer(control,group CK),100％compound fertilizer(conventional fertilization,group T1),40％biogas fertilizer+60％compound fertilizer(group T2),70％biogas fertilizer+30％compound fertilizer(group T3),and 100％biogas fertilizer(group T4).In the third year of the experiment,the effects of different biogas fertilizer treatments on maize yield and quality were systematically studied,and their potential driving factors were analyzed.The results showed that plant height,stem diameter,number of green leaves,fresh weight per plant,and dry weight in groups T1 to group T4 were significantly higher than those in group CK(P<0.05).Compared to group T1,group T4 significantly increased the number of green leaves,fresh weight per plant,and dry weight by 12.59％,8.17％,and 13.62％,respectively(P<0.05).Compared to group CK,group T4 significantly increased yield by 19.25％,group T2 significantly increased seed setting rate by 2.30％,while groups T2 and T4 significantly increased single ear weight by 20.19％and 19.54％,respectively.The crude protein content in groups T1 to T4 was significantly higher than that in group CK(P<0.05).There were no significant differences in the content of crude fat,total starch,total free amino acids,and crude ash between groups(P>0.05).Correlation analysis indicated that the substitution of biogas fertilizer likely promotes maize yield increase and quality improvement primarily by enhancing the concentrations of total nitrogen,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,total phosphorus,available phosphorus,and available potassium of soil.The study shows that in North China,replacing chemical fertilizers with 100％biogas fertilizer can best meet the nutrient requirements of silage maize.This treatment results in the best agronomic traits,highest yield,and excellent quality of silage maize.

Abstract:The experiment aimed to investigate the correlation between body weight and body size indexes of six-month-old Murrah buffaloes,and to determine the key body size indexes that affect body weight by constructing a stepwise regression equation.A total of 299 healthy six-month-old Murrah buffaloes(149 males and 150 females)were selected to conduct correlation and path analysis between their body weight and nine body size indexes.The results showed that the average body weight and multiple body size indexes of six-month-old male Murrah buffaloes were higher than those of female buffaloes.The body weight of male buffaloes was extremely higher than that of female buffaloes(P<0.01),and the rump height and abdominal circumference were significantly higher than those of female buffaloes(P<0.05).However,the average values of rump width and rump length in female buffaloes were higher than those in male buffaloes.Correlation analysis revealed that the body weights of both male and female buffaloes were extremely positively correlated with most body size indexes(P<0.01).The body size indexes with a high degree of correlation with male buffaloes'body weight were in order of abdominal circumference(r=0.722),chest circumference(r=0.701),rump height(r=0.659),and body length(r=0.611).For female buffaloes,the indexes were abdominal circumference(r=0.752),chest circumference(r=0.748),withers height(r=0.656),and rump height(r=0.628).Path analysis indicated that abdominal circumference contributed the most to the body weight of both genders of Murrah male buffaloes and female buffaloes.Stepwise regression analysis yielded the optimal regression equations:Body weight of male Murrah buffaloes=-257.842+1.595×rump height+0.820×body length+0.574×chest circumference+0.617×abdominal circumference(R2=0.739),and body weight of the female Murrah buffaloes=-205.666+1.442×withers height+0.513×chest circumference+0.998×abdominal circumference(R2=0.704),with high goodness-of-fit for the equations.The study shows that the chest circumference,abdominal circumference,withers height,rump height,and body length are the core predictive indexes of body weight for six-month-old Murrah buffaloes,providing a reference for early selection and efficient breeding.

Abstract:The experiment aimed to investigate the effects of external spraying process and internal encapsulation process on the survival rate of Bacillus subtilis and palatability in dog food.The experiment used the external spraying process(group OF)and the internal encapsulation process(group IF)to add 1.0×1010 CFU/kg Bacillus subtilis to the dog food.The viable bacterial count,physicochemical indexes,and palatability of the dog food were measured after 90 days of storage under the conditions of closed bag at room temperature,open bag at room temperature,closed bag at high temperature,and open bag at high temperature.The results showed that the survival rate of Bacillus subtilis in the group IF was better than that in the group OF throughout the entire storage period.When stored in open bag at high temperature for 90 days,the survival rate of the group IF was 9.16 times that of the group OF.The two processes did not have a significant effect on the pH value of dog food(P>0.05).After 90 days of open bag storage at high temperature,the peroxide value of the group IF was significantly higher than that of the group OF(P<0.05).When stored at high temperature for 30 days,the vomiting toxin content in the group IF was higher than that in the group OF(P>0.05).There was no significant difference in the nutritional composition of the two groups of dog food(P>0.05).In terms of palatability,the average feeding rate of the group IF(56.93%)was significantly higher than that of the group OF(43.07%).The study shows that the internal encapsulation process can significantly increase the survival rate of Bacillus subtilis in dog food and improve its palatability,while the external spraying process performs better in inhibiting oil oxidation.

Abstract:This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of dietary ursolic acid(UA)supplementation on the growth performance,nutrient digestibility,serum anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,biochemical indexes,and intestinal digestive enzyme activities in meat rabbits under lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced.A total of 80 healthy weaned meat rabbits were randomly divided into four groups with 20 replicates per group and one rabbit per replicate.The control group(group CON)was fed a basal diet and injected with physiological saline four hours before slaughter.The group LPS was fed the basal diet and injected with 200 μg/kg LPS four hours before slaughter.The group UA was fed the basal diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg UA and injected with physiological saline four hours before slaughter.The group L-UA was fed the basal diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg UA and injected with 200 μg/kg LPS four hours before slaughter.The pre-trial period lasted for seven days,and the formal trial period lasted for 35 days.The results showed that compared with group CON,average daily gain was significantly increased in group UA(P<0.05),while there were no significant differences in average daily feed intake and feed-to-gain ratio(P>0.05).The apparent digestibility of dry matter and calcium were significantly increased in group UA(P<0.05).UA supplementation reversed the LPS-induced increase in serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interferon-γ(IFN-γ),interleukin-1β(IL-1β),interleukin-6(IL-6)and the decrease in interleukin-10(IL-10)content.UA supplementation reversed the LPS-induced decrease in serum total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)and the activities of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),superoxide dismutase(SOD),and catalase(CAT),as well as the increase in malondialdehyde(MDA)content.UA supplementation reversed the LPS-induced decrease in serum levels of total protein(TP),albumin(ALB),and albumin-to-globulin ratio(A/G),as well as the increase in uric acid(UA),triglycerides(TG),total cholesterol(TC),and glucose(GLU)levels.UA supplementation reversed the LPS-induced decrease in ileal trypsin and lipase activities.The study shows that dietary supplementation UA can improve the ADG and apparent digestibility of certain nutrients in meat rabbits,effectively alleviate LPS-induced inflammatory responses,and enhance antioxidant capacity and digestive enzyme activities.

Abstract:This experiment aimed to investigate the composition,structure,and biological activity of saccharide components from Lycopus lucidus Turcz..The enzymatic hydrolysis extraction process was optimized using single-factor experiment and response surface methodology to prepare crude saccharides.The structure of the saccharides was systematically characterized by high-performance gel permeation chromatography(HP-GPC),electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry(ESI-HRMS),and acid hydrolysis-ion chromatography.The results showed that under the conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis pH value of 6.50,enzymatic hydrolysis temperature of 52℃,and enzyme concentration of 2.80%,the content in the crude saccharides extract of Lycopus lucidus Turcz.was 175.26 mg/L.After purification by diethylaminoethyl cellulose-52(DEAE-52)column chromatography,the crude saccharides extract obtained the water-eluted polysaccharide fraction-1(LLP-1)and the low-salt-eluted polysaccharide fraction-2(LLP-2),with LLP-1 accounting for 88.3%of the total eluted components.Structural analysis revealed that LLP-1 was an oligosaccharide mixture with a degree of polymerization(DP)ranging from 1 to 13,of which oligosaccharides with DP 3 to 6 accounted for 85%,and no high-molecular-weight polysaccharides were detected.The monosaccharide composition of LLP-1 was fructose∶glucose∶galactose=8.10∶2.52∶1.00,infering that LLP-1 belongs to the raffinose family of oligosaccharides.LLP-1 had excellent in vitro antioxidant capacity and could dose dependently inhibit lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos within a concentration range of≤200 mg/L.The study indicates that the experimental results can provide a reference for the application and development of Lycopus lucidus Turcz.as a feed additive in livestock breeding.

Abstract:This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of glycyrrhizic acid on the growth performance,inflammatory factors,and antioxidant function in weaned piglets.A total of 240 healthy 21-day-old weaned piglets were randomly divided into four groups,with six replicates per group and 10 piglets per replicate.The control group was fed a basal diet,while experimental groups 1,2,and 3 received the basal diet supplemented with 100,200,and 400 mg/kg glycyrrhizic acid,respectively.The pre-test period was one week,and the formal test period was four weeks.The results showed that compared with the control group,the final weight and average daily gain(ADG)in experimental group 2 were significantly increased(P<0.05),and the feed to gain ratio(F/G)was significantly reduced(P<0.05).The diarrhea rate in experimental groups was extremely reduced(P<0.01).The serum tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)content in experimental groups 2 and 3 was significantly reduced(P<0.05),and the interleukin-6(IL-6)content in experimental groups was extremely reduced(P<0.01).The jejunal TNF-α content in experimental groups 2 and 3 was extremely reduced(P<0.01),and interleukin-10(IL-10)content was significantly increased(P<0.05).The relative expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the jejunum of experimental groups 2 and 3 were significantly reduced(P<0.05).The relative expression level of IL-10 in experimental group 2 was significantly increased(P<0.05),while the relative expression levels of nuclear factor κB(NF-κB)and Toll like receptor 4(TLR4)were significantly decreased(P<0.05).The serum malondialdehyde(MDA)content in experimental group 2 was significantly reduced(P<0.05),while the superoxide dismutase(SOD)and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)activities were significantly increased(P<0.05).The study shows that supplementing 200 mg/kg glycyrrhizic acid in the diet of weaned piglets can alleviate the body's inflammatory response,enhance antioxidant capacity,and promote growth and development.

Abstract:This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different levels of Ganoderma lucidum powder on the production performance,egg quality,serum biochemical indexes,and lipid metabolism of local laying hens.A total of 280 healthy 38-week-old Yushe native chickens with similar genetic background,body weight,and laying rate were randomly divided into four groups,with five replicates per group and 14 hens per replicate.The control group was fed a basal diet,while the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.2%(Group Ⅰ),0.4%(Group Ⅱ),and 0.6%(Group Ⅲ)Ganoderma lucidum powder,respectively.The pre-test period was 10 days,and the formal test period was 56 days.The results showed that compared with the control group,the laying rate was extremely increased in experimental groups(P<0.01),and the feed-to-egg ratio was extremely decreased(P<0.01).Both showed extremely linear and quadratic responses to the increasing dietary Ganoderma lucidum powder supplementation level(P<0.01).Egg weight was extremely decreased in experimental groups(P<0.01),while Haugh unit was extremely increased(P<0.01).Albumen height was significantly increased in Group Ⅰ(P<0.05)and extremely increased in Groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ(P<0.01).These three indices exhibited extremely linear and quadratic relationships with the Ganoderma lucidum powder supplementation level(P<0.01).The activity of aspartate aminotransferase(AST)was significantly increased in Groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ(P<0.05),and showed a extremely linear and quadratic increase with the Ganoderma lucidum powder supplementation level(P<0.01).The content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)in Group Ⅰwas extremely lower than that in the other groups(P<0.01),showing a significant linear(P<0.05)and a extremely quadratic(P<0.01)decrease with the Ganoderma lucidum powder level.The triglyceride(TG)content in Group Ⅰ was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).The study shows that dietary supplementation with Ganoderma lucidum powder can improve the production performance,egg quality,serum biochemical indexes and lipid metabolism ability of laying hens.Considering all the indices comprehensively,the optimal dietary supplementation level of Ganoderma lucidum powder is 0.4%.

Abstract:This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of forage rape silage on the growth performance,slaughter performance,and meat quality in beef cattle.Forty-eight healthy beef cattle with good body condition were selected and randomly divided into four groups,with three replicates per group and four cattle per replicate.The cattle in each group were fed a total mixed ration supplemented with 0(control group),10%(group 10%),20%(group 20%),and 30%(group 30%)rapeseed silage,respectively.The pre-trial period was seven days,and the formal trial period was 90 days.The results showed that compared with the control group,the average daily gain of the group 20%was significantly increased by 18.75%(P<0.05),and the feed-to-gain ratio was significantly reduced by 11.58%(P<0.05).The carcass weight and slaughter rate of the group 20%were significantly increased(P<0.05).The drip loss and shear force were significantly reduced(P<0.05).The crude protein content in the muscle of the group 20%was significantly increased by 8.36%(P<0.05).The concentrations of lysine,phenylalanine,threonine,valine,methionine,tyrosine,arginine,and essential amino acids in the groups 20%and 30%were significantly increased(P<0.05),and the concentrations of leucine and isoleucine in the group 20%were significantly increased(P<0.05).The study indicates that adding an appropriate amount of forage rape silage to the feed can effectively enhance the growth performance and slaughter performance of beef cattle,and improve the nutritional value of the muscle.The comprehensive recommended appropriate addition ratio is 20%.

Abstract:With the intensification of livestock,poultry,and aquaculture industries,phytosterol(esters),as natural plant-derived active substances,have attracted considerable attention in animal nutrition due to their remarkable functions in cholesterol-lowering,antioxidant,and immunomodulatory activities.Physiologically,phytosterol(esters)not only possess anti-inflammatory,lipid metabolism regulatory,and antioxidant properties,but also improve gut microbiota composition and enhance intestinal barrier function.In pig farming,phytosterol(esters)increase average daily gain,reduce the feed-to-gain ratio,improve meat quality,and enhance intestinal immunity.In poultry farming,they promote growth performance,egg production rate,and eggshell quality.In aquaculture,they facilitate weight gain,improve feed utilization,and partially replace cholesterol supplementation.Nevertheless,several challenges remain in the practical application of phytosterol(esters),including unclear molecular mechanisms,bioavailability affected by dosage form and feed composition,and insufficient large-scale systematic evaluations on long-term safety and residue risks.This paper reviews the physicochemical properties,biological functions,and research advances in the application of phytosterol(esters)in animal production,thereby providing references for their rational use in animal production.