Abstract:The course vector biology is an applied-oriented discipline rooted in practical expertise.However,current pedagogical frameworks exhibit excessive focus on theoretical instruction due to limited field training facilities and insufficient practical experience among frontline educators.It leads to compromised student competency in field applications.Addressing curriculum deficiencies such as insufficient hands-on teaching hours,deficiencies in operational skills,and simplistic assessment systems,this study emphasizes the centrality of practical education inherent to the discipline and proposes a reformative"theory-basic experiment comprehensive practice-research innovation"tiered curriculum framework.Standardization of practical teaching constitutes a critical pathway to ensure educational quality,enhance student capabilities,and develop competency-based professionals aligned with national public health security and tropical disease prevention strategies.Therefore,this paper focues on a framework for standardizing practical teaching through-developing teaching syllabi and operational guidelines,preparing a budget application process for practical teaching funds,standardizing laboratory management,on-site internship management,faculty training and team building,and assessment/feedback mechanisms.Implementation principles include:scientific rigor,systematic design,practical relevance,operational feasibility,safety compliance,innovation orientation,evaluation/feedback systems,collaboration and resource sharing.The initiative aims to cultivate interdisciplinary professionals meeting industry demands,thereby advancing public health security and national tropical disease prevention strategies.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the level of knowledge of infectious disease prevention and control among personnel to Africa,so as to provide guidance for targeted health education and the formulation of infectious disease prevention and control strategies.Methods Using the cluster sampling method,a questionnaire survey was conducted among personnel to Africa in 2023.The Chi-squared test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the differences in knowledge of infectious disease prevention and control among different age groups.Results A total of 163 valid questionnaires were collected,with the majority of respondents being male(95.09％).Among the 18 infectious diseases transmitted through the respiratory tract,digestive tract and vectors,there were 8 diseases with awareness rates below 50％.The awareness rate of COVID-19 was the highest(100％).For the transmission routes of COVID-19 and digestive tract infectious diseases,there were 33.74％,37.42％of the respondents chose wrong options.For the measures to prevent infectious diseases,the awareness rate of wearing masks(98.77％)was the highest among respiratory infectious diseases,and the awareness rate of washing hand before dinner or after defecating(95.09％)was the highest among digestive tract infectious diseases.The awareness rate of mosquitoes(99.39％)was the highest among vectors,and the awareness rate of malaria(96.32％)was the highest among mosquito-borne diseases.Bed nets,florida water and mosquito-repellent were the most commonly used mosquito control measures.Knowledge related to infectious diseases was mainly obtained through training courses(74.85％)and online resources(73.62％).For the awareness of the transmission routes of COVID-19 and the clinical manifestations of malaria,there were statistical differences in the accuracy rates among different age groups(χ2=12.294,P=0.002;χ2=6.676,P=0.036),with the highest accuracy rate in individuals over 30 years old.Conclusions The cognition of infectious diseases among personnel to Africa needs to be improved.It is necessary to strengthen publicity and education on the key infectious diseases and weak links such as their transmission routes.Further diversified publicity and education,as well as strengthened supervision and management,are needed to continuously enhance their prevention awareness and response capability of infectious diseases.

Abstract:Objective To explore the mosquito repellent activity of Eupatorium fortunei Turcz.essential oil alone and in combination with essential oils from seven other medicinal plants,so as to provide new insights and data support for expanding the functional utility of E.fortunei and developing it as a botanical mosquito repellent.Methods Single essential oils were combined with each of the seven other plant essential oils in pairs,and the best proportioned oils were then mixed in four combinations.The baseline equal ratio increment method was used to prepare the mixtures.Following the indoor evaluation standards for repellents as stipulated by national standards,the mosquito repellent rate and effective protection time were recorded.A repellent rate of 80%and above was deemed qualified,and the duration for which the repellent rate met the criteria was recorded.Results The mosquito repellent activity of single essential oil was relatively low,with the four oils that had longer qualified repellent times being Artemisia annua oil,Eucalyptus globules oil,Cymbopogon citratus oil,and E.fortunei oil.Pairing two essential oils could effectively enhance the mosquito repellent effect.The optimal combination of the four oils significantly increased the synergistic effect and mosquito repellent activity.The optimal mixing ratio for A.annua oil,E.globules oil,E.fortunei oil,and C.citratus oilwas21∶49∶3∶27.Compared with single E.fortunei oil,the qualified time of the repellent rate increased by 2.7 times to 120 minutes,during which the repellent rate remained above 83%.Conclusions Single essential oils have poor mosquito repellent effects,while the combination of multiple essential oils shows better repellent effect.There is a strong synergistic effect between the oils.The repellents prepares by using the baseline equal ratio increment method has the best mosquito repellent effect.The rational formulation of mixed essential oils from medicinal plants has a broad market potential in the future development of mosquito repellents.

Abstract:Objective To observe the effect of different solutions on monitoring Aedes albopictus by mosquito ovitrap,so as to provide scientific basis for the monitoring and control of Ae.albopictus.Methods From May to October 2024,the mosquito ovitrap method was used to monitor Ae.albopictus using sodium bicarbonate solution,lactic acid solution,urea solution and dechlorinated water.Chi-square tests were used to compare the differences among different solutions and different habitats.Results The mosquito ovitrap index(MOI)of the four solutions from high to low were dechlorinated water(13.47),sodium bicarbonate solution(11.26),urea solution(9.95)and lactic acid solution(6.57),there was statistical significance differences between the groups(χ2=16.075,P＜0.05).There was no statistical difference in the monitoring results of sodium bicarbonate solution,urea solution and dechlorinated water(χ2=3.672,P＞0.05).The monitoring effect of lactic acid solution was significantly lower than that of sodium bicarbonate solution,urea solution and dechlorinated water.There was no statistical difference in the monitoring results of the four solutions in hospital,government agencies,parks and hotels(χ2=0.485,P＞0.05;χ2=7.574,P＞0.05;χ2=3.752,P＞0.05;χ2=1.752,P＞0.05),and was statistical significance differences in residential areas(χ2=11.356,P＜0.05).Conclusions For using mosquito ovitrap for monitoring Ae.albopictus,dechlorinated water is the best option,being both inexpensive and readily available.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the resistance of Musca domestica to commonly used insecticides in Laixi,Shandong from 2023 to 2024,so as to provide scientific basis for the rational use of insecticides.Methods Musca domestica were collected from various locations in Laixi,and the insecticide resistance was determined by topical application method.Probit regression analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0 software to calculate the median lethal dose(LD50),95%confidence interval,resistance ratio,and virulence regression equation.Results In 2023,the resistance ratios of wild M.domestica to deltamethrin,propoxur and dichlorvos were 41.50,6.12,1.44,respectively,presenting high-resistance,low-resistance,and sensitive levels.In 2024,the resistance ratios of wild M.domestica to deltamethrin,propoxur,dichlorvos,beta-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos were 48.50,4.97,1.73,41.60 and 1.21,respectively.Except for being sensitive to dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos,it had developed varying degrees of resistance to the other three insecticides,with high resistance to deltamethrin and beta-cypermethrin.In 2024,The resistance level of wild M.domestica to deltamethrin,propoxur and dichlorvos were the same as in 2023,while the resistance ratios to deltamethrin and dichlorvos were higher than that in 2023,and the resistance ratio to propoxur was lower than that in 2023.Conclusions Wild M.domestica in Laxi have developed varying degrees of resistance to deltamethrin,beta-cypermethrin,and propoxur,but are still at a sensitive level to dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos.It is recommended that insecticides should be used scientifically based on environmental management to delay the development of resistance in the future.

Abstract:Objective To understand the density,population composition,and seasonal fluctuation of cockroaches in different habitats in Baoshan District,Shanghai,as well as the resistance of Blattella germanica to three commonly used insecticides.Methods The density monitoring of cockroaches was carried out using the sticky trapping method,and the insecticide resistance of B.germanica was determined using the insecticide film contact method.Results In 2024,the sticky trapping rate and infestation rate of cockroaches in Baoshan District,Shanghai were both 4.03%,with a cockroach density of 0.05 cockroaches per piece and a cockroach density index of 1.31 cockroaches per piece.The cockroach species captured in various habitats were all B.germanica,being an absolute dominant species.The highest sticky trapping rate,infestation rate,density,and density index in various habitats were all in farmers'market,while the lowest were in hospitals.The sticky trapping rate,infestation rate,and cockroach density were all highest from July to September,and the cockroach density index was highest in March.The results of insecticide resistance testing showed that the KT50 of B.germanica to beta-cypermethrin,acephate and propoxur were 170.89,68.33,and 25.46 minutes,respectively,with resistance coefficients of 72.11,1.69,and 2.24,corresponding to high resistance,sensitivity,and low resistance levels,respectively.Conclusions B.germanica is the absolute dominant population of cockroaches in Baoshan District,Shanghai.The density of cockroaches in farmers'market is the highest among various habitats.March and July to September are the peak periods of cockroach activity.B.germanica has developed high resistance to beta-cypermethrin in Baoshan District.In the future,insecticides should be used scientifically and rationally for the control based on the results of resistance monitoring of B.germanica to delay the development of resistance.

Abstract:Objective To understand the population composition and distribution of Calyptratae flies in the port area of Shantou Customs,so as to provide scientific and reasonable control strategies for the port to ensure the public health safety of the national border ports.Methods From April to October in 2016,2020,2024,a baseline survey of Calyptratae flies in the port area of Shantou Customs was carried out using cage trapping method.According to the taxonomic system of flies,a taxonomic list of the flies was sorted out.Results Flies were classified and identified as 54 species belonging to 30 genera of 4 families.The dominant species was Chrysomya megacephala.Conclusions This list is the first comprehensive list of Calyptratae flies in the port area of Shantou Customs,and can provide a reference for the monitoring and control of Calyptratae flies at the port.

Abstract:Cockroaches are an important vector that not only disturb the living environment,but also carry various pathogens that threaten human health.Due to its strong reproductive ability and preference for hidden and dark living environments,the prevention and control have always been difficult.Therefore,safe and efficient cockroach control techniques and strategies have attracted much attention.This article reviews the current research and application progress of cockroach control methods,and provides reference for cockroach control in the future.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the termites damage of heritage buildings in Xinyang,and put forward control countermeasures.Methods An on-site investigation was conducted on termite damage of 68 heritage buildings in Xinyang.Results Reticulitermes chinensis and Odontotermes formosanus were the main termite species in Xinyang.Termite damage were found in 63 heritage buildings,with a damage rate of 92.65%.The wood components near the wall and ground were prone to termite damage.49 heritage buildings reached the damage grade Ⅲ,accounting for 72.06%.However,the control rate of termite was less than 8%.Conclusions The heritage buildings are seriously damage by termites in Xinyang.The main reasons for this situation include low attention from management institute,insufficient protection from termite control policies and regulations,and unscientific control technical measures.It is necessary to integrate termite control into the preventive protection and disaster prevention and reduction management system of heritage buildings,strengthen public awareness of termite control,improve policies and regulations,and improve control techniques,which are the effective approaches for control termites of heritage buildings in Xinyang.

Abstract:Chikungunya fever is an acute mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by chikungunya virus(CHIKV),characterized by fever,rash,and joint pain.It is widely prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions.Phylogenetic analysis divides CHIKV into three geographically associated genotypes:West African genotype(WAf),East/Central/South African genotype(ECSA),and Asian genotype.At least 16 provinces in China have detected imported cases of chikungunya fever,among which Yunnan,Zhejiang,and Guangdong have also experienced local epidemics caused by imported cases.The cases are mostly imported from Southeast Asia and South Asia,and the incidence has obvious clustering.The epidemic strains are mainly East/Central/South African Indian Ocean evolutionary lineages and Asian genotypes.The laboratory testing of chikungunya fever mainly relies on serological testing and molecular biology testing,and the comprehensive use can improve diagnostic accuracy.Since July 2025,there has been an outbreak of chikungunya fever caused by imported cases in Guangdong Province,China.As of July 22,there were 3 195 confirmed cases.In order to strengthen epidemic prevention and control measures,this article summarizes the diagnostic techniques and control strategies for chikungunya fever,providing reference for epidemic prevention and control.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the species composition,density,seasonal fluctuations,and resistance of Culex pipiens pallens to commonly used insecticides in Changzhou in 2022,so as to provide a basis for mosquito control and insecticides use in the region.Methods Mosquito ecological surveillance was conducted using the light trapping method in five habitats(residential areas,parks,hospitals,farmhouses,and livestock sheds)in Changzhou.Insecticide resistance of Cx.pipiens pallens was determined by adult mosquito contact tube method.Results In 2022,a total of 2 153 female mosquitoes were captured in Changzhou,with the average density of 4.04 mosquitoes/(light·night).Cx.pipiens pallens accounted for the highest proportion(37.30%),followed by Cx.tritaeniorhynchus(25.08%).The highest density was in livestock sheds[5.71 mosquitoes/(light·night)]and the lowest was in hospitals[2.59 mosquitoes(light·night)].The dominant mosquito species in residential areas,parks,hospitals,and farmhouses were Cx.pipiens pallens,and the dominant species in livestock sheds was Cx.tritaeniorhynchus.The mosquito density curves in residential areas and livestock sheds showed a bimodal pattern,with peaks in June and August,while the other habitats showed a unimodal pattern,with peak in June.Cx pipiens pallens showed possible resistance to propoxur and malathion,with 24-hour mortality rates of 90.65%and 89.47%,and showed resistance to beta-cypermethrin and deltamethrin,with 24-hour mortality rates of 42.50%,58.88%,respectively.Conclusion The mosquito density in rural areas of Changzhou is higher than that in urban areas.Cx.pipiens pallens is the dominant mosquito species.And adult Cx.pipiens pallens have developed resistance to pyrethroid insecticides.Insecticides should be used scientifically and rationally to delay the development of resistance.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of brucellosis cases,and the potential transmission routes,so as to provide insights for brucellosis prevention and control.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of personnel diagnosed with brucellosis and admitted to hospital between 2020 and 2023.Results From 2020 to 2023,a total of 7 cases of brucella infection were admitted,all male,aged 22-38 years.The initial symptoms primarily included fever,joint pain,or lower back pain.The time from symptom onset to diagnosis ranged from 2 to 11 months.Three cases exhibited skeletal system involvement,three showed urogenital system involvement,and one case presented with pneumonia and pericardial effusion.Epidemiological history revealed that two patients had contact with cattle or sheep at home,while one had a history of exposure to beef or lamb.Conclusion The persistently rising incidence of brucellosis may pose challenges to brucellosis prevention and control.Livestock farming or slaughtering activities of surrounding areas could be potential risk factors.The clinical manifestation of brucellosis is diverse and difficult to identify,and it is crucial for relevant institutions in epidemic areas to implement targeted brucellosis prevention and control measures based on the specific characteristics of their surrounding environments.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the control effect of vectors in Qinhuangdao,so as to provide a scientific basis for consolidating the national hygienic city.Methods The density surveys of mosquitoes,flies,rodents,and cockroaches in the five directions(east,west,south,north,and center)of the built-up area in Qinhuangdao were conducted.The route method and dip-catch method were used for mosquito larvae.The human-baited landing method was used for adult mosquitoes.The trace method was used for rodents.The visual observation method was used for flies and cockroaches.Results The outdoor mosquito landing index,the mosquito route index and dip index were 0.60 individuals/person,0.56 places/km and 2.00%,respectively.The positive rate of outdoor fly breeding site was 3.33%,the percent of the rooms that were aggrieved by flies was 3.84%,the fly density of room was 1.79 flies per room,and the pass rate of fly proof facilities was 96.28%.The outdoor rodent route index,the positive rate of rodent traces indoor and pass rate of rodent proof facilities in key units were 1.20 places/km,2.15%and 95.87%,respectively.The infestation rate of adult and nymph cockroaches,the rate of cockroach trace and the rate of egg were 2.03%,2.08%and 0.43%,respectively.All the cockroaches were Blattella germanica.Conclusion In 2023,the density control levels of mosquitoes and flies in the built-up area of Qinhuangdao were level C,and the density control levels of rodents and cockroaches were level B,indicating that the consolidation of vector control in Qinhuangdao as a national hygienic city is relatively good.Comprehensive prevention and control measures should be taken,with environmental management as the basis,targeted vector control work,and scientific and reasonable use of insecticides.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the plague surveillance data in Longquan and clarify the local rodent population density and distribution of Yersinia pestis.Methods Surveillance data on plague from 2014 to 2023 were collected,and the distribution characteristics of plague related animals,vectors and Y.pestis were analyzed by using descriptive epidemiological statistical methods.Chi-square test was used to compare differences in rodent density among different years,and Cochran Armitage trend test was employed to assess time trends in rodent density.Results From 2014 to 2023,a total of 2 034 rodents were captured,with an overall rodent density of 3.20%.Among them,the indoor rodent density was 1.64%,showing a significant downward trend(Z=4.636,P＜0.001)in these years.The rodent density of main species,Rattus norvegicus,showed no statistical differences in different years(Z=-1.559,P=0.119),while Mus musculus and R.tanezumi exhibited decreasing trends(Z=9.479,P＜0.001;Z=9.217,P＜0.001).Outdoor rodent density was 5.67%,also demonstrating a downward trend(Z=2.961,P=0.030).Apodemus agrarius,the main outdoor species,showed a decreasing trend(Z=2.769,P=0.006),whereas the density of R.losea and Microtus fortis showed no statistical differences in different years(Z=1.664,P=0.096;Z=0.904,P=0.366).Indoor rodent density exhibited a bimodal distribution from March to November,while outdoor rodent density showed a unimodal distribution.Different rodent species displayed varying seasonal fluctuation patterns.Additionally,19 fleas were detected,with a flea index of 0.01 and a flea infestation rate of 0.79%.Testing of 2 034 serum samples revealed no positive results for F1 antibody against Y.pestis.Furthermore,no Y.pestis was detected after isolating and culturing 2 053 samples.Conclusion The plague epidemic among animals in Longquan is currently in a quiescent phase,but the risk of plague outbreaks still exists.Therefore,it remains necessary to strengthen plague surveillance and promote rodent control measures.

Abstract:Objective To prepare diethyltoluamide(DEET)mosquito repellent cream with long-lasting mosquito repellent effect.Methods DEET was adsorbed by silica microspheres,and the adsorption effect was tested by scanning electron microscope(SEM),and the controlled-release effect after adsorption was tested by thermogravity and open volatilization method.The formulation of mosquito repellent cream was prepared using DEET,silica microspheres,and film forming agent polyester-5,and its mosquito repellent,waterproof and perspirant effect was tested.Results It was proved that the silica microspheres could significantly reduce the volatilization rate of DEET.It was found that both silica microspheres and film forming agent could prolong the protection duration.The combination of silica and polyester could provide synergistic effect,prolonging the protection duration to more than 60%,and provided the waterproof and anti-sweat effect.Conclusion This research provides a new method to extend mosquito repellent effectiveness,and the mosquito repellent effect of the formula added with silica microspheres and film forming agent reaches 9.8 hours,which can provide long-term and non-reapplying mosquito repellent protection for outdoor workers.

Abstract:Objective To clarify the termite species and their phylogenetic status in Nanjing.Methods The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅱ(COⅡ)genes of 28 termite populations from different geographical locations in Nanjing were cloned and sequenced.These sequences were aligned using the GenBank database for molecular identification,and a phylogenetic tree was constructed to clarify their phylogenetic relationships.Results Sequence analysis showed that all samples belong to 12 species across 5 genera(Reticulitermes,Coptotermes,Odontotermes,Pericapritermes and Incisitermes).The A+T content of the gene sequences was 63.20%,significantly higher than the G+C content(36.80%),demonstrating a strong AT preference.Genetic distance analysis revealed the inter-generic genetic distances ranged from 0.160 to 0.354,while intra-species distances ranged from 0 to 0.354.Phylogenetic analysis showed that Reticulitermes and Coptotermes clustered together,showing a closer evolutionary relationship within the family Rhinotermitidae,while Odontotermes and Pericapritermes formed a distinct clade within the family Termitidae.In contrast,Incisitermes was more distantly related to the other four genera.Conclusion The results of molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis were basically consistent with traditional morphological identification,providing strong evidence for scientific identification of termite species.

Abstract:Objective To understand the level of cockroach control literacy and influencing factors among residents in Rizhao,so as to provide a basis for taking the next intervention measures.Methods A typical survey method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey on 400 households sampled in the urban area of Rizhao.The comparison of quantitative data was conducted using independent sample t-test and analysis of variance,with P＜0.05 indicating statistically significant differences.Results The scores of the awareness level of cockroach control knowledge among urban residents was only 2.19,mainly due to the low scores of the awareness rate of cockroach invasion related knowledge,which was 1.08.The scores of the awareness rate of cockroach control skills knowledge was 1.11,and only 33.25%of residents believed that the key to solving cockroach invasion lies in comprehensive control measures mainly based on environmental management.The influencing factors of urban residents' awareness of cockroach control knowledge were occupation and educational level.Cadres/employees and freelancers had a higher awareness of cockroach control knowledge than retirees(F=69.122,P＜0.05).The higher the level of education,the higher the awareness rate of cockroach control knowledge among residents(F=84.195,P＜0.05).Residents with a bachelor's degree or above,high school/college education had higher scores in cockroach control knowledge than those with junior high school or below.Conclusion There is a lack of knowledge and ability in cockroach control among residents in Rizhao.The government should pay attention to instilling and guiding residents'cockroach control literacy,carry out targeted health education work,broaden the channels for obtaining cockroach control knowledge,and explore diversified forms of health education.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the factors of the incidence of plague among animals in the natural plague focus of Meriones unguiculatus in Ningxia,so as to provide scientific guidance for the control of animal plague.Methods The epidemic data of plague in Ningxia from 2005 to 2023 was collected from four plague surveillance sites.The data were analyzed by SPSS 25.0 software.The bilateral Spearman correlation analysis was performed to assess the correlation between the density of main host or secondary host or the flea index of main host and epidemic intensity of animal plague,respectively.Results From 2005 to 2023,the density of main host M.unguiculatus in the plague was from 0.29 rodents/hm2 to 5.09 rodents/hm2,with an average of 1.21 rodents/hm2.The capture rate of secondary host was between 3.95%and 9.38%,with an average of 6.65%.The flea index of main host was between 0.39 and 4.31,with an average of 0.93.In the past 19 years,a total of six years of spring inter-animal epidemics occurred in the natural plague focus of M.unguiculatus in Ningxia,and 120 strains of the plague bacteria detected.There was no correlation between the density of main host and epidemic intensity of animal plague(P=0.464).There was no correlation between the density of secondary host and epidemic intensity of animal plague(P=0.098).The flea index of main host(x)was correlated with epidemic intensity of plague(y)(P＜0.05),and the correlation coefficient was 0.476.By further regression analysis,the regression equation was obtained:y=0.107+0.154x.Conclusion The flea index of main host M.unguiculatus in spring was positively correlated with the epidemic intensity of plague in the natural plague focus of M.unguiculatus in Ningxia.The area bordering Ningxia and the natural plague focus in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is an area where plague among gerbils is prevalent in spring.The key control strategies are timely detection of plague,elimination of rats and fleas,education of high risk group and grid administration.

Abstract:Objective To understand the mosquito species composition,population density,seasonal fluctuation and virus carriying status in Xiamen,Fujian Province,and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases.Methods Monitoring sites were set up in two districts of Xiamen,Huli and Jimei,and adult mosquito density monitoring was carried out from 2016 to 2023 by using the mosquito trapping lamp method,and adult mosquitoes were collected in all districts of the city in May-July from 2021 to 2023 and fluorescence quantitative PCR was applied to detect the dengue virus,yellow fever virus,Sindbisvirus,chikungunya virus,Japanese encephalitis virus,and West Nile virus.Chi-square test was used to compare the difference of species composition in different years and different habitats.Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used to compare the difference of density in different years and different months.Results From 2016 to 2023,a total of 3 262 mosquito trapping lamps were deployed and 3 869 female mosquitoes were captured,with an average mosquito density of 1.2 mosquitoes/(lamp·night),and the dominant mosquito species was Cx.pipiens quinquefasciatus.The general inter-annual fluctuation of mosquito density during the 8-year period showed a smooth trend.There were statistical differences in the species composition between different habitats(χ2=39.972,P＜0.001),with the highest density of mosquitoes in livestock sheds.Mosquito densities in different habitats showed a bimodal curve,with a rapid increase starting in March,peaking in May,a continuous decline from June to August,a small peak in October followed by a rapid decline in mosquito densities,and February being the lowest point of the year.The results of the pathogenetic tests showed a positive rate of 0.6%for the Japanese encephalitis virus of Cx.pipiens quinquefasciatus,while the rest of the samples were negative.Conclusion The dominant mosquito species in Xiamen is Cx.pipiens quinquefasciatus,and mosquito density in livestock sheds is higher.April to October is the peak period for mosquito activity,and Japanese encephalitis virus has been detected in the mosquitoes.Comprehensive control measures focusing on environmental management and supplemented by insecticide application are needed to prevent the occurrence and prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases.

Abstract:Objective To explore the response measures for the imported plague epidemic in Yinchuan in 2021.Methods A retrospective descriptive approach was used to describe the epidemiological investigation and on-site disposal of the plague case,including clinical and laboratory-confirmed information of the plague patient,identification of close contacts and epidemic points,and disinfection,preventive medication,and other control measures.Results In this case of an imported plague,there were no new cases after the maximum incubation period of 9 days,and the urban plague epidemic was fundamentally controlled.Conclusion Strict control of the first case,comprehensive investigation of close contacts and at-risk individuals,implementation of closed management of epidemic points and areas,effective on-site handling,strengthened public opinion monitoring and risk communication,and improved hospital infection control were key to successfully controlling the epidemic.