Abstract:Five cropping patterns were established,including winter wheat—summer maize,winter wheat—summer peanut,winter wheat—summer soybean,winter wheat—summer maize intercropping with summer peanut,and winter wheat—summer maize intercropping with summer soybean,and the effects of different preceding crops on dry matter accumulation and transportation,nitrogen uptake and utilization,and yield of winter wheat were studied,so as to identify optimal rotation pattern for enhancing wheat yield and provide theoretical support for diversified cropping pattern selection in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.The results showed that under the summer soybean stubble,winter wheat exhibited the highest dry matter accumulation and nitrogen absorption at different growth stages overall.At maturity,dry matter accumulation under summer soybean stubble significantly increased by 15.2%,5.0%,13.3%and 8.4%compared with summer maize,summer peanut,summer maize intercropping with summer peanut,and summer maize intercropping with summer soybean stubbles,respectively;Nitrogen absorption increased by 11.3%,2.3%,13.6%and 14.5%,respectively.Compared with summer maize,summer peanut,summer maize intercropping with summer peanut,and summer maize intercropping with summer soybean stubbles,the pre-anthesis dry matter transport amount under summer soybean stubble significantly increased by 25.4%,18.6%,37.6%and 16.4%,the pre-anthesis transport rate increased by 7.0%,9.6%,14.3%and 5.6%,while the contribution rate of pre-anthesis dry matter transport to grain yield increased by 8.5%,12.8%,23.6%and 7.3%,respectively.The pre-anthesis nitrogen transport rate,contribution rate of pre-anthesis nitrogen transport to grain nitrogen,and post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation were higher.The nitrogen absorption efficiency was the highest,with increases of 11.3%,7.1%,15.2%and 15.9%.The nitrogen utilization efficiency was the highest under summer maize intercropping with soybean stubble,followed by summer soybean stubble,with no significant difference between them but both significantly higher than the other treatments.Under summer soybean stubble,wheat spikes number increased by 20.5%,5.9%,20.0%and 16.0%,while yield significantly increased by 16.0%,11.9%,15.9%and 5.8%,respectively,compared with summer maize,summer peanut,summer maize intercropping with summer peanut,and summer maize intercropping with summer soybean stubbles.In conclusion,summer soybean stubble promotes aboveground biomass production and nitrogen absorption of winter wheat,enhances spike number,and increases yield,so the winter wheat—summer soybean pattern was the optimal cropping system.

Abstract:In order to explore the effects of different irrigation and fertilization rates on the growth and development,yield composition and quality of fennel,three irrigation quotas(1 800,3 000,4 200 m3/ha),three irrigation times(2,3,4 times)and three fertilization levels(270,450,630 kg/ha)were set.Orthogonal experiment was used to design 9 treatments to determine the growth,production and commodity indexes of fennel.The influences of the three factors on fennel growth,yield and quality were studied by range and variance analysis.The principal component analysis was used to select representative principal components and the membership function method was used to comprehensively evaluate the 9 treatments.The results showed that there were significant differences in the growth characters,yield composition and quality of fennel under different treatments.The influencing order of the three factors was irrigation quota＞irrigation times＞fertilization amount.There was a certain correlation between different indexes,and the correlation coefficient between the number of flowers and the yield per plant was 0.99.The top three treatments from high to low according to the comprehensive evaluation values were treatment 9(4 200 m3/ha,4 times,450 kg/ha),treatment 3(1 800m3/ha,4 times,630 kg/ha)and treatment 6(3 000 m3/ha,4 times,270 kg/ha).The yield of treatment 9 was 3 728.25 kg/ha,53.98％significantly higher than that of treatment 1(1 800 m3/ha,2 times,270 kg/ha),and the comprehensive evaluation value reached 0.837.The content of essential oil in treatment 3 was the highest,being 43.70 g/kg;The plant height of treatment 6 was the highest,being 131.53 cm.In conclusion,the optimal irrigation and fertilization mode for fennel in Ningxia is irrigation quota of 4 200 m3/ha,irrigation time of 4 times(once in growth period,twice in flowering period and once in fruit setting period),fertilizer application amount of 450 kg/ha(once in growth period and once in flowering period).

Abstract:In order to establish a scientific evaluation system of soil fertility in Sichuan Province and provide a reference for soil nutrient management of Alisma orient ale,159 soil and Alisma orientale samples were collected from 53 planting bases of Alisma orientale,and the physical and chemical properties of soil and the effective components of Alisma orientale were determined.The minimum data set was constructed by principal component analysis to comprehensively evaluate the soil fertility in this area.The result showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the six principal components with eigenvalues ≥ 1 in the principal component analysis of soil fertility evaluation indexes was 82.803％,which could represent the information of most soil fertility evaluation indexes.The minimum data set was composed of soil pH value,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,total iron,total manganese and total zinc,and 68.42％of the information redundancy was removed.Based on the minimum data set,the soil quality index of Alisma orientale in Sichuan ranged from 0.26 to 0.82,with an average of 0.49,and 78％of the soil fertility at the sampling points was at a medium to high level.The soil quality indexes of the minimum data set in Jiajiang County,Wutongqiao District,Dongpo District and Pengshan County were 0.529,0.526,0.388 and 0.603,respectively.There were significant differences in soil fertility among the four regions,but the low variation intensity of soil fertility in each region was suitable for the growth of Alisma orientale.The soil fertility results of the soil quality evaluation models based on the total data set and the minimum data set were similar,and the two were significantly positively correlated and the change trend was consistent(R2=0.899),which showed that the minimum data set had a good coverage effect on the soil fertility of Alisma orientale,and could characterize the soil fertility status of Alisma orientale.The obstacle degree of soil quality evaluation factors of Alisma orientale in Sichuan was between 0.03 and 0.08,and the Nash effective coefficient was 0.673,indicating that there were mild obstacle factors in the soil,and the accuracy of soil fertility evaluation based on the minimum data set was high.In summary,the soil quality evaluation system constructed by the minimum data set can represent the total data set for comprehensive evaluation of soil fertility in the main producing areas of Alisma orientale.In production,the soil pH value should be appropriately increased,nitrogen fertilizer and micro-fertilizer should be applied reasonably,and appropriate tillage management measures should be taken to improve the soil fertility of Alisma orientale and promote the growth and quality of Alisma orientale.

Abstract:In order to improve the storage and transportation resistance of cut chrysanthemum,fresh cut flowers of Youxiang were soaked in distilled water,basic vase solution(30 g/kg sucrose+250 mg/L 8-hydroxyquinoline+200 mg/L citric acid),melatonin solution(20 µmol/L)and basic+melatonin compound solution(20 μmol/L melatonin+basic vase solution)to explore the preservation effect of melatonin on cut chrysanthemum.Based on the previous results of fresh-keeping effect,three kinds of cut chrysanthemum Youxiang,Huangxiao and Baizhou were used as experimental materials,and three treatments were set up,light group(light 16 h/dark 8 h,distilled water),dark stress group(light 0 h/dark 24 h,distilled water)and dark relief group(light 0 h/dark 24 h,20 μmol/L melatonin),to study the alleviation effect of melatonin on leaf yellowing and senescence under dark stress.The results showed that,exogenous melatonin obviously delayed the flower diameter opening,improved water balance value and pigment content of cut chrysanthemum Youxiang,slowed down the change rate of fresh quality of cut flowers,enhanced the activities of SOD(superoxide dismutase)and POD(peroxidase),increased the content of soluble protein and decreased the relative electrical conductivity.Compared with the control,compound solution had the best preservation effect on Youxiang cut flowers(After 7 days of treatment,the average flower diameter was 7.11 cm,which was the smallest,and the flowers could continue to bloom),followed by 20 µmol/L melatonin and basic vase solution.For dark treatment,melatonin treatment increased the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid in three cut chrysanthemum leaves under dark stress,delayed the degradation rate of soluble protein,and decreased the relative electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde content.On the 7th day of storage,the relative conductivity and malondialdehyde content of cut chrysanthemum in dark relief group decreased the most compared with that in dark stress group,with Youxiang decreased by 13.76％and 12.12％,Huangxiao by 17.35％and 12.47％,and Baizhou by 10.64％and 13.28％,all reaching significant levels(P＜0.05).20 µmol/L melatonin could alleviate the dark stress in cut chrysanthemum leaves.It is concluded that melatonin can decrease the content of MDA by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes in cut chrysanthemum,so as to alleviate the dark stress and prolong the green period of leaves,which provides theoretical basis for the application of melatonin in long-distance transportation of cut chrysanthemum.

Abstract:Accuately obtaining chlorophyll content in direct-seeded rice is of great significance for innovating unmanned rice direct seedling cultivation management technologies.Field experiments were conducted to identify the optimal monitoring model for the relative chlorophyll content(SPAD value)in leaves of direct-seeded rice.This study systematically examined the correlations between 13 commonly used multispectral feature indices and SPAD values,followed by a comparative analysis of SPAD estimation results derived from four modeling approaches:Particle swarm optimization-support vector machine(PSO-SVM),random forest(RF),radial basis function(RBF)neural network,and least squares support vector machine(LSSVM).The results showed that the SPAD value of direct-seeded rice leaves exhibited significant variation with growth progression under different treatments,and the SPAD values at the same growth stage generally followed the trend:N4(N 240 kg/ha)>N3(N 195 kg/ha)>N2(N 150 kg/ha)>N1(N 75 kg/ha)>N0(N 0 kg/ha).During the three critical growth periods(the tillering,jointing,heading periods)of direct-seeded rice,the vegetation indices NDVI,RVI,SAVI,CIgreen,and GNDVI all showed strong correlations with SPAD values,with the absolute values of correlation coefficients reaching 0.838,0.783,0.838,0.671,and 0.690,respectively.Independent validation using PSO-SVM,RF,RBF,and LSSVM models yielded determination coefficients(Rcv²)of 0.770,0.771,0.857,and 0.773,respectively.This indicates that the RBF neural network-based model provides the best predictive performance for monitoring SPAD values in the leaves of direct-seeded rice.

Abstract:The aim was to study the effects of applying microbial fertilizers in the root zone on the quality and economic traits of tobacco leaves,and clarify the suitable microbial fertilizers for improving the quality of tobacco leaves in tobacco rice intercropping areas.Yunyan 87 was used as the test tobacco variety.Five treatments were designed,including Dunfeng nano-silicon microbial fertilizer,Gengtianxia microalgal nutrient solution,Jinye microbial fertilizer,Genjinkang microbial inoculant,and a control group without microbial fertilizer.A single-factor randomized block design was conducted to investigate the effects of applying microbial fertilizer on leaf appearance quality,physical characteristics,chemical composition,smoking quality,and economic traits of flue-cured tobacco.A leaf quality index and a comprehensive effect index were established for fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.Results demonstrated that root zone application of microbial fertilizers improved leaf appearance quality and physical characteristics,enhanced chemical composition coordination and smoking quality,and increased the premium-grade ratio,yield,and output value of flue-cured tobacco.Specifically,compared to the control,Jinye microbial fertilizer increased the appearance quality index of B2F,C3F,and X2F grades by 13.54%,4.37%,and 4.45%,respectively;Physical characteristic indices improved by 3.67%,6.25%,and 6.80%;Chemical usability indices rose by 6.14%,9.81%,and 6.59%;Smoking quality indices increased by 13.80%,18.80%,and 10.40%;Leaf quality index improved by 10.17%,13.02%,and 8.14%.For economic traits,Dunfeng nano-silicon microbial fertilizer,Gengtianxia microalgal nutrient solution,Jinye microbial fertilizer,Genjinkang microbial inoculant treatments increased economic trait indices by 8.80%,11.10%,23.60%,and 19.80%,respectively;Comprehensive effect indices were elevated by 6.43%,6.75%,13.81%,and 9.00%.In conclusion,microbial fertilizer application significantly enhances leaf quality and economic performance of flue-cured tobacco,with Jinye microbial fertilizer exhibiting the most pronounced benefits.

Abstract:In order to screen antagonistic strains of strawberry gray mold pathogens and provide strain resources for the biological control of strawberry gray mold,the endophytic bacteria with inhibitory effect on strawberry Botrytis cinerea were isolated and screened from healthy strawberry plants by plate confrontation method,the effect of antagonistic strains on the mycelial growth of the pathogen was observed by light microscope,and the antagonistic bacteria and gray mold pathogen were returned to healthy strawberry fruits at the same time for in vivo inhibition,and their antibacterial effects were evaluated.The analyses of morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics,and 16S rDNA sequence comparison were performed to identify each antagonistic strain.The results showed that 34 bacterial isolates were isolated and purified from healthy strawberry plants.Among them,five strains with good antagonism performance to strawberry gray mold pathogen were screened through plate confrontation experiments,namely R09,R11,R14,R16 and R22.Their inhibition rates were 67.56%,70.67%,68.11%,65.22%and 63.33%,respectively.Through morphological observation,it was found that all five strains were bacilli with round and opaque colonies,with sizes ranging from 0.321-0.413 μm,0.379-0.582 μm,0.300-0.700 μm,0.500-1.000 μm,and 0.350-0.390 μm,respectively.Based on the morphological,physiological,biochemical,and molecular biological characteristics of each strain,the five endophytic bacteria were identified as Bacillus methylotrophicus,Bacillus siamensis,Bacillus vallismortis,Bacillus velezensis,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.It was observed that the mycelial morphology of the pathogen in the confrontation area showed obvious deformities,bends,and swelling.The in vivo inhibition test showed that all five antagonistic bacteria had good inhibitory effects on the pathogen of strawberry gray mold,among which Bacillus siamensis had the best effect,the diameters of strawberry lesions was 66.17%smaller than those of CK(without antagoninsti bacteria).This study expanded the strain resources for the biological control of strawberry gray mold and provided a reference for the production of biocontrol agents for strawberry diseases.

Abstract:The maturity of fruits and vegetables is closely related to both producers and consumers.It plays a crucial role in enhancing consumer experience,improving harvest timing accuracy,extending shelf life,reducing waste,and increasing yield and quality.However,traditional manual methods of detecting fruit and vegetable maturity have issues such as high labor intensity,high costs,and low efficiency.In recent years,with the rapid development of computer technology,data-driven methods for detecting fruit and vegetable maturity have made automation and intelligence in this process possible.This study begins with a comprehensive review of the commonly used data formats for fruit and vegetable maturity detection.It then discusses the research progress of maturity detection algorithms from three perspectives:traditional image processing algorithms,machine learning algorithms,and deep learning algorithms.A systematic summary of the current engineering applications of maturity detection in the agricultural field is also provided.Based on this,the study further analyzes the challenges faced by data-driven maturity detection methods in real-world applications and offers feasible solutions and research approaches to address these key issues.Finally,the study presents an analysis and outlook on the future development directions of fruit and vegetable maturity detection technologies in agriculture,aiming to provide theoretical references and practical insights for the further research and application of these technologies.

Abstract:To clarify the occurrence of malignant weeds in soybean fields in Henan Province and identify herbicides for controlling harmful broadleaf weeds therein,field surveys were carried out to statistically analyze the weed community in 19 major soybean-producing regions of Henan Province,and laboratory bioassays were performed to evaluate the activity of 11 soil treatment herbicides and 14 foliar treatment herbicides against the malignant weeds in soybean fields,including C.melo,C.argentea,C.communis,and A.retroflexus.The results of weed community survey showed that 8 weed species,including D.sanguinalis,A.australis,T.aestivum,A.retroflexus,E.indica,C.melo,P.oleracea,and E.crus-galli,had a relative abundance of over 20%in soybean fields,while the relative abundance of A.theophrasti,E.prostrata,C.argentea,V.radiata,S.viridis,and C.ficifolium ranged from 3%to 20%.The results of laboratory bioassays indicated that the soil treatment herbicides metribuzin,prometryn,pyroxasulfone,and foliar treatment herbicides such as glufosinate-ammonium,lactofen,fluoroglycofen-ethyl,and MCPA-Na had high efficacy against C.melo.The soil treatment herbicides metribuzin,prometryn,oxyfluorfen,pyroxasulfone,flumioxazin,and s-metolachlor,along with foliar treatment herbicides such as fomesafen,bentazone,glyphosate,imazamox,glufosinate-ammonium,and imazethapyr exhibited high efficacy against C.argentea.For C.communis,only acetochlor with different application amounts showed higher efficacy and fluroxypyr had high control efficacy on it among foliar treatment herbicides.The soil treatment herbicides acetochlor,flufenacet-methyl,metribuzin,and pyroxasulfone,along with foliar treatment herbicides such as MCPA-Na,imazethapyr,and lactofen showed high efficacy against A.retroflexus.In conclusion,eight weeds species including D.sanguinalis,A.australis,A.retroflexus,and C.melo were the dominant noxious weeds in soybean fields of Henan Province.Metribuzin had the best pre-emergence control effect on C.melo and C.argentea,while acetochlor exhibited the best pre-emergence control effect against C.communis and A.retroflexus.The most effective foliar herbicides for C.melo,C.argentea,C.communis,and A.retroflexus were glufosinate-ammonium,fomesafen,fluroxypyr,and MCPA-Na,respectively.

Abstract:Cadmium(Cd)is a highly toxic heavy metal element.To identify Cd-tolerant spinach varieties and screen related identification indexes,and provide a theoretical basis for the selection and breeding of Cd-tolerant varieties,in the present study,we conducted a hydroponic experiment using 32 spinach varieties in China.The spinach was exposed to Cd stress(Cd concentration of 50 μmol/L)for 20 days,while the other group of plants was treated as a control(Cd concentration of 0 μmol/L).After the plants reached maturity,we measured the agronomic traits and Cd content.The integrated Cd tolerance of each spinach variety was evaluated by principal component analysis,affiliation function analysis,and correlation analysis.The results showed that plant height,root length,underground fresh weight,aboveground fresh weight,aboveground Cd content,underground Cd content and translocation coefficient of the participating varieties under Cd stress conditions were significantly different from the control.Under Cd stress,the growth and biomass accumulation of spinach were inhibited,and the indicators of each trait decreased significantly.The order of average reduction of each agronomic index was aboveground fresh weight>plant height>underground fresh weight>root length.The principal component analysis of Cd stress tolerance index of the seven indexes was performed,and three principal components were selected,with a cumulative variance contribution of 81.552%;The composite evaluation value(D value)showed highly significant positive correlations(P<0.01)with plant height,underground fresh weight,aboveground fresh weight,aboveground Cd content,and translocation coefficient,which can be used as the preferred indexes for the evaluation of Cd tolerance in spinach.Based on the principal component analysis,we classified the 32 spinach varieties into three categories:Cd-tolerant,moderate,and Cd-sensitive varieties.Among the varieties tested,Jin'ge and Micro orchid exhibited strong Cd tolerance,while Desai 176 was found to be Cd-sensitive.

Abstract:The diploid RL36 with high spontaneous doubling ability and its haploid H-RL36 and the haploid H-L119A with low spontaneous doubling ability were used as materials,the pollen viability and anther morphology were observed,the cell ploidy of vegetative and reproductive organs at different development stages were detected,and simultaneously the chromosome behavior during meiosis process was observed,so as to explore the causes of spontaneous doubling of haploid to produce fertile gametes,analyze the underlying cytology mechanisms,and provide theoretical support for biological research related to spontaneous doubling of haploid.The results showed that the high spontaneous doubling haploid H-RL36 had round,full and fertile pollen grains and normal anther tissue,while the low spontaneous doubling haploid H-L119A had sterile pollens with irregular morphology and wrinkled anther tissue.The ploidy detection results showed that the chromosome number in the leaves of the two haploid materials did not double at different growth stages,and there were diploid cells and a few tetraploid cells in the tassel of H-RL36 at trumpet stage,while the H-L119A cells did not show diploidization.4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(DAPI)staining was used to observe the chromosome segregation behavior of pollen mother cells,it was found that the chromosomes of most cells in H-RL36 showed segregation distortion and moved to one pole at anaphase of first meiosis,and then underwent normal second meiosis to produce gametes with normal chromosome number,thus producing fertile pollens.In contrast,the chromosome of H-L119A cells eventually degenerated,leading to sterile gametes with abnormal chromosome number.The segregation distortion of chromosomes during meiosis can lead to spontaneous doubling of haploids,and the doubling of haploid germ cells and somatic cells is two independent processes.

Abstract:Due to the distribution of grain storage in China is characterized by many points,long lines and wide areas,the traditional method of monitoring grain quantity is struggling with low efficiency,high costs,and significant delays.There is an urgent need to research and develop a new technology that can perform real-time and rapid detection of the quantity of grain stored in grain silos.To address the problem,we proposed a quantitative detection method of grain storage height in grain silos based on U-Net.By segmenting the grain surface and ventilation windows in pictures captured by monitoring cameras in the grain warehouse,we obtained pixel values of the edge of the grain surface and the upper and lower edges of the ventilation window.Taking into account the height of the ventilation window's upper and lower edges above and below the ground,we could determine the actual height of grain storage in the grain silo.Subsequently,merged with the length,width,grain density,and other fundamental data,we obtained the actual quantity of grain stored in the grain silo.In this study,the height of grain storage was calculated by analyzing and processing the segmented soil images using U-Net,DeepLabV3+,and PSPNet algorithms respectively.The experimental results showed that the mean intersection over union(MIoU)reached 93.25％,which was 1.82 and 2.69 percentage points higher than that of DeepLabV3+and PSPNet,respectively.The mean pixel accuracy(MPA)reached 95.88％,which was 2.42 percentage points higher compared with PSPNet.The quantitative analysis error of U-Net was 3.51％,which was 1.34 and 0.43 percentage points lower compared with DeepLabV3+and PSPNet,respectively.U-Net was more suitable as a segmentation algorithm for quantitative calculation of grain storage height in granaries.It is not necessary to set up the measuring scale beforehand and with this method.By relying solely on the monitoring camera inside the warehouse,the height measurement of grain pile can be achieved,which can effectively meet the fast detection requirements for the quantity of grain stored in the warehouse.

Abstract:In order to prepare N protein with good stability and immunoreactivity,N-dimer was designed and expressed,and an iELISA detection method for PRRSV antibody was established based on this protein.Firstly,the NADC30-like N protein gene sequence of the current dominant PRRSV strain in China was selected,and the N protein gene sequence was concatenated through a(GGGGS)3 linker.After codon optimization and synthesis,an N-dimer recombinant expression vector was constructed.The recombinant protein was expressed using prokaryotic expression system and purified by nickel ion chelation affinity chromatography.Its reactivity with PRRSV positive and negative sera was analyzed by Western-blot.Its stability after freezing and thawing and immunoreactivity were further compared with those of N-monomer.An iELISA was subsequently developed based on N-dimer as coating antigen,and evaluated for the specificity,sensitivity,and repeatability.The developed iELISA was finally applied to clinical serum sample detection.The results showed that under the conditions of 16 C and 0.2 mmol/L isopropylthiogalactoside,N-dimer was obtained with a large amount of soluble expression after 16 hours of induction.Western-blot results showed that N-dimer could specifically react with PRRSV positive serum;Compared to N-monomer,N-dimer coule be stably stored and had better immunoreactivity.We successfully established a PRRSV antibody iELISA detection method based on N-dimer,which had good specificity,sensitivity,and repeatability;Compared with the results of commercial test kits,the positive agreement rate was 96.88％,and the overall agreement rate was 96.86％,indicating a high agreement rate.In summary,this study successfully prepared N-dimer with good stability and excellent immunoreactivity;A PRRSV antibody iELISA detection method was established based on N-dimer.

Abstract:With zinc(Zn)efficiency(Zhengdan 958,ZD958)and insensitivity types(Longping 638,LP638)as materials,the effects of nitrogen(N)rates[225 kg/ha(HN),180 kg/ha(MN)and 90 kg/ha(LN)]and foliar Zn[no Zn(Zn0),spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage(Zn1)]on the yield and content,accumulation and distribution of mineral elements in grain at different positions of maize ear,so as to provide scientific basis for the N and Zn fertilization in summer maize production.The result indicated that in general,the kernel number,1 000-grain weight,yield and mineral element accumulation showed upper grain<middle grain<basal grain.MN had the highest upper grain yield,and HN had the highest middle and basal grain yield.Foliar Zn improved the yield of upper,basal and whole grain;Compared with LP638,the upper and basal grain yields of ZD958 were higher.Overall,MNZn1ZD958 treatment had high upper,basal and whole grain yield,Zn content in whole grain,and potassium(K)and manganese(Mn)accumulation in upper grain.HNZn1ZD958 treatment had higher yield,N and Mn contents in whole grain,copper(Cu)and Zn contents in upper grain and Cu content in middle grain,and increased the proportions of Mn and Zn in upper grain and Cu in middle grain.There was significantly positive correlation between whole grain yield and basal grain yield;N content in whole grain was significantly positively correlated with middle grain yield,and significantly negatively correlated with Mn and Zn contents.By comprehensive consideration,spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage can improve yield under 180-225 kg/ha N condition;Spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage can promote N,Zn and Mn accumulation under 180 kg/ha N condition;Spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage is conducive to the transport of Cu,Mn and Zn to basal grain under 90 kg/ha N condition;Spraying Zn of 1∶1 at jointing stage and flare opening stage is conducive to the transport of N,Mn and Zn to upper grain under 225 kg/ha N condition.

Abstract:To investigate the effect of wheat/tobacco intercropping on soil quality in Xuchang tobacco growing area,soil samples were collected through multi-point sampling in the field.High throughput sequencing technology was used to study the differences in soil microbial diversity and community composition between flue-cured tobacco(CK)and wheat tobacco intercropping(I)planting modes.The relationship between soil environmental factors and soil microbial diversity and community composition was further analyzed by combining soil physical and chemical properties and enzyme activity.The results showed that the wheat tobacco intercropping planting mode significantly increased the Chao1 index of soil bacterial communities and significantly reduced the Simpson index compared to the flue-cured tobacco planting mode;Significantly increased soil fungal ACE index and Chao1 index.NMDS analysis(Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis)showed that there were certain differences in community structure between the two planting modes of tobacco.The wheat tobacco intercropping planting model significantly increased the relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Myxococcata at the bacterial phylum level compared to the flue-cured tobacco planting model,while significantly reduced the relative abundance of Firmicutes;At the fungal phylum level,the relative abundance of Mortierellomycota significantly increased,while the relative abundance of Ascomycota and Chytridiomycota significantly decreased.LEfSe analysis results showed that the wheat tobacco intercropping planting mode(11 bacterial groups and 35 fungal groups)increased the number of differential indicator fungal groups and decreased the number of differential indicator bacterial groups compared to the flue-cured tobacco planting mode(16 bacterial groups and 17 fungal groups).Compared with the monoculture planting mode of tobacco,the intercropping planting mode of wheat and tobacco significantly increased the soil total potassium,alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen content,and sucrase activity,while significantly reduced the soil pH value and available potassium content.The Pearson correlation analysis results indicated that soil total nitrogen,total potassium,alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen,available potassium content,urease and sucrase activity were the main factors affecting soil microbial community diversity.The redundancy analysis results indicated that alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen content,available potassium content,and sucrase activity were the main environmental factors affecting the structure of soil bacterial and fungal communities.In summary,adopting the wheat tobacco intercropping planting mode could improve the soil microbial community structure,increase soil nutrient content and enzyme activity,and is beneficial for improving soil fertility.

Abstract:With the advancement of nanotechnology,nano-ZnO has garnered significant attention in the field of plant protection due to its excellent antimicrobial properties.This review summarizes the direct inhibitory effects of nano-ZnO on plant pathogenic bacteria,fungi,oomycetes,viruses,and nematodes,as well as its roles in inducing plant disease resistance,promoting plant growth,and other potential beneficial effects.Additionally,it discusses the applications of nano-ZnO composites,doped nano-ZnO,and green-synthesized nano-ZnO in controlling plant diseases.Finally,this review highlights that future research on the application of nano-ZnO in plant disease control is expected to focus on broadening its application evaluation in various pathogens,delving into its mechanisms of action,and optimizing the performance of nano-ZnO to enhance application efficacy.

Abstract:Three types of fertilizers were selected with no fertilization as control(CK),including tower granulation compound fertilizer,agglomeration granulation compound fertilizer,and controlled-release mixed compound fertilizer.Three application rates were set,including 600 kg/ha(F1),750 kg/ha(F2)and 900 kg/ha(F3),and three application depths were set,including 6 cm(D1),8 cm(D2)and 10 cm(D3).The effects of application depth and rate on the plant height,aboveground fresh weight,root length,root diameter,root volume,root surface area,and root tip number of winter wheat seedlings were studied,so as to provide a theoretical basis for the rational adjustment of application depth and rate based on fertilizer types in winter wheat production.The results indicated that when the application rate was F1 and the application depths were D2—D3,the tower granulation compound fertilizer had a promoting effect on the growth and development of winter wheat,with membership function values of 0.70 and 0.77 respectively(the membership function value of CK was 0.61),and the F1D3 treatment had the best effect,significantly increased root length,root volume,root surface area and root tip number compared with CK.When the application rates were F1—F3 and the application depth was D3,the agglomeration granulation compound fertilizer had a promoting effect on the growth and development of winter wheat,and the F2D3 treatment had the best effect with membership function value of 0.86,significantly increased plant height,aboveground fresh weight,total root length,root diameter,root volume,root surface area and root tip number compared with CK.When the application rates were F1—F3,and the application depths were D2—D3,the controlled-release mixed compound fertilizer had a promoting effect on the growth and development of winter wheat,and the F1D2 and F1D3 treatments had better effects with membership function values of 0.93 and 0.92 respectively,significantly increased plant height,aboveground fresh weight,root length,root volume,root surface area and root tip number compared with CK.Under the same application rate and application depth,the membership function values generally showed controlled-release mixed compound fertilizer>agglomeration granulation compound fertilizer>tower granulation compound fertilizer.In conclusion,the F1D3 treatment is the best for the tower granulation compound fertilizer,the F2D3 treatment is the best for agglomeration granulation compound fertilizer,the F1D2 and F1D3 treatments are better for the controlled-release mixed compound fertilizer,and the controlled-release mixed compound fertilizer has the best effect.

Abstract:Soil organic carbon(SOC)plays a crucial role in maintaining soil fertility,promoting plant growth,and supporting sustainable agricultural development.Therefore,efficient and accurate acquisition of SOC content is of great significance.This study utilized Sentinel-2A multispectral remote sensing imagery combined with measured SOC content,Sentinel-1 backscattering coefficients,vegetation indices and topographic factors(elevation,slope,aspect)to investigate the inversion of SOC content in the Yao'an irrigation district using Random forest(RF),Deep forest(DF),and XGBoost models.The results indicated that,from the perspective of different combinations of auxiliary variables,incorporating various factors(vegetation indices,topographic factors,backscattering coefficients,etc.)significantly improved the prediction accuracy of SOC content.Specifically,the inclusion of topographic factors increased the R2 values of the RF,DF and XGBoost models by 0.052 3,0.039 8,0.068 9,respectively.Analysis of the prediction results from different models showed that both XGBoost and DF models could effectively predict SOC content in cultivated land.Among them,the XGBoost model combined with the M3 variable set(including 12 bands of Sentinel-2A spectral image,vegetation indices,Sentinel-1 backscattering coefficients,and topographic factors)achieved the highest prediction accuracy(R2=0.810 6,RMSE=1.813 2),followed by the DF model(R2=0.751 2,RMSE=1.925 5),while the RF model exhibited relatively lower predictive performance(R2=0.624 5,RMSE=2.503 1).

Abstract:To explore multifunctional beneficial microbial strains that promote tobacco growth,bacterial strains with growth-promoting potential were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of healthy crops in Jiaxian County,Pingdingshan City,Henan Province.The bacterial strains were identified through morphological,physiological,biochemical analyses,and 16S rDNA sequence analysis.Their growth-promoting effects were confirmed through petri dish seed germination tests and pot experiments involving tobacco.The results indicated that strains JLS0502 and JLS0413 had indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)concentrations of 28.35 mg/L and 22.03 mg/L in their fermentation broths,respectively,with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid(ACC)deaminase activities of 546.64 U/L and 521.21 U/L.Both strains also exhibited phosphate solubilization,potassium release,and nitrogen fixation capabilities.Identification confirmed that strain JLS0502 was Leclercia adecarboxylata,while strain JLS0413 was Enterobacter ludwigii.Treatment with strains JLS0502 and JLS0413 significantly improved the germination rate of tobacco seeds and promoted root elongation.Pot experiments showed that strains JLS0502 and JLS0413 significantly improved agronomic traits,including plant height,fresh weight,and root morphology of tobacco.Specifically,compared to the uninoculated control,the plant height,total fresh weight,root fresh weight,total root surface area,and total root volume increased by 66.05％,55.82％,59.30％,22.55％,29.37％,and 75.38％,66.29％,105.23％,90.15％,and 140.48％,respectively.Furthermore,the levels of plant hormones,including brassinolide(BR),gibberellin(GA),and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),as well as the activities of defense enzymes,such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL),catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD),polyphenol oxidase(PPO),and superoxide dismutase(SOD),were significantly higher in the tobacco leaves than in the control group.These findings highlight the significant growth-promoting effects of strains JLS0502 and JLS0413 on tobacco.

Abstract:To reveal the evolutionary characteristics of Sesamum,explore the genome structure revolution and species evolution,and promote the development and utilization of wild resources,the cultivated species S.indicum(var.Yuzhi 11)and the 2n=26 type wild species S.alatum(var.3651)were used as experimental materials,fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)and genome fluorescence in situ hybridization(GISH)techniques were used to analyze the chromosome sets characteristics of sesame cultivated species and wild species.The results showed that both the cultivated species Yuzhi 11 and the wild species S.alatum(var.3651)were 2n=2x=26 karyotype;the rDNA-FISH hybridization results indicated that in the 13 pairs of chromosomes of the cultivated species Yuzhi 11,3 pairs of chromosomes(the 7th,8th and 9th pairs)had 45S rDNA-specific signals at the short arm tips,which were displayed as satellite specific chromosome.At the same time,2 pairs of chromosomes(the 5th and 11th pairs)had 5S rDNA-specific signals on the short arms,with the 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA signals located on different chromosomes.In the wild species S.alatum(var.3651),2 pairs of chromosomes(the 4th and 7th pairs)carried 45S rDNA hybridization signals and 1 pair of chromosome(the 4th pair)carried 5S rDNA specific signals,with the 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA signals located on the same chromosome but at different positions.This indicated that there were significant differences in chromosome characteristics between the cultivated species and the wild species S.alatum(var.3651).The GISH hybridization results showed that when using the genomic DNA of the cultivated species Yuzhi 11 and the wild species S.alatum(var.3651)as probes for self-hybridization,each chromosome carried hybridization signals of varying strengths,while hybridization with the other's chromosomes showed very few hybridization signals.The cultivated species and the wild species S.alatum(var.3651)have the same number of chromosomes,but there are clear differences in the quantity,distribution of rDNA,and GISH signal sites,indicating that the 2n=26 type cultivated species and wild species have distant phylogenetic relationship.