Abstract:This study emphasizes the value of spatial structural analysis in conserving and renewing urban districts.It provides a feasible technological path and decision support system by shifting control strategies from experience-based judgments to quantitative reasoning. During their morphological evolution,historic urban districts face challenges such as weakening spatial structures and ambiguous street and alley textures.These challenges have given rise to an urgent need for typology-based morphological control strategies.The Central Urban Work Conference held in July 2025 emphasized the importance of"urban connotative development"and"urban renewal as a key initiative"while stressing the principle of"adopting differentiated guidance in accordance with local conditions".This means that exploring differentiated governance paths and achieving multiple goals related to cultural continuity and spatial restructuring have become critical to promoting high-quality urban development in the new era of urban renewal,because historic urban districts are carriers of urban space and cultural narratives,including classification identification,structural optimization,and functional integration. Based on the Conzenian collaborative analysis of urban morphology and space syntax,the study established a research path of"type identification-syntax support-classified control"that aimed to implement the principles of connotative development and differentiated guidance.The results can provide some practical references for spatial structural optimization and refined renewal of historic urban districts.Using the Sanjie Liangxiang historic district in Nanning as a case study,the morphological evolution characteristics and influencing factors of spaces from 1950 to 2020 were analyzed.Their logical relationships were investigated based on space syntax analysis.The spatial structures' differentiated optimization strategies were then proposed by combining spatial morphological analysis and the space syntax results.In this way,the regulatory priorities and control approaches across different areas were clarified,and the spatial logic of historic urban districts within the urban system was disclosed. Specifically,the research first examines the evolution of spatial morphology from four dimensions:block structure,plot type,building layout,and street network.It identifies key structural features and trends,revealing the multi-dimensional collaborative paths under the influence of policy guidance,market-driven forces,and social adaptation.Second,space syntax is employed to quantify changes in spatial structure and their logical relationships,further confirming the continuous role of government,market,and society in shaping morphological evolution.Finally,the research area is divided into key control units,guiding control units,and general control units by integrating area structure,plot type,building layout,and space syntax analysis results.The differentiated morphological control strategies are proposed in accordance with the historical values,structural potentials,and renewal needs of different areas. A limitation of this study is that it pays insufficient attention to micro-level social behavior mechanisms.The resident participation and long-term evolutionary process should be further analyzed.In the future,dynamic studies on society-space interaction in the historic urban districts can be expanded by combining them with behavioral surveys and multi-source data,aiming to offer more robust theoretical foundations and practical strategies for refined renewal and human-oriented design.

Abstract:As critical micro-spaces in high-density urban areas,pocket parks serve as vital venues for facilitating resident activities,enhancing neighborhood interactions,and fostering community cohesion.Although existing studies have examined the impacts of visual,thermal,and acoustic environments on human activities within urban public spaces,it has predominantly focused on large-scale settings and relied on subjective evaluation.Targeted investigations into micro-spaces,typified by pocket parks,remain scarce.There is also the superposed effect of extreme heat,high humidity,and traffic noise in regions where the summers are hot and the winters are cold.The influence of these environments on the spatiotemporal vitality of people in pocket parks,as well as the differential response laws of pocket parks with varying functions in this process,has not been systematically and deeply analyzed. This study aimed to investigate the influence of visual,thermal,and acoustic environments on the spatiotemporal vitality of user activities,clarify the synergistic mechanisms underlying these environmental effects,and provide references for precise environmental design of pocket parks in regions where the summers are hot and the winters are cold.Four typical types of pocket parks in Wuhan(namely,residential,public visitor,transportation,and business)were chosen as the research objects.The parks were divided into 81 grids(15 m × 15 m)using fixed-point measurements and manual grid annotations.Data were collected on three successive sunny days in August 2024.Indicators of the visual environment were quantified by combining images from a panoramic camera and the deep learning-based semantic segmentation technique.Vegetation parameters were acquired by unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs).The parameters of the thermal environment were monitored by thermohygrometers and black globe thermometers,and physiological equivalent temperature(PET)was calculated.For the acoustic environment,sound levels were measured and calculated using the integrating sound level meter.The spatiotemporal distribution of users with different intensities during activities was recorded via manual grid annotation.Pearson correlation analysis quantified the connections between environmental factors and user activities.Gender and age were recorded. The research results reveal that the impact of visual,thermal,and acoustic environments in different types of pocket parks on the vitality of users with different activity intensities varies significantly.The environmental effects complicate matching relations with park functions and activity attributes.(1)The visual environment guides behaviors via accessibility,the ratio of seating amenities,and spatial permeability.The proportion of seating amenities exhibits a significant positive correlation with the number of users across all activity types.Vegetation visual openness only shows a positive correlation with the number of users engaged in static and low-intensity activities.The effect of hard paving is prominent in residential and public visitor parks.Activities in transportation parks reveal weak sensitivity to visual environmental factors,since they prioritize transportation activities.(2)The effects of the thermal environment have an inflection point.After reaching a specific numerical value,the behaviors of users change.Temperature and black globe temperature are significantly correlated with the number of users in residential,public visiting,and business parks.Major users of transportation parks show the lowest sensitivity to the thermal environment.(3)The acoustic environment exhibits context-dependent adaptability,and the magnitude of the effect is regulated by activity types and site functions combined.Static activities in business parks demand a low-noise background,while moderate-intensity activities in residential parks are more tolerant of background noise. Based on the analysis,a three-level spatial optimization strategy is proposed:at the universal level,excessive noise is mitigated by reducing objective noise indicators and enhancing subjective acoustic perception while realizing the synergy of denoising and cooling.Different interventions should be adopted in different parks,and the spatial configuration should accord with user characteristics.By analyzing the correlation mechanisms between visual,thermal,and acoustic environments in pocket parks in regions where the summers are hot and the winters are cold and the spatiotemporal vitality of users,this study provides scientific support for the climate-adaptive design of urban micro-spaces and offers technological strategies for precise improvement of the outdoor environment and the construction of healthy human settlements.

Abstract:The ancient trade routes carry rich historical and cultural significance.However,aging residential areas along these routes face multiple challenges from modernization,such as weakened cultural heritage characteristics,declining vitality,and disordered spatial forms.Existing studies have not only paid insufficient attention to preserving historical and cultural heritage in aging urban residential areas but also lack theories for understanding the systematic connections among architectural form evolution,alleyway space reconstruction,and regional cultural expression.Protecting the localized cultural inheritance of ancient trade routes through landscape regeneration and establishing a spatial system for the co-existence of historical memory and modern life has become an important issue in the fields of urban renewal and cultural heritage. To coordinate the preservation of historical and cultural heritage along the ancient trade routes with the revitalization of residential areas,this study constructed a landscape regeneration model of the old residential area in the Dunhoupo section of the Huangge Ancient Path and conducted an empirical study.The regional cultural characteristics and spatial renewal needs were analyzed from a multi-level perspective through documentary research and field surveys.A system of"linked development,contextual regeneration,landscape reshaping,and evaluation and feedback"was built.A logical framework for the renewal of residential areas was then formed based on the cultural heritage of ancient trade routes.At the regional level,historical cultural nodes,such as ancient post stations and caravan remnants along the ancient routes,were connected to establish a"point-line-surface"integrated protection and development model,forming a cultural tourism corridor and a regional economic belt.At the street and alley levels,the Song dynasty-style marketplace landscape was rebuilt based on architectural styles from the Song dynasty.With comprehensive consideration of the cultural expression needs of typical facilities in different periods,a historical accumulation system was formed,utilizing"Song dynasty-style landscape as the backbone and multi-generational culture as the soul".At the architectural level,distinctive architectural elements were incorporated,functional zoning was optimized,and recreational facilities helped integrate new and old landscapes organically,as well as renew functional spaces.Additionally,374 valid comments were extracted from platforms such as Xiaohongshu and Weibo through the innovative use of network text analysis technology.After preprocessing,ROSTCM6 and EmotionCalculator tools were applied for sentiment analysis,topic mining,and semantic network analysis,exploring the feedback mechanisms of cultural heritage and community vitality. Practical implementation demonstrates that this model achieves the organic integration of ancient cultural heritage and community functionality.At the regional level,a network system of intertwining heritage corridors and natural landscapes has been formed.At the street and alley levels,a historical accumulation system based on Song dynasty-style aesthetics and compatible with multi-generational cultural memories has been constructed.At the architectural level,the old and new aesthetics are integrated,while functions are updated.Network text analysis indicates that 77.01％of the public evaluated the restoration of cultural scenes and the improvement of spatial quality positively,with 68％acknowledging the cultural immersion experience. The innovative values of this model are as follows:(1)It establishes a connection between the cultural heritage of the ancient trade routes and the renewal of old residential areas,breaking the limitations of localized renovations.(2)It verifies the positive role of a localized expression path that takes the architectural style of a specific historical period as its foundation and integrates diverse cultural connotations of cultural inheritance.(3)It introduces network text analysis into the evaluation process to achieve quantitative verification of renewal strategies. The empirical research findings indicate that this model enhances the spatial efficiency and cultural resilience of old residential areas along an ancient trade route through organic integration of cultural continuity and functional iteration.They offer theoretical insights and empirical references for similar renewal practices in residential areas within the influencing zone of linear cultural heritage.

Abstract:In the new era of developing high-quality basic education,primary and secondary school campuses are larger in scale and more comprehensive in function.This shift has created complicated problems with pedestrian flow.Many campuses become congested during peak hours.Such congestion reduces the efficient use of space,causes uncomfortable user experiences,and poses safety risks. This study used the behavioral simulation method to conduct a quantitative analysis of pedestrian flows at campuses.The method provides more scientific references for spatial optimization.After comparing popular simulation software,the study chose MassMotion for its mature technology and high operability as the computing platform.Three schools in Chuzhou City,Anhui Province,were chosen as research samples,representing primary schools,junior high schools,and nine-year integrated schools in the compulsory education period.A comparative analysis of the simulation results was conducted to explore and summarize pedestrian problems in campus spaces. Firstly,the spatial models of the three schools were constructed using the MassMotion behavioral simulation software.Secondly,basic data,including pedestrian parameters,path preferences,and behavioral features,were collected through field surveys,and parameters were set(e.g.,pedestrian speed,path,number of pedestrians,and starting and ending points in the simulation models).Next,typical peak hours were chosen for the simulation-namely,commuting time,break time,exercise,and dining.Pedestrian density maps,individual route maps,occupancy time maps,and individual count maps were produced by using platform computing.Finally,pedestrian issues in campuses were classified and analyzed systematically,then combined with the spatial configuration of primary and secondary schools. The results indicate:(1)There is a temporary tidal flow problem at the entrance space,notably during the concentrated arrival of parents and students.(2)The design of the horizontal access space in campuses is unreasonable to some extent,and the current width of the corridors is insufficient to satisfy the needs of student traffic during peak hours.(3)Many campuses have inadequate planning of vertical transportation spaces.The insufficient number or improper locations of stairs can easily lead to vertical transportation bottlenecks.(4)Some of the corridors and waiting spaces are insufficient,affecting the distribution efficiency of students. Based on an analysis of existing challenges,this study focused on four key spaces:entrance,corridor,vertical traffic,and waiting,to develop targeted spatial optimization strategies.The distribution efficiency in the entrance space was improved by enlarging the entrance and exit,increasing waiting buffer zones,and optimizing the organizational structure of squares.To ease bottlenecks in corridor space,pathways were widened,diversion paths were provided,and corridor flow lines were changed.Pedestrian movement in vertical traffic spaces was dispersed by expanding staircase width,optimizing locations,and modifying vertical traffic patterns.For the waiting space,a three-dimensional multi-layer connectivity architecture was introduced to expand the activity area and decrease local congestion.The optimized design scheme was brought into the platform for cyclic computing and testing.Results show that pedestrian density declines significantly after optimization,accompanied by improvements in the commuting efficiency of individuals and the enhancement of space utilization comfort. The study confirms that MassMotion software offers a scientific and quantitative analysis tool for campus spatial design with high relevance in particular pedestrian traffic scenarios in primary and secondary schools.However,it lacks operational intelligence and flexibility when dealing with disordered conduct.Given that it is a crucial tool for traffic space analysis,future studies should increase the sample,refine the indicators,and develop technical guidelines.It also should be included in the campus design.In short,behavioral simulation will provide future architectural designs for primary and secondary schools.

Abstract:Global warming caused by emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide represents a significant issue.In 2023,total carbon emissions from rural residential buildings in China reached 400 million tons of CO2,with a carbon emission intensity of 17.8 kgCO2/m2.Therefore,energy conservation and emissions reduction in rural residential buildings are crucial to realizing the low-carbon transformation of Chinese society.In the past,the emergence of"hollow villages,"the result of China's unique urbanization process,has led to a large number of buildings being abandoned in rural areas,resulting in a massive waste of resources and energy.To explore the characteristics of life-cycle carbon emissions(LCCE)of residential buildings in hollow villages and provide references for low-carbon development planning and emissions reduction design of residential buildings in China,a case study based on a typical multi-story residential building with a reinforced concrete frame structure was carried out in Guangdong Province.First,the building life-cycle was divided with reference to the ISO 21930:2017 building life-cycle staging program.The LCCE of the building and the carbon emissions at each stage were calculated using the carbon emissions factor method based on the recorded data.Furthermore,statistics were compiled in a sectional and itemized manner to identify the carbon emission hotspots,and emissions reduction was calculated specifically for these hotspots.Finally,the calculation results were compared and analyzed with those from global studies of the same type obtained through a literature search.Based on the findings of the case study and insights gained from the literature review,some carbon emissions reduction strategies and implementation pathways were proposed from both policy and design perspectives.The research results showed that the total LCCE of the building is 1077.95 kgCO2e/m2,with embodied carbon emissions(ECE)and operational carbon emissions(OCE)of 682.78 kgCO2e/m2(63.34%)and 395.17 kgCO2e/m2(36.66%),respectively.Compared with existing studies,it was found that because such buildings are"built but rarely or never used"in hollow villages,the proportion of ECE of this building is significantly higher than that of other residential buildings.Through sectional and itemized statistics,it was found that ECE is mainly concentrated in three parts:foundation and basement,main structure,and building decoration,accounting for 24.28%,48.41%,and 24.2%,respectively.In terms of materials,ECE is primarily associated with concrete,steel bars,and fired bricks,accounting for 34.19%,25.74%,and 12.03%,respectively.The total carbon emissions from other materials account for less than 30%of the total.Moreover,the main structure and design were optimized in this study.According to a comparison of multiple schemes,the carbon emissions of brick-concrete structures were the lowest under ideal conditions.It is found from a single-factor experimental comparison that the carbon emissions of latex paint walls,ceramic tile walls,rock slab walls,and wood veneer walls account for 44.52%,188.38%,197.62%,and 29%of those from the mixed approach adopted in this case,respectively.In terms of flooring,the carbon emissions of rock slab floors and wood floors are 136.24%and 83.89%of those from the current ceramic tile floors,respectively.Moreover,the maximum gap in carbon emissions between different decoration schemes reaches 6.8 times.Further simulation indicates that adding a photovoltaic roof can reduce emissions by 65.01 kgCO2e/m2.Considering the high proportion of ECE in residential buildings caused by"hollow villages,"this study puts forward three development suggestions from both policy and design perspectives:controlling the scale of residential buildings to avoid construction redundancy;optimizing building material selection considering multiple factors;developing and promoting the application of wood and bamboo building materials to design projects.Since this case only represents newly completed rural residential buildings in Guangdong Province in recent years,it can only serve as a reference for rural residential buildings in other regions of China.It is necessary to collect more comprehensive and precise data in order to understand carbon emissions characteristics of residential buildings in hollow villages more accurately.

Abstract:Comprehensive resource management based on the systematic concept of a"community of life encompassing mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands"was applied to explore the link between the coordinated advancement of ecological civilization and comprehensive territorial spatial planning.Core issues like the poor connection between the control measures of the"Three Zones and Three Lines"framework and detailed planning,as well as insufficient directional guidance for non-construction spaces,were addressed.This study aims to clarify developmental positioning differences between inner and outer urban development boundaries while promoting comprehensive management and efficient allocation of spatial resources across regions.First,the practical challenges of traditional detailed planning were analyzed.For example,planning focuses excessively on urban construction spaces,resulting in a lack of control measures for resource elements beyond the"Three Zones and Three Lines."Hence,a prominent separation exists in space governance.Moreover,a disconnect can be observed between top-down and bottom-up planning approaches and explicit transmission mechanisms.It is difficult to implement detailed planning effectively,failing to meet the requirements of overall planning.To address these challenges,this research proposes that detailed planning in the new era must undergo three significant transformations:(1)spatially,attention should be shifted from urban construction spaces to comprehensive management that encompasses all elements while coordinating ecological,agricultural,and urban spaces.(2)Control methods should be changed from passive control to active governance,and mandatory restrictions should be reduced in line with the promise of bottom-line constraints,aiming to activate spatial resources.(3)Management mechanisms should be shifted from a"one-size-fits-all model"to"a rigidity-flexibility integrated"hierarchical management system that better adapts to the uncertainty of urban development.Based on the construction logic of ecological security patterns,this study systematically outlines key points for detailed planning from the perspective of comprehensive resource management:First,it is crucial to clarify the planning unit by integrating multi-scale spatial elements and effectively conveying the strategic intentions and control requirements established by higher-level planning.Second,resource elements should be integrated while distinguishing between various spatial composite types,allowing for the formulation of differentiated and meticulous control strategies.Third,planning connections should be promoted and spatial construction guidelines formulated with both rigid constraints and flexible guidance.This ensures effective vertical transmission of overall planning goals down to detailed planning levels while enhancing horizontal functional coordination and resource integration both within an individual unit and among different units.To validate this approach,a case study based on Tongcheng County in Hubei Province was carried out.A composite ecological security pattern characterized by"one core,three belts;south screen;north network;three wedges;four zones;and multiple points"was established.The key ecological elements and construction spaces beyond the urban development scope were integrated into the planning units,effectively offsetting oversight of traditional planning over non-construction areas.A coordinated and unified ecological space system was formed by coupling the ecological security pattern and green spaces in the central urban areas.Moreover,a planning guideline of"basic guidance+appropriate guidance"was formulated innovatively.At the macro level,elements were classified and regulated according to their ecological significance.At the meso level,specific requirements regarding spatial structure,scale,and functional layout of the overall plan were detailed and implemented within each unit.At the micro level,differentiated measures were proposed for ecological corridors and similar features,thereby effectively linking overarching plans with specialized initiatives.Research indicates that compiling detailed plans through an ecological security lens can successfully bridge gaps between overall strategies and granular details.This approach clearly delineates protection and development objectives for various spaces while serving as a means to achieve efficient allocation of spatial resources throughout the region.The case of Tongcheng County verifies the validity and feasibility of the approach.On one hand,it provides important technological references to improve the territorial space governance system and promotes the sound implementation of"multi-plan integration."On the other hand,it is conducive to optimizing technical guidelines and control measure systems.

Abstract:The interaction correlation between interface and space,which are a set of relative concepts,is reflected in architectural interface forms and spatial configurations.This is a core issue in architectural design.Currently,domestic architectural research and practice mostly focus on macro-level analysis of their correlation,such as form and material.However,the mechanisms of influence of microscopic details,like interface joints and construction layers,on space require further exploration to eliminate the cognitive gaps in space generation design in the tectonic dimension and achieve dialectical unity between form expression and material construction.In contrast,contemporary Swiss architects have highlighted the effects of interface tectonics on space construction through both physical enclosures and perceptual experiences using design-construction-integrated operations.Results provide a reference point to explore architectural ontology and space poetics.In this study,how interfaces of contemporary Swiss architecture shape spatial forms and perceptual experiences through the tectonic representation of connection joints and the layered support of their own tectonics was analyzed.This study aims to disclose the internal correlation between interface tectonics and space construction and provide theoretical and practical references to shift Chinese architecture from being form-driven to construction-driven. This study focuses on two dimensions of interface tectonics of contemporary Swiss architecture:1)tectonic representation of interface connections,including the tectonic logic of connection joints between walls and floors,or between walls and roofs.2)Layered construction of the interface itself,covering the layered organization of functional components and energy systems and the wall interface.An empirical analysis based on specific architectural cases was carried out.Effects of interface joints and tectonics on spatial form and perceptual experiences were investigated. At the level of interface connection joints,"hidden"and"separated"tectonic strategies were identified in this study.The former enhances spatial continuity and transparency by weakening or obscuring the visual connection of walls with floors and roofs.The latter actively retains tectonic gaps between interfaces to shape spatial levels and poetic atmospheres.Both strategies achieve unity of construction technology and spatial perception through connection joints.Composite-built and integrated design was extracted for the layered construction of interfaces.Composite-built functional levels center on a"complex synthetic system,"coordinating climate adaptability,spatial function,and formal aesthetics.Integrated design through integration and optimization strives to resolve contradictions of equipment energy systems against interface forms and spatial configurations,thus maintaining the balance between performance optimization and formal innovation. The study shows that contemporary Swiss architecture enhances spatial quality and optimizes perceptual experiences through strategies such as hidden joints,separated construction,and composite integration.Moreover,a design and construction logic"starting from tectonics"is established.Such a practice paradigm not only highlights the in-depth correlation between interface tectonics and spatial construction but also provides a new perspective to understand the coherent relationship among architecture,people,and the environment.The core value lies in offering a referential theoretical framework and practical path for the domestic architectural community to reshape interface ontology and shift spatial generation from a form-dominated"top-down"model to a construction-driven"bottom-up"model.This transformation further enables the synergistic enhancement of construction quality and spatial poetics.

Abstract:Technological innovation has emerged as a pivotal driver and core competitive advantage in urban and regional development.Metropolitan areas are regional centers and global gateways.The industrial development and innovation of metropolitan areas are significantly affected by both globalization and localization.Understanding the evolutionary characteristics and mechanisms of metropolitan innovation holds significant implications for fostering regional innovation transitions and cultivating new productive capacities.Based on the global-local theoretical perspective,an empirical study was carried out of the Guangzhou-Foshan metropolitan area,which is a highly integrated region characterized by intensive interactions among innovation networks and spaces.By using invention patent data,the evolution of innovation networks and spatial configurations was quantitatively delineated through kernel density estimation and social network analysis.Moreover,case studies and mechanism analysis were conducted by examining typical enterprises,park surveys,and corporate autobiographies.The evolutionary characteristics and driving mechanisms of innovation networks and spaces in Guangzhou-Foshan metropolitan area from 1985 to 2020 were investigated systematically. Key findings reveal: (1)In view of its evolutionary characteristics,Guangzhou-Foshan metropolitan area first underwent an industrial accumulation phase(1985～2000),with weak innovation ability,no network systems,and characterized by the co-existence of state-owned research institutions,state-owned factories,and low-end manufacturing towns.It then transitioned to the innovation exploration phase(2001～2010),with strengthened global-local links,increased nodes,and loosened structures.Private enterprises became the dominant actors,and universities functioned as key knowledge diffusers.Dedicated innovation spaces,including technology parks and university towns,emerged alongside specialized industrial clusters.It then stepped into the innovation acceleration phase(2011～2020),an integrated metropolitan development phase promoted by both the"market and government."In this phase,the number of metropolitan network nodes,connection intensity,and breadth increased significantly.A key innovation network,which was centered at universities and dominated by enterprises,was formed.The innovation spaces showed a core-periphery distribution pattern of core clustering areas bounded by Guangzhou's ring expressway and industrial corridors along the ring expressway of Foshan. (2)This study concluded by examining a number of comprehensive quantitative features and conducting a qualitative analysis of typical cases,showing that resource spillovers and the technological services of local universities are key drivers of innovation.Universities not only train talent continuously and support many scientific innovation enterprises through academic entrepreneurship,but also provide technological service support for industrial cluster upgrades.Moreover,the entrepreneurship of Chinese students returning from study abroad constituted critical"global-local"interaction pathways.The emergence and diffusion of local industrial clusters in"global-local"interactions are fundamental forces of innovation.As the core gateway of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area,the Guangzhou-Foshan metropolitan area not only benefits from element agglomeration and spillover from transnational enterprises but is also integrated into the global chain through local enterprises to promote the advancement of industrial clusters.Science and technology innovation enterprises emerged through"global-local"interactions and university support.Geographic proximity accelerated information flow and the ecological formation of innovative elements in clusters.Proactive governments set out special industrial policy zones to attract the clustering of global-local innovation elements.Local government set up high-tech zones and other policy zones through specific resource allocations and strategies,establishing a"policy highland and cost low-lying land"to attract global,national,and regional innovation elements and network connections(e.g.,the science city in Guangzhou),thus catalyzing the formation of an innovation network and further spatial development. (3)In view of the differences in innovative development modes,Guangzhou possesses rich innovation resources and forms the core of the Guangzhou-Foshan innovation network.Besides,various innovation platforms pay more attention to higher-scale overall regional planning.The industrial development and innovation of Foshan depend on Guangzhou.The Guangzhou-Foshan boundary area has become the primary region for innovation element spillovers and interactions with Guangzhou.

Abstract:The advent of globalization has significantly influenced the evolution of urban spaces,resulting in a complex landscape characteristic of both standardization and diversification.In this context,establishing local consumption spaces while improving the human environment has become a prominent concern in China's urban renewal efforts.Based on the space production theory,this study investigated the development of local consumption spaces based on the No.7 Courtyard renewal project on Yulin South Road,Chengdu.Research results provide theoretical and empirical insights into current urban renewal practices. A case study of the spatial evolution of No.7 Courtyard was carried out by conducting a literature review,field survey,semi-structured interviews,non-participatory observations,and other methodologies.It found that local consumption spaces were characterized by"two-stage dynamic interactions."In the first stage,space planners took a dominant role.Focusing on social governance and asset revitalization,they developed new infrastructure,created cultural displays,and established modernized and standardized spaces by removing illegal structures and adopting other spatial optimization strategies.Based on their efforts,a composite and multifaceted"community+park"streetscape was formed.In the second stage,users such as residents and merchants took a dominant role.They established localized and diversified consumption spaces through social reconstruction,re-expression of local memories,and symbolic differentiation and other spatial practices,thus rebuilding the social landscape and fostering more connected social relations.Through the interaction and integration of"top-down"and"bottom-up"approaches in two stages,unique consumption spaces were ultimately produced.This study further found that policy-oriented structural power and daily life-oriented dynamic power are key driving forces in the establishment of local consumption spaces in old courtyards.While these influences had a notable role in the establishment of consumption spaces,the day-to-day activities of residents and owners in the second stage of development were a significant contributor to the uniqueness of spaces.Nevertheless,the establishment of consumption spaces also led to the spatial alienation and submersion of living spaces by consumption spaces,continuously transforming the courtyards. This study holds significant theoretical and practical implications.Theoretically,it constructs an analytical framework for understanding the establishment of consumption spaces during China's urban renewal based on the interaction between critiques of daily life and spatial production.This framework demonstrates the feasibility of examining consumption space culture according to the requirements of daily life.Practically,the No.7 Courtyard has been revitalized through the engagement of multiple stakeholders,creating a variety of uses and serving as a practical example for the establishment of consumption spaces in old courtyards.However,as a micro-case study,the analytical framework requires further empirical testing and refinement.Based on the research conclusions,three urban renewal policy approaches were proposed:First,the study suggests reinforcing the"two-stage synergy"mechanism by reserving resources and institutional space during the initial planning stage and empowering various stakeholders to participate in the subsequent revitalization phase.Second,it advocates for prioritizing the census and revitalization of"local assets,"creating unique consumption spaces based on stock assets and limiting over-commercialization.Third,a supervisory mechanism should be established to prevent"spatial alienation"and protect the rights and interests of native residents.This mechanism should ensure their spatial and participatory rights are upheld through dynamic monitoring and feedback,avoiding the gentrification of consumption spaces.

Abstract:Vision is the primary channel for human beings to acquire environmental information.Eye-level environmental shaping is an important research topic in space planning and design.Although traditional imaging-based methods have been extensively applied to the quantification of eye-level environmental features,they have many limitations since they are based on the two-dimensional projection principle,with significant perspective distortion,a lack of depth information,poor three-dimensional simulation,and individual semantic analysis.It is difficult to meet the needs of refined design and multi-dimensional evaluation.Hence,an eye-level,three-dimensional environmental quantification method based on graphic computation was proposed in this study.It established a spatial econometric system centered at planar angles,solid angles,and depth(volume)to quantify one-dimensional to three-dimensional features like linear size,visual proportions,and blocking relationships in the environment,respectively. Based on the properties of retinal spherical projections,the proposed method adopted a non-projection graphical computation strategy using polygon mesh data within Blender as the spatial data carrier and simulated the eye-level sampling process via a GPU-accelerated ray-tracing algorithm.Sampling points were uniformly distributed on a spherical coordinate system using a Fibonacci lattice parameterized by the golden angle,effectively avoiding the high density at polar regions and sparse distribution at the equator in traditional latitude-longitude sampling.Each point recorded spatial locations,angular features,and semantic information to construct a comprehensive eye-level spatial feature map.Multi-dimensional quantitative indicators were extracted through geometric calculations and semantic aggregation,supporting the quantitative analysis of various types of landscape elements in the environment. The proposed method was verified by analyzing the effects of new high-rise buildings on heritage courtyards and residential areas.A total of 4,565 observation points were set in the heritage scene,and the imaging-based method produced error levels ranging from-16.70％to 13.60％in visual proportion measurement compared to solid angles.The error levels could be amplified by more than 400-fold in the extremum area of the angle of altitude,but might produce underestimations of 36.33％at the horizontal view angle.The solid angle showed higher stability and reliability in visual proportion assessments.Combined with semantic information,the different effects of new buildings on heritage environments could be identified,mainly concentrating on northern and northwestern waterfront areas.The individual influencing features were significantly different.According to analysis of 5,696 observation points in the residential scene,the visual volume of units below the seventh floor of new buildings was greatly reduced,accompanied by a notable loss of preferred landscape elements from the 10th to 13th floor.High floors were mainly blocked by greenery and water.Significantly different eye-level features could be observed on different floors. According to the research results,the proposed method has remarkable advantages over traditional methods in terms of measurement accuracy,application ranges,and semantic identification ability.By introducing the three-dimensional spatial data,the simulation and analysis of eye-level features more closely resembled practical experiences,supporting the unified assessment of statuses and schemes.Multi-dimensional features like dihedral angle,solid angle,depth,and volume reflect the spatial complexity of environmental perceptions.The involvement of individual semantic labels improves recognition of single buildings and landscape elements and influences judgment,which can provide basic support to spatial interventions and fairness evaluations.The proposed method can be extensively applied to street quality assessments,heritage protection efforts,walkability studies,visual fairness analysis,and other fields.It can be a substitute for traditional indicators,including green view indexes and sky view factors.By combining semantic data and three-dimensional models,it is possible to connect subjective perceptions and objective spatial features,expanding the development paths of multi-dimensional,individualization,and design orientations in eye-level studies.

Abstract:In the coastal defense system of the Qing Dynasty,the Weisuo System was gradually replaced by the battery system,which became the core facility of maritime defense.During the Canton System period of the Qing Dynasty(1757-1842),Guangzhou served as the sole foreign trade port,leading to significant shifts in the Pearl River Estuary's defensive dynamics.Faced with rampant piracy,smuggling,and escalating maritime threats,coastal fortifications underwent substantial transformations in design and construction techniques,exhibiting remarkable differences from fortresses in early and later Qing Dynasties.Among the few well-preserved casemate-style fortresses of this period,Yamen Battery is a typical one.The horseshoe-shaped layout,which nestles into mountainous terrain and faces the sea,and the cave-type structure and hybrid rammed earth-masonry construction epitomize coastal defense architecture during the Canton System period.It not only reflects shifts in Guangdong's maritime defense strategies and foreign trade policies but also highlights the ideological changes and technological development in fortification under the Canton System. This study delineates four historical phases of Guangdong's coastal defense construction:the Great Evacuation,the Nanyang Trade Ban period,the Canton System period,and the Westernization Movement after the Opium War.It examines the distinct characteristics of fortresses across these phases in terms of layout,form,scale,and materials.A case study based on Yamen Battery was carried out.Its site selection,layout,structures,and materials were analyzed,thus summarizing common features of Guangdong's coastal fortifications during the Canton System period.Coastal defense batteries in Guangdong during the Canton System period were strategically positioned to combat piracy and smuggling,showing a"choke-point defense"strategy.Site selection of coastal defense batteries changed from broad coastal distribution to concentrated defense at key river estuaries.The layout of coastal defense batteries reflects a spatial logic of"leaning against mountains and facing water,with overlapping platforms."The locations of batteries changed from elevated,open terrain to below mountains and waterfront,with a spatial layout described as facing the sea and leaning against mountains.Battery shapes changed from rectangles of unilateral batteries to irregular ovals.The battery structures were designed as"ringed embrasures,platform above and vault below,"with two floors on the side facing the enemies.The upper floor was made up of crenellations,and the lower floor held rectangular gun ports distributed around the platform.The figure-eight openings were adopted to enhance firing arcs and protection.Batteries were built by using"rammed earth and masonry cladding."Compacted earth was widely used,supplemented with local masonry structures,thus reducing the risk of debris splashing during artillery use.

Abstract:As part of China's deep industry-city-creativity integration project,new innovation districts are emerging across the country,and in-depth study of the spatial scope and performance impact of these spaces is required.A case study examining three aspects of their evolution was carried out:First,innovation districts were identified based on the superposition of multi-subject clustering.Second,a method of identifying innovation districts based on multiple factors was proposed based on relevant studies,and an element evaluation system for the"subject-space-function-network"was established.Finally,the factors influencing innovation performance were analyzed at two levels,providing the theoretical basis to improve the performance of innovation districts.A total of 42 innovation districts were discovered in the Sixth Ring Road of Beijing,showing a spatial distribution pattern of concentrated large districts and more dispersed small districts with diversified land use structures.Assessing the element agglomeration levels,subject diversity,accessibility to parks,and the policy support index focused on the subject,space,and function dimensions,respectively.The network element levels differed significantly among districts.According to a clustering analysis based on K-Means,innovation districts can be divided into three types according to their element agglomeration level,including the campus type led by the subject and network,the park type led by the subject and function,and the platform type led by the space and network.The spatial distribution characteristics of these three types differed significantly,and their innovation performance was positively affected by different combinations of four-dimensional elements.Among them,the campus type led by subject and network had a higher level of overall element agglomeration.This type was the most mature,but it displayed a significant lack of synergy of functional elements.For the park type led by subject and function,the industrial attribute of spatial functions was far stronger than the quality attribute,resulting in"space-function"separation and influencing the agglomeration of network elements.The platform type led by space and network was primarily focused on creative activities with intensive capital,which was where network elements were primarily concentrated.However,its innovation performance was generally low due to many shortcomings.Further analysis showed that improving the element agglomeration level can promote innovation performance.The effects of different factors on the innovation performance of innovation districts were analyzed.The study found that the intensity of patent cooperation,subject density,number of innovation organizations,and transportation accessibility were generally key factors.This study formulated element allocation strategies for three types of innovation districts according to the main problems identified,aiming to improve their performance.This included the"Campus Plus"strategy for the campus-type districts based on potential exploration of existing innovation districts and element implantation,the"Park Plus"strategy for the park-type districts based on space-function relation reconstruction,and the"Platform Plus"strategy for the platform-type districts based on the reconfiguration of shape-flow coupling and capacity expansion.The three types of innovation districts proposed according to spatial characteristics and element allocation not only reflect their unique ecosystems but also highlight the advantages and shortcomings of innovation elements,thus providing more targeted references for the construction of innovation districts.

Abstract:In the context of refined urban renewal and community governance advancement in China,small-scale public spaces have significant potential to encourage community integration and daily participation.The reconstruction of existing communities and moderate-scale aging-friendly redevelopments focus on the integration of daily activities and flexible multi-purpose use.The design and creation of small-scale public spaces has become central to urban space governance innovation.Nevertheless,the design and creation of small-scale public spaces are faced with many restrictions,such as limited site conditions,policy conflicts between use cases,and so on.A lack of systematic research remains on how spatial design professionals(e.g.,architects,urban designers,research-oriented design firms,and academic researchers)can effectively participate in and facilitate the establishment of community-based collaborative mechanisms to improve small-scale public space design while increasing community involvement.Hence,this study explores the collaborative mechanisms and knowledge transfer paths for spatial design professionals in creating small-scale public spaces. Three typical cases in Hong Kong,China,were chosen as the research objects,namely,"Hong Kong Public Space Initiative,""Very Hong Kong,"and the"Neighbourhood Innovation Lab."This study aims to systematically explore the evolution of professional roles,modes of knowledge engagement,design strategies,and sustainable community governance in small public space design by combining participatory observations,interviews,and document analysis. This study points to a shift in the role of spatial design professionals from the traditional provider of design-related technical services to initiators,facilitators,and platform organizers for small public space design.Moreover,these three cases showed different collaboration modes and roles.Specifically,the"Hong Kong Public Space Initiative"emphasized educational enlightenment and the dissemination of design knowledge.The"Very Hong Kong"project gave priority to policy interfaces and resource integration.The"Neighbourhood Innovation Lab"focused on action research and the co-construction of multi-stakeholder collaboration mechanisms.In these cases,design knowledge was translated into accessible media for public understanding and use through community mapping,speculative workshops,and participatory workshops.These practices can support issue negotiation and prototype generation within communities.Additionally,unique,flexible land-use policies,the active presence of non-profit organizations,and a strong sense of community in Hong Kong lay the foundation for the sustained engagement of spatial design professionals.This study proposed a four-stage participatory pathway model,which involved initiation and awareness,guided practice,platform integration,and design professionals'withdrawal.Furthermore,the study summarized the dissemination mechanisms and collaboration logic of spatial design knowledge within the community. Compared to linear participation models like Arnstein's"Ladder of Citizen Participation,"the collaborative pathway model proposed in this study has stronger cyclicality and phase-based dynamics.It emphasized the interconnections between policy interfacing,knowledge empowerment,and design withdrawal mechanisms.The gradual withdrawal of spatial design professionals suggests a shift in the role of spatial design professionals rather than a decline in expertise.Spatial design professionals have evolved from leaders to platform supporters,overseeing the management of public spaces in the long term. The research path and analysis model in this study offered a referrable strategic framework for the creation of public spaces in established and aging-friendly communities in urban areas across the Chinese mainland.It is recommended to increase public awareness in the early stages of public space design,establish co-creative mechanisms during the design process,facilitate policy linkages and capacity-building through platform governance,and finally ensure the orderly withdrawal of professionals,completing the transition from design-driven intervention to sustainable community governance.

Abstract:With the rapid development of society and the acceleration of informatization in recent years,college students are under increasing pressure to perform,leading to frequent mental health problems.In this context,the environmental quality of campuses,which are an important place for the daily life and leisure activities of students,is vital to their physical and mental health.Guided by the restorative environment theory,this study explores the potential value of campus outdoor spaces in promoting the physical and mental health of college students,aiming to construct a robust evaluation system for campus restorative environments.Besides,some feasible spatial optimization strategies are proposed.Research results provide theoretical support and practical pathways for the development of healthy campuses. A case study based on campus outdoor spaces in the central urban area of Tianjin was carried out.The campus outdoor space was evaluated comprehensively by combining subjective and objective methods.Based on the stability,diversity,and user demands of outdoor space,Tianjin University,Nankai University,and Hebei University of Technology were chosen to evaluate their restorative environments.The relationship between spatial structure and restorative perceptions was explored by analyzing the restorative environmental features of campuses,and the objective evaluation factors of restoration were established by integrating space syntax parameters.Besides,the specific needs of college students for restorative environments were identified through interviews,and subjective evaluation indices for campus outdoor spaces were constructed by combining existing perception scales,covering 1 target layer,5 first-level indicators,and 27 second-level indicators.Subjective and objective evaluation factors were weighted using both the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)and the entropy weight method to establish a comprehensive evaluation index system for the restorative quality of campus outdoor spaces.Finally,the outdoor spaces of the three universities were normalized using the TOPSIS method and ranked based on their advantages and disadvantages to form a complete evaluation system.Hence,the common problems in spaces with low restorative evaluation scores were disclosed. The results show that the restorative characteristics of campus outdoor spaces vary significantly across different types of spaces and campuses.Correlation analysis further revealed that five spatial characteristics(remoteness,richness,attractiveness,complexity,and culture)are all significantly positively correlated with restorative perceptions.Among them,complexity and richness are the most prominent in the chosen campus outdoor spaces,indicating that functional diversity and natural elements have a significant impact on restorative experiences.Spaces with low restorative scores generally exhibit issues such as enclosed landscapes,single-function design,ambiguous spatial boundaries,and weak cultural expression. Based on the above research findings and the five characteristics of campus restorative spaces,this paper proposes optimization principles for campus outdoor spaces from the perspectives of environment,behavior,and culture,which correspond to the principles of nature,society,and culture,respectively.Specific transformation strategies are formulated for different types of spaces.The Jingye Square of Nankai University,which received a low restorative evaluation score,was chosen for reconstruction and optimization based on the above principles and strategies to verify their feasibility.Results can provide references to the restorative design and renewal of campus outdoor spaces in China.

Abstract:Research on the transmission mechanisms of foreign students'place attachment between the campus and city in the context of acculturation not only can enrich interdisciplinary studies but can also help universities and cities pursue more feasible institutional reform and development.Guided by theories of emotional geography,scale jumping,and identity negotiation,a theoretical framework to study place attachment between the campus and city was established.The first-hand data of foreign students'acculturation levels(integration into Chinese culture and retention of home culture),place attachments to campuses and cities,and personal background information were collected via 112 questionnaires to students in five universities in Shipai and Wushan Streets,Tianhe District,Guangzhou,China.Using structural equation modeling(SEM)and hierarchical regression analysis,this study reveals that acculturation significantly enhances campus attachment through functional dependencies(language acquisition,social interaction,and living habits)and thereby indirectly influences city attachment.This study found that:(1)acculturation strengthens practical ways to establish place attachment through functional orientations like language acquisition,social interaction,and adaptation to living habits,and campus attachment lays the foundation for cross-scale transmission of the"campus→ city"through high-frequency interactions(e.g.,"15-minute living circle".(2)Institutional barriers(e.g.,household registration and visa restrictions)and cultural-cognitive discontinuities lead to ruptures in identity transformation from a"student"to a"citizen."Therefore,campus attachment can be transmitted to city attachment only through symbolic identification,while functional dependence fails.This discloses the special dilemma that cross-cultural groups face under institutional exclusion.(3)"Affective threshold effects"are observed in acculturation.After exceeding the critical threshold,place attachment qualitatively shifts from functional dependence to affective identification,thus causing substantial changes.Therefore,universities should optimize campus functional supply and enhance acculturation of foreign students through mixed-dormitory arrangements and other measures,thus enhancing their campus cognition and emotional identification.This lays the foundation for foreign students to explore the city.Cities should relax restrictions on employment visas,create opportunities to promote the citizen rights of foreign students,eliminate their identification challenges,and repair identity ruptures.Only in this way can foreign students gradually acquire the local consciousness that is commensurate with their"citizen"status,thus making it possible to construct and manage global"micro-level"urban spaces.The study on the cross-scale transmission mechanisms of cross-cultural groups'place attachment provides some new theoretical references for immigration policy development and urban space governance.Meanwhile,academia is urged to pay attention to the interactions between the institutional environment and emotional geography.Future studies can strengthen the application and promotional capacity of the model based on a larger sample size.Additionally,studies on multi-scale spatial embedding of the campus-city-country can be carried out.

Abstract:In many Chinese cities, the conflict of frequent flooding and water shortage got deeper, it is necessary to integrate the latest concept of ecological stormwater management and “sponge city” into the construction of sunken green space landscape, so as to realize multiple benefits including the flooding control, water resource utilization and landscaping. Based on Beijing “Code for design of stormwater management and harvest engineering”, through water balance method, the design parameters of sunken greenbelt is determined. In the loamy sand area, sink rate of green space is 50%, under the condition of the control rate of total annual runoff more than 85%, when the ratio of green space for 20%, 30%, and 40%, the proper sinking depth of sunken greenbelt are 200mm, 120mm, and 75mm, respectively. Final y, the article briefly introduces the optimum design of grading, landscaping, and plant waterlogging time.

Abstract:Sponge city is a new national strategy of urban planning to solve urban flooding. Started from the origin of the concept of sponge city, the paper addressed the key issues of the sponge city, including the resilient city, the low impact development and the sustainable resource management. It argues that sponge city offers a more sustainable solution to urban flooding problem than storm water management, and more close to the eco-city and low-carbon city theory. The idea of sponge city is original and effective in transforming the traditional model of urban storm water management in China and to protect the urban aqua-system.

Abstract:Through the analysis of the main problems existing in urban planning and its inner links with the prominent urban water environment problem, such as the city drainage waterlogging, stormwater runoff polution and the shortage of water resources. Starting from the point of urban construction land control and each level connection of urban planning, the ideas of solving the problem of city water environment is put forward from the source of the city construction, therefore, the sponge city construction has been incorporated into each stage of urban planning. a pilot construction project of the sponge city at 2015 is taken as an example, under the concept of the sponge city, how to realize the effective connection between urban overal planning, detailed planning and special planning is introduced in detail, in order to provide planning and design methods which can be used for reference for the construction of China's sponge city.

Abstract:Based on the theory of restorative environment, the potentials on mental restorativeness and attention recovery of urban green spaces in highly densive urban context was discussed, parlicularly on the neighborhood green spaces, healing garden, and built environment. Colaborated with the research of active living research (ALR) , the author believes that the restorative environment could be integrated with the spaces of social communication to build the supportive environment for people's healthy life in highly densive city environment. Restorative environment wil be one of the fundamental theories of green urban design for sustainable urbanism, and for integration of landscape, architecture and urban planning.