Abstract:With the frequent occurrence of extreme weather events worldwide and the increase in flood and drought disasters,the demand for ecological protection and management of rivers,lakes,and reservoirs is growing.The"information silo"problem in traditional monitoring has also become increasingly prominent,which cannot meet the needs of the modern water conservancy governance system.To address the fragmentation of traditional water conservancy monitoring and improve the national capacity for systematic perception and management decision-making of various water elements,there is an urgent need to construct and improve the integrated perception-management system.The development history of water conservancy monitoring in China is systematically reviewed,and the current requirements for comprehensively advancing river protection and management as well as digital twin water conservancy construction are summarized.The requirements for the construction of the integrated perception-management system in six aspects,including basin flood and drought disaster prevention and control,economical and intensive water resource utilization,water ecological protection and restoration,water environment management and early warning,water culture protection and inheritance,and improvement of protection and governance mechanisms,are analyzed with focus.Combining the connotation and objectives of the integrated perception-management system for rivers,lakes,and reservoirs,the"space-air-ground-water-project"multi-source monitoring and perception technologies are introduced in detail,along with the construction ideas for the integrated system in terms of building a basin-wide perception network,perfecting data management,empowering smart water conservancy business applications,and strengthening security and support capabilities.In combination with the development trends of emerging technologies,the challenges and development trends facing the integrated system are prospectively discussed to provide methodological references for building an efficient and intelligent river,lake,and reservoir protection and management system,and to provide theoretical support for the realization of smart water conservancy.

Abstract:In the context of intensified global climate change and frequent extreme precipitation events,based on the continuous 20-year precipitation observation data of Shanghai from 2005 to 2024,this study comprehensively applies linear regression,the Mann-Kendall test method,the moving average method,and the paired sample t-test to systematically reveal the precipitation evolution pattern in Shanghai:The precipitation in the past 20 years is in a peak period of the century,with the annual average precipitation increasing significantly at a rate of 16.1 mm/a;The precipitation during the flood season(June to September)shows a prominent concentration trend,and its 5-year moving proportion has risen from 50.65%in the initial period to 59.53%;The increase in the number of heavy rain events is significant,and the frequency of heavy rain with hourly rain intensity≥80 mm is high,with extreme rainfall events tending to be normalized;There are spatial differences in flood season precipitation.These changes have led to intensified urban waterlogging risks,while the current flood control system presents problems such as insufficient carrying capacity of drainage facilities,limited storage and regulation space of rivers and lakes,and inefficient collaborative management.Based on this,a"gray-blue-green-management"four-dimensional collaborative governance framework is proposed:through gray engineering upgrades(such as increasing the volume of the storage system,upgrading and transforming regional drainage networks,and improving drainage standards),blue space expansion(connecting breakpoints of backbone rivers,increasing river storage capacity,and restoring wetlands),green governance integration(integrating and applying sponge city technology and adaptively renovating built-up areas),and innovative management(relying on platforms for precise early warning and smart scheduling,and promoting social participation),a fourfold coupled system of drainage resilience,storage and regulation resilience,ecological resilience,and management resilience is constructed to collaboratively enhance the resilience of water conservancy facilities.

Abstract:Integrated water resource regulation is a key initiative for implementing the principle of"spatial equilibrium".To mitigate the conflict between water scarcity and high quality socioeconomic development in Ningxia and to enforce the rigid constraints of defining city,land,population,and production by water,this study systematically analyzed the current status and key challenges of water resource regulation in Ningxia.Drawing on regulatory practices under the rigid water resource constraint system,it innovatively constructed a matrix based collaborative governance and unified regulation model characterized by"vertical integration and horizontal coordination".This model has conducted effective exploration in integrated water resource regulation by establishing a comprehensive unified regulation system,improving a four level regulatory organizational structure,innovating a multi level collaborative operational mechanism,and strengthening five major coordination mechanisms,achieving notable results.In light of existing shortcomings in Ningxia's integrated water resource regulation,countermeasures and suggestions were proposed:strengthening the foundation of the national water network project with a focus on"network interconnection,gap filling,and chain reinforcement";improving the collaborative supervision system with the goal of"clear responsibilities and effective enforcement";overcoming monitoring bottlenecks by prioritizing"accurate measurement and reliable data";building a smart regulation center oriented toward"digital twins and intelligent decision making",so as to enhance the capacity and level of integrated water resource regulation and management.

Abstract:River damming generally results in sediment deposition,which not only reduces the reservoir lifespan but also disrupts the natural and continuous transport of water,sediment,and nutrients.Sediment and nutrient retention in reservoirs increases eutrophication risks,while the sharp decline in downstream sediment brings about risks such as nutrient imbalance and ecological degradation.Currently,there is still no effective solution to the above problems.To deal with the economic losses and ecological influence of reservoir sediment deposition on upstream and downstream river sections,this study innovatively proposes the concept of ecological sediment feeding for dammed rivers.An intelligent robot for ecological sediment feeding is independently developed based on the vertical flow velocity distribution characteristics of reservoirs.Therefore,fine sediment from the reservoirs could be continuously transported to downstream channels to meet the demands for reservoir deposition reduction and downstream ecological sediment replenishment simultaneously,and restore the continuity of sediment and nutrient transport as much as possible.The robot comprises a bottom pneumatic sediment lifting device and an underwater robotic platform,and is capable of autonomous underwater movement and precise dredging positioning.For a typical channel-type reservoir,implementing this ecological sediment feeding scheme can reduce annual reservoir deposition by 5%and increase downstream annual sediment transport by 3.5 times,with non-flood season sediment transport potentially restored to pre-damming levels.The concept and technology of ecological sediment feeding are universally applicable and can be extended to reservoirs globally,providing a scientific and effective approach for alleviating reservoir deposition and ecological environment influence.Then,these feasible technical measures and equipment are provided for promoting near-natural restoration of water-sediment processes in dammed rivers and supporting large-scale watershed ecological conservation.

Abstract:The construction of digital and intelligent systems is the inevitable path to promoting the modernization of rural water supply.Based on an analysis of the current status of digital twin rural water supply projects,this paper identified some existing problems such as unclear demand analysis,low input-output efficiency,and challenging sustainable operation.It also delved into the essence,construction content,and methods of digital twin rural water supply,offering systematic thinking and targeted implementation suggestions.The construction of digital twin rural water supply projects should adhere to demand-driven and problem-oriented approaches,aiming to achieve safe,automatic,economic,long-term,and convenient water supply.It is necessary to build a virtual-real integration system with digital technology,twin paths,smart decision-making,and water supply as the object,to realize the digital mapping,intelligent simulation,and smart decision-making of water supply processes and systems.In a specific implementation,the system construction includes an engineering-level smart water supply system and a regional-level smart water supply management platform.The engineering-level system focuses on the closed loop of the intelligent perception system,digital twin platform,and business application system,while the regional-level platform emphasizes comprehensive supervision and multi-business collaboration.The construction of a digital twin rural water supply system should be guided by the principles of"practicality,usability,and ease of use",with monitoring equipment following the criteria of"stability,economy,and convenience",software design aiming for"effectiveness,simplicity,and intuitiveness",and system operation emphasizing"safety,controllability,and adaptability".This will facilitate the transformation of rural water supply management from traditional management to digital and intelligent management,providing digital and intelligent empowerment for the high-quality development and modernization of rural water supply.

Abstract:As critical agricultural infrastructure,irrigation districts support the national strategy of rural revitalization by safeguarding national food security and ensuring the supply of specialty agricultural products.This paper focuses on the key issue of project scale and layout in irrigation district design,with analysis on the scoping and sizing of irrigation areas,water supply-demand analysis and allocation scheme,and water source assessment for project feasibility.In this study,the key considerations in irrigation area scoping are established based on baseline resource surveys,the rule of"defining land by water",and a multi-factor overlay analysis.Criteria are also suggested for the selection of irrigation area sizes,including prioritizing prime farmland while accommodating rural drinking water needs,feasibility assessment for each sub-area,and ensuring sustainable operation.Key points of water supply-demand balance analysis are proposed in this paper,highlighting precise and comprehensive demand forecasting,reliable and dynamically matched supply assessment,and diversified,optimized water allocation.In such an approach,the paper illustrates a multidimensional allocation mode.By source,it helps coordinate the development,utilization,and protection of surface water,groundwater,non-conventional water resources,and transferred water.By user,it balances demands and priorities across agriculture,ecology,domestic use,and industry.By space,it optimizes allocation within irrigation districts and across regions;and by time,it achieves efficient regulation of water resources between and within years.Finally,the key points of water source demonstration are summarized from the perspective of handling the relationships between local and distant sources,elevation-dependent supply options,new and old water,as well as distributed and centralized supply models.The current study aims to offer a clear,rigorous technical pathway and decision-support framework for building modern irrigation districts with appropriate scale,efficient allocation,and reliable water sources.It contributes theoretical insights and practical guidance for the scientific planning and construction of irrigation projects.

Abstract:Shanxi Province is one of the regions in northern China where groundwater over-exploitation is relatively severe,and groundwater management is confronted with multiple pressures,including over-exploitation control,ecological protection,and high-quality development.The construction of a groundwater digital twin system is a key approach to addressing the challenges of groundwater management in Shanxi Province.This paper systematically analyzes the demands of groundwater management and proposes a construction path for a groundwater management digital twin system in Shanxi Province.Starting from the establishment of a full-element database,multi-source data are integrated,and a"data base"is constructed with the support of remote sensing,geographic information systems,and global positioning systems(3S technologies)and building information modeling(BIM),together with the establishment of a dynamic data updating mechanism.A group of models is developed,including a refined three-dimensional groundwater flow numerical model and a solute transport simulation model,which are coupled with optimization algorithms to form a simulation-optimization coupled model.In addition,a"four pre"simulation module(forecast,early-warning,rehearsal,and contingency planning)is developed.After completion,the groundwater digital twin system can provide strong support for the implementation of groundwater management control indicators,supervision of groundwater abstraction,control of groundwater over-exploitation,and scientific allocation of groundwater resources,thus promoting the transformation of groundwater management from experience-driven to data-driven.

Abstract:Flash flood disasters are characterized by strong suddenness,great destructiveness and complex disaster chains,severely threatening the safety of people's life and property as well as social stability.Featuring an extensive coverage of mountains and hills and concentrated rainfall in flood seasons,Zhejiang Province is an area with high incidence of flash floods.In recent years,frequent extreme weather events,coupled with disturbances from human social and economic activities,have caused a diversified and diffused trend of disaster-causing factors,making the prevention and control of flash flood disasters increasingly difficult.To this end,Zhejiang Province has effectively improved its capacity of preventing flash floods by constructing a three-dimensional monitoring network of"three lines of defense"and a multi-stage progressive early warning system to enhance the accuracy and timeliness of early warnings,and strengthen the construction of grassroots early warning and risk avoidance capabilities.This paper analyzes the deficiencies and challenges in the lead time of early warning,defense units,monitoring stability,responsibility connection and grassroots capabilities of flash floods in Zhejiang Province under new situations.Additionally,it proposes corresponding countermeasures from the following five aspects.The layout of monitoring station networks should be optimized to improve the capability of capturing extreme rainfall,dynamic risk identification should be strengthened to expand the coverage of early warnings,and early warning models and algorithms should be iterated to enhance the forecasting and early warning accuracy.Meanwhile,it is necessary to improve the mass monitoring and prevention system to achieve the full coverage of early warnings at the grassroots level,and strengthen research on scientific and technological support to promote the iteration of early warning technologies.By sorting out and reflecting on the construction of flash flood monitoring and early warning systems in Zhejiang Province,this paper can provide a useful reference for improving flash flood prevention systems in other regions of China.

Abstract:After ten years of constant comprehensive management,aquifer levels in the North China Plain generally show the trend of significant recovery.However,the over-exploitation of deep confined aquifers remains ongoing,causing geological and environmental problems such as land subsidence and saltwater intrusion,which have become a focus and challenge in the current control and restoration of groundwater over-exploitation.Based on systematic investigation and monitoring,laboratory and field experiments,simulation analysis,as well as the research and practical summary of control measures,this study investigates the variations in the deep confined aquifer in the North China Plain,reveals the land subsidence and saline aquifer variations caused by confined water over-exploitation,and identifies the lateral recharge flux of deep confined water.Meanwhile,it proposes the exploitable amount,recoverable over-exploited amount,and healthy groundwater level thresholds for deep confined aquifers in the North China Plain,with the effectiveness of well irrigation recharge in lifting the saltwater-freshwater interface preliminarily verified.Additionally,from the perspectives of efficiency,durability,and economy,the study puts forward the hydrogeological dominant channels for natural recharge,as well as the measures to be strengthened,including the alternative utilization of shallow brackish water and greater efforts in external water diversion.This study aims to support the management,protection,and restoration of deep confined water in the North China Plain.

Abstract:The Heihe River basin initiated the integrated regulation and management of mainstream water volume in 2000.In the implementation of integrated water regulation and ecological protection and governance of the Heihe River,the Heihe River Bureau guided by President Xi Jinping's water governance principles of"prioritizing water conservation,balancing spatial distribution,taking systematic approaches and promoting government-market synergy",has integrated the concept of"lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets"into the construction of the basin's community of life,forming a"five-in-one"integrated governance system of"administrative leadership,legal guarantee,economic incentives,engineering foundation,and technological support".At the administrative level,a management system combining basin management with regional management and a system of responsibility for administrative heads have been established;at the legal level,a legal framework based on relevant national water laws and regulations,with special management measures as the core and local supporting regulations as supplements,has initially taken shape;at the economic level,water rights system reform and pilot ecological compensation work in Gansu Province have been carried out;at the engineering level,the leading role of the Huangzangsi Water Control Project has been brought into play,and ecological system function enhancement projects such as river dredging and bundling projects,ecological sluices and dams,and fencing enclosures have been implemented in coordination;at the technological level,the Heihe River water regulation simulation and decision support system was developed,and the"winter-spring continuous"water transfer mode was innovatively implemented.Under a series of innovative practices of integrated water regulation in the Heihe River mainstream,all ecological flow targets have been met,downstream water volume has increased significantly,biodiversity restoration effectiveness is remarkable,and win-win economic and social benefits have been achieved.It is recommended to promote the protection and governance of the Heihe River to a new level through continuous innovation in science and technology,systems,and policies in the future.

Abstract:Against the backdrop of climate change,influenced by factors such as tidal backwater,rapid urbanization and high population density,coastal cities are plagued by frequent waterlogging disasters and show the problems of inadequate prevention and control capacity of waterlogging disasters and low intelligence level of decision-making analysis.Therefore,carrying out research on the simulation deduction of waterlogging disasters in coastal cities is of practical significance.By taking Macao as the research object,this study constructs a simulation deduction system for waterlogging disasters in coastal cities and carries out simulation deduction analysis on the prevention and control effectiveness of key projects.This system features functions such as urban waterlogging disaster simulation and 3D visual scenario deduction.By conducting a series of tests and validations based on historical waterlogging disaster events from Typhoon Hato,the system demonstrates high simulation accuracy and robust 3D visualization capabilities.Simulation deduction analysis of the prevention and control effectiveness of key projects including new tidal barrages and raised embankments reveals that while the construction of tidal barrages effectively blocks external tidal water and significantly reduces the influence of waterlogging disasters on the western side of the Peninsula of Macao,waterlogging still occurs in some areas on the northeastern side of the peninsula.After constructing the tidal barrages and raising the embankments in key areas of the peninsula,the northeastern part of it exhibits only isolated ponding with the maximum ponding depth less than 10 cm.The combination of constructing tidal barrages and raising embankments can effectively prevent and control the risk of waterlogging disasters in the Peninsula of Macao.This study can provide a scientific,systematic,and visual simulation platform for the prevention,response,and mitigation of waterlogging disasters in coastal cities.It serves as a reference for the scientific management and control of such disasters in coastal cities.

Abstract:The evolution of the human-water relationship,from reverence and adaptation to intelligent synergy,fundamentally reflects the parallel enhancement of humanity's cognitive ability,regulatory capacity,and level of respect for water.The value of"digital intelligence"extends beyond technological innovation.It lies in its evolution into data-driven,precise regulation.It translates the historical philosophy of"basin-wide co-governance"into practice through digital-intelligent platforms,enabling holistic and coordinated management.This paper systematically analyzes the progression toward human-water harmony and proposes a new digital-intelligence empowered paradigm.This paradigm addresses the challenges of coordinating the human-water relationship across three dimensions:technological implementation,institutional innovation,and value realization.It aims to optimize human-computer interaction,achieve seamless integration among humans,water,and machines,and ultimately reconstruct their symbiotic relationship,fulfilling the watershed governance goal of human-water harmony.Taking the Mulan River basin in Fujian Province as an example.Intelligent agents have been proposed across macro-,meso-,and micro-scales:the water status perception and"four pre"(forecasting,early-warning,rehearsal,and contingency planning)intelligent agent,the multi-objective coordinated scheduling intelligent agent,the whole-society participation in governance intelligent agent,and the ecological protection adaptation intelligent agent.These are integrated with institutional mechanisms such as the multi-agent collaboration mechanism and the human-machine cooperative verification mechanism,aiming to build a"digital-intelligent Mulan River"system with autonomous capabilities in perception,analysis,decision-making,collaboration,execution,and feedback.The ultimate goal is to achieve the ideal state of"humans understanding water,water benefiting humans,and machines facilitating harmony",thereby offering a replicable model of intelligent synergy,the Mulan River Sample,for global watershed governance focused on human-water symbiosis.

Abstract:To clarify the nitrogen pollution status and endogenous release potential of sediments in the Three Gorges Reservoir,this study focused on the perennial backwater area,where nine typical sampling sites were set up to collect 0–30 cm sediment cores.The contents of nitrogen in various forms and nitrogen transformation rates were determined,and the key influencing factors were analyzed.The results show that:①The average total nitrogen(TN)content in the sediments is 792.13 mg/kg,which is much lower than the heavy pollution threshold and the levels in major lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,indicating an overall low level of nitrogen pollution.②Nitrogen is mainly in the form of total organic nitrogen(TON),and the proportion of residual nitrogen(RN)in TON exceeds 96%.The nitrogen mineralization rate is low,suggesting high nitrogen stability.③The content of active nitrogen is relatively low,implying a low risk of large-scale nitrogen release in the short term.④Spatially,the TN content in the deep sediments of the upper reservoir area is higher than that in the surface sediments,while in the lower reservoir area,the TN content in the surface sediments is higher than that in the deep sediments,indicating a potential risk of local TN accumulation.⑤pH(ranging from 8.03 to 8.95)is a key influencing factor,showing a significant negative correlation with most nitrogen forms and ammonification rate.Excessively high pH will inhibit nitrogen transformation.In conclusion,the current level of nitrogen pollution in the reservoir sediments is low,and the risk of endogenous nitrogen release is low.However,the accumulation of TN in the surface sediments of the pre-dam section requires more attention.Additionally,pH can be used as a key entry point for regulating nitrogen cycling.This study can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of nitrogen pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir.

Abstract:Focusing on common issues such as obstructed water flow,ecological encroachment,and resource shortages in the mother rivers of northern China,this study analyzed the various factors influencing the objectives of mother river restoration.Guided by problem-oriented and goal-oriented approaches,a process for formulating restoration measures for these rivers was proposed.For different types of mother river health problems,four core restoration measures were introduced:returning occupied spaces,restoring flow connectivity,supplementing water resources,and preventing and controlling risks.By systematically reviewing current relevant policies and documents at national and local levels,the guiding frameworks and technical standards applicable to each type of measure were elaborated in detail.Combining an in-depth analysis of the"one river(one lake)with one policy"plans for mother river restoration actions in northern China with existing practical experiences in river and lake governance,this study further refined the specific technical pathways and implementation plans for each measure.Ultimately,a regionally targeted and actionable technical framework for the mother river restoration in northern China was developed,aiming to provide clear technical guidance for related practices.The study also took the Yang River and the Yongding River as typical cases,conducting analyses of problem diagnosis,goal setting,and measure matching.

Abstract:The Research Group of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Water Resources has thoroughly studied and implemented President Xi Jinping's water governance principles of"prioritizing water conservation,balancing spatial distribution,taking systematic approaches and promoting government-market synergy",as well as his important expositions on water governance.It has gained an in-depth understanding of the theoretical system of water governance with President Xi Jinping's thinking as the core,conducted thorough research on the provincial and water conditions of Shaanxi,and applied the systematic concept to the whole process and all aspects of water governance and development.Adhering to river basins as units and regions as the foundation,the group coordinated the relationships between upstream and downstream,left and right banks,and main streams and tributaries,striving to achieve governance covering all factors,all river basins,and the whole process.This paper systematically summarized the achievements made by Shaanxi Province during the 14th Five-Year Plan period in such fields as water conservancy for people's livelihood,water network construction,flood and drought disaster prevention,river and lake management,water resources management,and rural water supply.It accurately analyzed the challenges facing the high-quality development of water conservancy in the 15th Five-Year Plan period.By strengthening strategic thinking,holistic thinking,and systematic thinking,the paper put forward the"1234"overall framework for the high-quality development of water conservancy in Shaanxi Province:building"one master network",optimizing"two water networks",planning"three major regions",and ensuring"four securities".It further clarified and improved the systemic governance layout of river basins and regions featured by"two maps and one database",improved the water resources allocation mechanism,implemented the"eight major projects",and established the"eight major systems".The paper promoted the coordinated governance of water disasters,water resources,water ecology,and water environment,effectively enhanced the modernization level of the water governance system and governance capacity,and provided solid water security for writing a new chapter of Shaanxi Province's development in the 15th Five-Year Plan period and striving to be a demonstration in western China.

Abstract:Due to the comprehensive factors such as dam construction technologies,materials,operation and maintenance,and risk mitigation,it is difficult to achieve the accurate prediction and early warning of the safe operation status of small reservoir dams,which thus becomes an important factor restricting the improvement of their safe operation and management capacity.To explore high-accuracy prediction methods for the safe operation status of small reservoirs and construct a technical path for digital twin projects in line with the characteristics of small reservoirs,this study analyzes the specific characteristics of different dam types by taking small reservoirs in Anhui as an example.Meanwhile,it combines the safety monitoring indicators of reservoir dams,conducts in-depth analysis of the main dynamic and static influencing factors of the safe operation of earth-rockfill dam and concrete dam reservoirs,and explores the technical route for the prediction and early warning of the safety risk status of dams.Based on traditional safety monitoring model technologies,it analyzes the functions and application constraints of statistical models,deterministic models and hybrid monitoring models,and proposes a mathematical-driven analysis method for the safety monitoring and early warning indicators of small reservoir dams,constructing a multi-level collaborative early warning system for the generation,release and disposal of early warnings.Additionally,with"project safety"as the core,this paper puts forward a technical scheme for the digital twin construction of small reservoirs.In accordance with the technical path of forecast,early-warning,rehearsal,and contingency planning,the application results of dam safety monitoring,early warning and digital twin for small reservoirs are discussed by combining application cases to provide important technical support for improving the safe operation and management capacity of small reservoirs.

Abstract:The unique natural condition of Hong Kong,being"surrounded by the sea on three sides",determines that its hydrological situation is highly susceptible to climatic conditions.Coupled with the high-intensity water demand resulting from rapid economic and social development over the years,the contradiction between water supply and demand in Hong Kong is particularly prominent.There is an urgent need to strengthen the construction of a modern water supply system to drive the high-quality economic and social development through high-quality assurance of water supply security.In recent years,through engineering construction,water quality control,technological iteration,and institutional innovation,Hong Kong has gradually formed a multi-source water supply pattern and a modern water supply system with"local water collection as the foundation,cross-border water diversion as the mainstay,and unconventional water sources as a supplement",relying on a circular water supply network composed of 17 major reservoirs,184 pumping stations,and 18 water treatment plants across the territory.This system has achieved high-standard water quality monitoring and risk prevention and control throughout the entire process of"source,water conveyance,water treatment,and water distribution".Practice has proven that this system has significantly enhanced the level of water supply security in Hong Kong,providing crucial resource support for sustaining its long-term prosperity and stability.It also injects enduring impetus into the deepening of collaborative water resource governance in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and the promotion of high-quality regional development.In particular,the historic measure of supplying water from the Dongjiang River to Hong Kong has,over the past six decades,brought a continuous flow of"water of life,political water,and economic water"to the city,vividly demonstrating the remarkable institutional advantages and strong vitality of the fundamental national policy of One Country,Two Systems.Its experience holds significant reference value for coastal high-density cities worldwide in addressing water resource challenges under climate change.

Abstract:As the main framework and artery of the national water network,the South-to-North Water Diversion Project(SNWDP)concerns the overall strategic landscape,long-term development,and the people's well-being.The Ministry of Water Resources has undertaken safety risk assessments for Phase I of the East and Middle Routes of the SNWDP to mitigate potential safety hazards.This study seeks to enhance the dynamic risk-prevention mechanism and standardize safety-risk management of the project,thereby ensuring its long-term safe operation.Through a comprehensive review of the current status of risk assessment and management methodologies applied to the SNWDP,this research delineates operational procedures,assigns responsibilities,and outlines processes for risk identification,evaluation,control,and supervision within the"three dimensions of safety":project structural safety,water supply reliability,and water quality assurance.Additionally,technologies are investigated for risk prevention across these three dimensions in the SNWDP.Finally,a preliminary long-term risk-prevention mechanism is established for the SNWDP,proposing key elements such as standardization of risk-assessment technologies,systematization of rules and regulations,normalization of execution and management,and intelligent development through digital twins.Combining institutional innovation with technological empowerment,this mechanism promotes risk management transformation from passive response to proactive prevention,providing scientific support for the high-quality development of the SNWDP.

Abstract:A retrospective analysis was conducted on four extreme rainstorm events that occurred in Laiwu of Shandong Province,Miyun of Beijing,Yuzhong of Gansu Province,and Ji'an of Jilin Province in 2025.The analysis indicates that current numerical forecasting models still have evident limitations in predicting the initiation and life cycle of mesoscale and small-scale convective systems.In particular,large deviations remain in forecasting the location and intensity of localized heavy rainfall induced by long-distance moisture transport from typhoons and by complex topographic conditions.In response to these challenges,countermeasures are proposed from four aspects.First,the construction and application of water conservancy precipitation radar networks should be strengthened,while multi-source data fusion and AI-based inversion technologies should be advanced to achieve more accurate precipitation monitoring.Second,the"cloud-rain"precipitation model should be upgraded by introducing physical constraints and dynamic parameter calibration mechanisms,so as to overcome the bottlenecks of traditional statistical models in capturing multi-scale precipitation systems.Third,identification and forecasting models for typhoon residual vortices should be developed to address the problem of sustained disaster impacts after typhoon landfall.Fourth,AI-integrated ensemble precipitation forecast interpretation techniques should be developed to quantify the occurrence probability of extreme precipitation events.Through the above measures,it is expected that the lead time of flood-causing rainstorms can be extended and forecast accuracy can be improved,thereby providing stronger scientific support for flood control decision-making.

Abstract:Hubei Province,serving as the core ecological barrier of the Yangtze River Economic Belt,has been actively exploring pathways for realizing the value of ecological products in water conservancy scenic areas.By the end of 2024,the province had designated 95 water conservancy scenic areas at or above the provincial level,with reservoir-type areas accounting for 64.2%.Taking the Shiqiao Reservoir Provincial Water Conservancy Scenic Area in Ezhou City as a pilot,this study develops a full-chain"protection-accounting-realization"framework for realizing the value of ecological products.Based on the value of ecosystem products(VEP)methodology for specific territorial units,the study constructs an accounting system comprising 17 indicators grouped into 9 sub-classes in 3 classes:material supply,regulating services,and cultural services.The total value of ecological products in 2023 was estimated at RMB 402 million,with regulating services contributing 54.11%,cultural services 41.82%and material supply 4.07%.A zoning-based realization strategy was then implemented.Shiqiao Village adopted a"water-culture+"model,introducing a water-quality assurance fee and developing water-science tourism and recreational fisheries.Yueshihong Village pursued a"countryside+wellness"approach by establishing organic farms and forest homestays.Li'ao Village focused on"ecology+adventure",piloting carbon-credit transactions and geoscientific excursions.Institutionally,Ezhou City issued China's first municipal Administrative Measures for Water Eco-product Trading and completed the inaugural transaction of 355.88 mu(about 23.7 hm2)of eco-tourism operating rights.The proceeds were earmarked for environmental remediation,forming a closed"resource-asset-capital-feedback"loop.This paper recommends refining the technical standards for VEP accounting,expanding the tradable asset register,strengthening legal safeguards,and scaling up the Hubei zoning-based realization model.