Abstract:Urban water culture,as a unique cultural phenomenon where cities and water coexist and intertwine,plays a positive and far-reaching role in preserving the roots of civilization,inheriting water management wisdom,empowering economic development,elevating urban quality,and fostering consensus on harmonious development between cities and water.This study delves into the definition and characteristics of urban water culture:It encompasses the material and spiritual achievements forged through long-term human-water interactions during the formation and evolution of cities,combining the commonalities of water culture,urbanization,and regional distinctiveness.Guangzhou,with its hydrological layout of"three rivers converging and eight mouths reaching the sea",has accumulated profound water cultural heritage as a millennia-old water city.The research systematically traces the historical evolution of Guangzhou's water culture and water management practices,identifying three core traits:"affection for water and love for life,openness and inclusiveness,and the integration of city and water".It also conducts an in-depth analysis of the current challenges in Guangzhou's water culture development,pinpointing the prominent contradiction between"the sedimentation of high-quality genes of a millennia-old water city"and"the insufficient brand recognition of a contemporary water city".Centering on the construction goals of"highlighting Guangfu water charm and achieving city-water integration",the study proposes pathways such as protecting,restoring,and revitalizing material carriers,reshaping dissemination systems,and strengthening public water culture identity.The research findings can serve as a reference for the inheritance and development of Guangzhou's water culture,while also providing a"Guangzhou case"that combines historical depth and contemporary vitality for the inheritance and innovation of water culture in megacities.

Abstract:Flood prevention and safety is a matter of great importance to the long-term stability and security of the nation.The characteristics of China's monsoon climate and natural geographical conditions determine that the spatial and temporal distribution of water resources is extremely uneven,and the resulting water-related disasters have always been a prominent risk that cannot be ignored in the process of Chinese modernization.In recent years,under the influence of global climate change,the evolution of weather systems has intensified;extreme precipitation events in China have become more frequent and intense,and regional,sudden,and extreme flood disasters have increasingly manifested.In the future,the frequency of short-term intense rainfall events on an hourly scale and small-scale regional extreme flood events may increase,creating an urgent need to further streamline flood disaster prevention strategies under changing conditions,improve flood disaster defense measures,and comprehensively enhance the proactivity,systematization,and precision of flood disaster prevention.By analyzing and summarizing the characteristics and trends of extreme precipitation and flood disasters in China over the past decade,this study examines response strategies,elements,and objectives for extreme weather and flood disasters from four dimensions:forecast and warning,rigid resistance,flexible adjustment,and technological empowerment.It aims to form a comprehensive,safe,efficient,and resilient system to address the risks of extreme weather events and flood disasters,providing a reference for advancing the modernization of China's flood safety system and capabilities.

Abstract:The Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(CPC)on Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development,deliberated and adopted at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee,has anchored the era-oriented coordinates,provided theoretical guidance,and pointed out the direction for advancement for the high-quality development of soil and water conservation(SWC)during the 15th Five-Year Plan period.SWC serves as a fundamental measure for river protection and governance and an indispensable requirement for ecological civilization construction.During the 15th Five-Year Plan period,it has entered a critical phase of transition from"reducing quantity and lowering level"to"improving quality and efficiency",and further to"ecological value enhancement".This paper systematically summarizes the remarkable achievements of SWC during the 14th Five-Year Plan period,objectively analyzes its phased positioning and strategic direction for the 15th Five-Year Plan period,and clarifies the overall approach,working principles,and main objectives.It proposes to take deepening reform and innovation as the driving force,enhancing people's wellbeing as the goal,efficient supervision and services as the means,strengthening capacity building as the support,and adhering to the CPC's overall leadership as the guideline.Furthermore,it aims to deepen the SWC work pattern featuring"party committee leadership(led by the CPC committees),government responsibility,inter-departmental coordination,and whole-society participation",so as to ensure the basic completion of a comprehensive prevention and control system for soil erosion compatible with national economic and social development by 2030,with the national SWC rate reaching over 74%.This will further highlight the strategic value of SWC in terms of ecological security and food security and provide strong support for building a Beautiful China,realizing common prosperity for all people,and promoting comprehensive rural revitalization.

Abstract:Zhejiang Province serves as a crucial component of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the Yangtze River Delta,as well as the junction of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the Maritime Silk Road,playing a vital role in China's socio-economic development.The water conservancy constitutes the cornerstone for supporting Zhejiang's high-quality economic and social development and its pilot demonstration zone for common prosperity.This paper systematically reviews the province's water achievements during the 14th Five-Year Plan in flood-risk reduction,water resources allocation,happy rivers and lakes creation,rural water supply enhancement,and institutional reform.It then diagnoses the opportunities,challenges,and remaining gaps for the forthcoming 15th Five-Year Plan.On this basis,the"1426"road map is proposed for Zhejiang's water security safeguarding:1 goal—taking the lead in provincial-level water-modernization;4 tasks—safeguarding water security,optimizing water allocation,restoring aquatic ecosystems,and advancing water-related culture;2 flagship programs—a modern water network that reinforces security and fosters development and a province-wide happy rivers-and-lakes initiative that improves livelihoods and supports common prosperity;6"every"aspirations—safe water for every citizen,resilient flood defense for every watershed,quality irrigation for every plot,healthy ecology for every river segment,cultural services for every reach,and modernized governance for every project.Three strategic measures,infrastructure upgrading,governance-capacity enhancement and sectoral innovation,will be implemented to raise water-security standards and thereby provide solid water support for Zhejiang's pursuit of Chinese modernization.

Abstract:Water productivity is one of the key indicators for the management and performance evaluation of agricultural water resources.However,due to the large yield differences among crops,their water productivity cannot be directly compared.To address this issue,the concepts of agricultural economic water productivity(WPe)and agricultural economic irrigation water productivity(IWPe)were proposed,in which agricultural output value was used to replace crop yield,eliminating the influence of crop differences and enabling comparative evaluation of agricultural water use efficiency across different times and regions.Using provinces as the basic unit,WPe and IWPe were calculated to analyze their spatial and temporal distribution characteristics IWPe in China and among provinces from 2000 to 2022.The influencing factors were further identified through a random forest feature importance evaluation.The results show that the values of WPe and IWPe in all provinces continuously increased from 2000 to 2022,with national averages rising from 1.1 yuan/m3 and 3.8 yuan/m3 to 5.8 yuan/m3 and 22.3 yuan/m3,respectively.Spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated that provinces with similar WPe exhibited significant spatial clustering,generally showing a high level in North China and a low level in Southwest China.About 15 provinces displayed high-high(HH)or low-low(LL)local autocorrelation attributes,and both the overall and local spatial differentiation characteristics showed no significant temporal change during the 23 years.The spatial clustering of IWPe was not obvious.Gross regional product,added value of agriculture,forestry,animal husbandry and fishery,total power of agricultural machinery,amount of applied chemical fertilizers(converted to pure nutrients),and effective irrigated area were identified as the main influencing factors.Based on these factors,pathways to improve agricultural economic water use efficiency were proposed,providing references for national and local agricultural water resources management.

Abstract:With the in-depth implementation of the"Digital China"strategy,the digital twin basin has become a critical infrastructure for modern water-resource governance.Significant progress has been made in the data foundation,model platforms,knowledge platforms,and"four pre"functions(forecast,early-warning,rehearsal and plan).However,existing digital twin systems exhibit notable deficiencies in higher-order cognitive capabilities,such as integrating expert knowledge,supporting autonomous learning,and enabling intelligent decision-making.This makes it difficult for them to meet the demands for scenario dynamization,business process automation,and decision-making intelligence.To overcome these challenges,this paper introduces cognitive intelligence and proposes the"cognitive digital twin basin"concept and its framework.Central to this paradigm is the cognitive intelligence layer,constructed upon three fundamental platforms:data,models,and knowledge.This layer is driven by a multi-agent system based on large language models(LLMs),which actively and intelligently coordinates and orchestrates the underlying platforms to deliver advanced cognitive capabilities,including dynamic modeling,intelligent simulation,and optimization-based decision-making.The objective is to transform the static and experience-driven processes within the"2+N"business to an automated and cognition-driven dynamic workflow.In terms of the technical system,the core technical paths are elaborated,including multi-agent collaboration,data and knowledge fusion-driven simulation,online parameter incremental learning,model state assimilation correction,and continuous optimization of expert preferences.Through a case study in the Tunxi River basin of Anhui Province,this paper demonstrates how the framework efficiently conducts flood forecasting and makes decisions,verifying the application value of cognitive intelligence in complex basin management.The paper discusses existing theoretical and engineering challenges and outlines future directions for the intelligent upgrading of data,models,and knowledge platforms.This work provides a theoretical and technical foundation for advancing digital twin basins in China toward higher-order cognitive intelligence.

Abstract:Small-scale farmland water projects are essential infrastructure for agricultural production and rural life in China,playing a crucial role in stabilizing and increasing grain production,ensuring rural water security,promoting sustainable agricultural development,and advancing comprehensive rural revitalization.At present,the construction and management of water projects face systemic challenges,with some regions experiencing long-term disrepair and functional degradation of facilities,which directly affect their sustainable operation and benefits.This study analyzes the progress of small-scale farmland water projects in stabilizing grain and cash crop production,ensuring rural water security,promoting green agricultural development,and advancing rural revitalization.It further examines existing problems,such as unclear responsibilities,insufficient overall planning,shortages and imbalances in construction funding,and the lack of effective management and maintenance mechanisms.Targeted measures are proposed,including clarifying departmental responsibilities,promoting coordinated planning based on local conditions,increasing investment and balancing fund allocation,systematically summarizing and promoting management and maintenance experience,and strengthening scientific and technological support.These measures aim to promote the high-quality development of small-scale farmland water projects,enhance agricultural production resilience,and ensure national food security.

Abstract:Against the backdrop of the spring 2025 operation of the Xiliao River,this study focuses on the joint operation of reservoirs and the flow process at the Hairisu Hydrological Station,systematically revealing the synergistic relationships among river ice melting,reservoir operation,and flow evolution,and exploring more reasonable reservoir operation modes during the spring dispatch period.Research indicates that at the early stage of ice melting,the outflow from reservoirs should be appropriately increased under the premise of ensuring flood safety to accelerate the melting of the ice cover and seize the favorable scheduling window.After the ice cover breaks,the combined reservoir discharge should be adjusted in a timely manner according to the flow variation nodes observed at the Hairisu Hydrological Station.In the early stage of river opening,the combined reservoir discharge can be increased to 20～30 m3/s;during the middle and late stages,it should be gradually increased to offset the growing infiltration losses,reaching 50～60 m3/s to meet the optimal dispatch flow of 60 m3/s at the Hairisu Hydrological Station.During the free-flow period,the combined reservoir discharge should continue to increase,while the reservoir release strategy should be adjusted following the"delayed adjustment"principle to avoid the impact of flood peak superposition.This study provides theoretical support and practical guidance for the scientific decision-making and optimized management of ecological water dispatch in the Xiliao River basin.

Abstract:The Yangtze River is the mother river of the Chinese nation and an essential foundation for national development.Water security in the Yangtze River basin is vital to the country's long-term stability.This paper summarizes the achievements in safeguarding water security in the basin,provides an in-depth analysis of the new situation and emerging requirements,and,based on fully leveraging the guiding role of strategic planning for the water sector,proposes the overall approach for formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for water security in the Yangtze River basin.Guided by the"six implementation paths"for high-quality development of water sector and by the goal of accelerating the development of new quality productive forces in the water sector to adapt to major transformations in productive forces,the paper puts forward major measures for water security from six perspectives:ensuring the Yangtze River's security and stability;accelerating the development of a modern water network;comprehensively advancing the ecological protection and restoration of rivers and lakes;continuously promoting the development of the Digital Twin Yangtze River;further enhancing the intensive and safe utilization of water resources;and consistently improving the institutional,governance,and legal framework for basin management.These measures provide a decision-making basis for supporting the high-quality development of the water sector,charting a development pathway to sustain the Yangtze River's vitality,and contributing"Yangtze River Strength"to better support and serve the advancement of Chinese modernization.

Abstract:The joint regulation and operation of the Three Gorges Project and the cascade reservoirs upstream have altered the processes of water and sediment transport in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.The combined hydrodynamic effects of clear-water discharge and the inflows from major tributaries and lakes in the middle reaches have reshaped the nutrient environment pattern of the river.Based on systematic monitoring during the complete hydrological cycle from 2023 to 2024,this study reveals the spatiotemporal evolution of sediment characteristics,nutrients,and dissolved organic matter(DOM)in the river section from Yichang,Hubei to Jiujiang,Jiangxi.The results show that reservoir regulation significantly changed sediment composition characteristics.During flood discharge,the proportion of silt particles sharply increased to 95.2%,and the median sediment particle size exhibited spatial variation ranging from 3.2 to 59.5 μm.Tributary inflows made significant contributions to local clay enrichment.The coupling of water and sediment had selective effects on nutrient migration and transformation:very fine sediment markedly enhanced the adsorption capacity for phosphorus;dissolved silicate showed a significant positive correlation with sediment content;while nitrogen distribution was mainly controlled by human activities and showed a weak correlation with sediment characteristics.DOM components displayed clear seasonal succession characteristics,with microbial-derived humic acids dominating during the non-flood season,and additional terrestrial fulvic acids and other characteristic humic substances-emerging during the flood season,increasing the number of DOM components from 2 in the non-flood season to 4 in the flood season.The study elucidates the synergistic variation characteristics of the"water-sediment-nutrient-organic matter"system under the regulation of the Three Gorges Project system,providing a scientific basis for ecological protection in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Abstract:The Water Diversion Project from the Yangtze River to the Hanjiang River is an important component of China's national water network construction.It includes the country's longest single tunnel with the largest diameter and the highest overall technical difficulty among pressurized water-conveyance tunnels under construction.For the first time,a cluster of super-large-diameter tunnel boring machines(TBMs)has been applied in the project,breaking through the technical limitations of TBM type-selection and configuration for hydraulic tunnels in China.In the TBM cluster type-selection study of the project's water-conveyance tunnel,quantitative selection methods were applied,including threshold analysis of adverse geological conditions and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of TBM adaptability to deep composite strata.Based on a comprehensive evaluation of geological and structural adaptability,safety,economy and schedule reliability,a cluster scheme comprising 4 open-type,3 single-shield,2 double-shield and 1 dual-mode TBMs was proposed.Meanwhile,several innovative technical systems were configured,including the open-type TBM steel segment erection system,the normal prestressed anchoring drill rig,the double-shield TBM anchor-mesh-shotcrete support system,the advanced geological prediction system,the multifunctional forward-probing drill system,and the intelligent TBM cluster management and control platform.This approach establishes a new model for the type-selection and targeted configuration of super-large-diameter TBM clusters in deep-buried,long-distance tunnels under complex geological conditions.

Abstract:The Danjiangkou Reservoir area and its upper basin,as the water source for the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project,is fundamental to ensuring drinking water security for 118 million residents in the receiving areas of Beijing,Tianjin,Hebei,and Henan.This paper systematically reviews the laws and regulations,policy measures,and planning schemes related to water quality assurance in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area and its upper basin.It comprehensively summarizes the progress in water quality improvement,ecological environment enhancement,comprehensive water environment management,monitoring system improvement,water resources allocation,emergency response to sudden water pollution incidents,and institutional and legal framework development.In the new context,long-term and complex challenges remain for safeguarding water quality in this region.Issues such as water quality fluctuations during the flood season,localized algal blooms in tributary bays,nonpoint source pollution loads,difficulties in managing drawdown zones,and sudden water environmental incidents are analyzed,along with challenges posed by incomplete legal frameworks,insufficient institutional mechanisms,and the absence of a long-term funding mechanism.Considering the national strategic positioning of the region as a major water source and the requirements of the new development stage,strategies are proposed,including strengthening risk prevention and control for water sources,advancing revisions to laws and regulations,improving governance mechanisms,establishing sound funding mechanisms,and promoting scientific and technological innovation.These recommendations provide a reference for sustaining water quality security in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area and its upper basin.

Abstract:The comprehensive reform of agricultural water prices is a crucial measure to promote sustainable utilization of water resources,ensure the sound operation and sustainable development of irrigation districts,and safeguard national food security and water security.After years of reform results progress have been achieved and valuable experience has been accumulated.This paper briefly outlines the objectives and significance of reform of agricultural water prices,reviews its four development stages,and summarizes main achievement based on the practices and experiences of various regions over the past 10 years.Focusing on the establishment of reform mechanisms,the paper analyzes and sorts out promotable local experiences.It elaborates on the basic contents and requirements of major reform mechanisms such as water metering technology,water price formation,and project operation and maintenance,and summarizes and refines innovative measures derived from local practices to form specific approaches with guiding significance.Current challenges are analyzed,including uneven infrastructure development,insufficient supporting metering facilities,difficulties in maintaining long-term incentive and subsidy mechanisms,and inadequate grassroots management systems.Based on the current reform situation,the paper further explores the future directions of deepening the reform prices,including consolidating long-term reform mechanisms,promoting the modernization of irrigation districts through digital technologies,improving water management systems based on water measurement,and establishing dynamic adjustment mechanisms for agricultural water prices and subsidies.The study aims to provide references and insights for further advancing the comprehensive reform of agricultural water prices in China.

Abstract:Centering on the deepening of water rights reform,this paper systematically elaborates on the important roles of water use quotas,water abstraction permits,water use plan,water metering,and water price reform in three key links:the initial allocation of water rights,water rights trading,and water resources monitoring.It identifies the main problems existing in the water rights reform and puts forward 21 targeted countermeasures in 6 aspects.Regarding the strengthening of water quota management,it is proposed that water use quotas should serve as mandatory bases for the approval of water abstraction permits,the issuance of water use plans,and the collection of water fees,and that the practice of enforcing mandatory water use quotas implemented in the Yellow River basin should be extended to other water-scarce regions.Regarding the strict management of water abstraction permits,it is suggested to incorporate special audits and the implementation of ecological and environmental damage compensation into the water abstraction supervision system,to clarify the principles for accurately determining the permitted water volume during the trial operation,operation,and renewal periods,and to explore collecting basic fees for water rights held by water users.Regarding the deepening of water price reform,it is recommended to reasonably determine the capital return rate of water conservancy projects according to investment sources,to set the adjustment range and period of water supply prices with reference to the price levels and adjustment cycles of production materials and public service costs,to conduct quantitative analysis of the impacts of water price reform,and to explore the establishment of a risk assessment and early warning system.Regarding the improvement of water use plan management,it is proposed to promote the transformation from water use plan management to water budget management and to unify policies for water users both inside and outside the public water supply network.Regarding the improvement of the water abstraction metering and monitoring system,it is suggested to implement full life-cycle management of water metering facilities,to build a water use information sharing platform,and to realize centralized data management and hierarchical sharing.Regarding ecological compensation,it is proposed to establish a unified and standardized platform rule system,to improve the market-based resource and environmental factor allocation system,and to explore scenarios involving the synchronized transfer of total water rights and pollutant discharge rights as well as the feedback of water rights income to ecological compensation.

Abstract:The happy rivers and lakes initiative represents an innovative water governance concept with Chinese characteristics.At present,the initiative has progressed from the pilot and demonstration-led Stage 1.0 to the Stage 2.0 characterized by systematic planning and comprehensive implementation.From the perspective of river and lake protection and governance in the new era,this paper further interprets the essential connotations of happy rivers and lakes.It argues that:first,happy rivers and lakes have dual attributes,embodying both the"happiness"of rivers and lakes themselves and the happiness they bring to people;second,they are relative,emphasizing psychological experience and subjective perception;third,they are developmental,as"happiness"evolves along with the changing relationship between humans and rivers and lakes,showing an overall upward trend in tandem with socio-economic progress.In the stage of ecological civilization,the ultimate goal of happy rivers and lakes is the mutual pursuit and harmonious coexistence between humans and water bodies.Accordingly,the strategic principles for advancing the initiative comprehensively are elaborated:fully leverage the river and lake chief system to promote coordinated action nationwide;adhere to integrated planning at both macro and regional levels;emphasize top-level design with both long-term vision and phased implementation;focus on excellence through a combination of large-scale and small-scale projects;inherit and promote cultural traditions to balance the past and present;prioritize institutional mechanisms by combining structural and non-structural measures;and ensure joint efforts between central and local governments to form collaborative synergy.

Abstract:China is a major country in dam engineering construction.Under the background of intensified global climate change and increasing human activities,ensuring the long-term safety and sustainable and efficient operation of dams has become a major challenge.Building smart dams is a key initiative to address risks,adapt to the changing times,and foster new development momentum.The rapid advancement of new-generation information technologies provides both opportunities and conditions for the innovation and development of concepts,methods,and technologies for smart dams.This paper elaborates on the needs for constructing smart dams from three perspectives:ensuring high-level safety,maximizing benefit performance,and developing new quality productive forces in water conservancy.The definition of smart dams is explained across six dimensions:time,space,physics,objectives,characteristics,and hierarchy.A framework system comprising five subsystems is constructed:the engineering physical system,engineering perception system,analysis and diagnosis system,decision-making and control system,and information network system.The main functions of smart dams are identified as comprehensive perception,intelligent analysis,autonomous feedback and control,and self-learning,all of which contribute to further improving dam safety and enhancing overall benefits.Based on development stages and according to the levels of perception,analysis,and control,a five-level classification standard is proposed,providing conceptual and technical support for smart dam construction.

Abstract:As the"water tap"of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project,the water quality at the Taocha Canal Head is directly related to the water and ecological security of hundreds of millions of people in North China.Currently,the water quality at the Taocha Canal Head is generally excellent,though fluctuations in its classification still occur.Analysis of monitoring data from 2017 to 2024 for the Danjiangkou Reservoir and the Taocha Canal Head section shows that the water quality at the Taocha Canal Head has remained at Class I(evaluated according to river water quality standards),while indicators such as total phosphorus,dissolved oxygen,and permanganate index occasionally exceed Class I standards.Total phosphorus,dissolved oxygen,and permanganate index are the key indicators affecting the water quality classification at the Taocha Canal Head section,whereas inflow discharge,water level,and water temperature are the main environmental factors driving water quality variations.In addition,algal proliferation and local hydrodynamic conditions may intensify water quality fluctuations.Based on these findings,management measures are proposed,including optimizing the water quality and quantity monitoring system,strengthening the application of the Digital Twin Hanjiang River,enhancing comprehensive basin risk control,and deepening studies on water quality evolution.These measures provide a scientific basis and practical reference for maintaining excellent water quality at the Taocha Canal Head section and strengthening water quality security in the water source area of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project.

Abstract:For a long time,the construction of dams has involved contradictions and trade-offs between socioeconomic benefits and ecological impacts,which has triggered discussions and debates in related fields.In the new historical period,guided by Xi Jinping's thought on ecological civilization,the Ministry of Water Resources has proposed the construction of"ecological dams"as a strategic response and innovative practice to this fundamental issue.Although many studies and practices have been carried out on the ecological and environmental effects of dams and corresponding mitigation measures,comprehensive and systematic analyses of the scientific connotation of ecological dams are still limited,and specific construction pathways remain unclear.From the two aspects of controllable ecological impacts and the realization of ecological benefits,the basic concept and scientific connotation of ecological dams are proposed.Based on the whole life cycle of dams,including planning,design,construction,impoundment,and operation and maintenance,the key points of ecological dam construction are analyzed,including that planning and design should minimize ecological risks,ecological impacts during construction and impoundment should be controllable,and operation and management should maintain the ecological health of both reservoirs and downstream rivers.Furthermore,the establishment of monitoring and evaluation systems and technical standards is suggested as a pathway to promote the construction of ecological dams at the present stage.

Abstract:To address the limitations of traditional rain gauge networks,such as extensive monitoring blind spots and insufficient spatiotemporal resolution,in mountain flood prevention,this study develops a high-precision rainfall retrieval model based on X-band dual-polarization hydrological radar using observational data from four radars in Hunan Province.Combining traditional empirical modeling with machine learning techniques,a multi-parameter joint retrieval approach was established.In the empirical models,relationships between reflectivity(ZH),specific differential phase(KDP),and differential reflectivity(ZDR)and rainfall intensity were constructed to estimate precipitation.The machine learning models applied algorithms including k-nearest neighbor(KNN),support vector regression(SVR),random forest(RF),artificial neural network(ANN),and recurrent neural network(RNN)for rainfall fitting.Results show that among the empirical models,the ZH-R model performs best when rainfall intensity is below 10 mm/h,whereas the KDP-R model performs better when it exceeds 10 mm/h.Among the machine learning models,the RNN achieves the best performance,with a root mean square error(RMSE)of 3.125,a coefficient of determination(R2)of 0.981,and a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.992,outperforming both other machine learning and empirical models.The integration of X-band radar with multi-parameter correction and machine learning techniques significantly enhances rainfall retrieval accuracy,providing more reliable data support for the"three defense lines"system in mountain flood disaster prevention.

Abstract:As key infrastructure for ensuring water security and coping with extreme climate events and natural disasters,the resilience level of water conservancy projects is directly related to regional ecological security and socio-economic stability.At present,either institutional improvement or technological upgrading alone can no longer meet the demand for resilience enhancement under complex conditions,thus,institutional and technological dual drives have become an important approach to address this challenge.In the process of improving the resilience of water conservancy projects,institutions provide the regulatory foundation for resilience enhancement by guiding direction,allocating resources,and setting norms for technological application,while technology serves as the instrumental support by offering data assurance,efficiency improvement,and innovation momentum for institutional implementation.The two mutually reinforce and dynamically interact.Based on existing research,this study defines the core connotation of resilience in water conservancy projects and reviews the current development of institutional and technological approaches.Technologically,resilience improvement has evolved from passive monitoring to intelligent early warning but remains fragmented;institutionally,the focus has expanded from risk prevention to systematic governance but still lags behind technological progress.Insufficient coordination between the two leads to a noticeable"disconnection".Therefore,this paper further analyzes the interaction mechanism between institutions and technology,constructs a dual-driven practical framework,and proposes collaborative optimization strategies such as establishing a cross-departmental governance system,promoting both independent innovation and cost optimization,and strengthening dual mechanisms of incentives and constraints.These efforts aim to provide theoretical reference and practical guidance for enhancing the resilience of water conservancy projects.