Abstract:To identify suitable growth regulators for sugar beets under drip irrigation in Xinjiang and improve the sugar beets yield,the effects of different plant growth regulators on agronomic traits,photosynthetic characteristics,yield of sugar beets were investigated.At 50,70,and 90 days after the emergence of sugar beets,four plant growth regulators DPC,CCC,S3307 and ETH,were sprayed three times on the sugar beets,with water as the control(CK),in 2021 and 2022.The results showed that plant growth regulators could effectively reduce plant height,increase photosynthetic pigment content in sugar beet leaves by 7.38％—16.81％and the net photosynthetic rate by 0.54％—21.54％.The four treatments could increase the yield of sugar beet by 5.97％,12.91％,2.84％,14.20％in 2021,and 10.46％,13.08％,8.39％,18.17％in 2022,respectively,compared with CK.The sugar production of the four regulator treatments was increased by 4.56％,10.90％,6.87％,10.35％in 2021,and 8.34％,11.87％,9.44％,0.43％in 2022.By combining PCA(principal component analysis)and entropy weighted TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation,the impact level of the four growth regulators on sugar beets showed CCC＞ETH＞DPC＞S3307＞CK.Overall,CCC was the best regulator in regulating the growth,yield,and quality of sugar beets.

Abstract:In order to improve the use value of discarded tobacco leaf,deionized water treatment was used as a control,pectinase,papain,cellulase,α-amylase,and laccase were selected to pretreat discarded tobacco leaf,extracts were prepared from discarded tobacco leaf by using ethanol extraction,and the aroma components of each extract were analyzed and cigarette flavoring sensory quality evaluation was carried out.Results showed that a total of 61 volatile components were detected in the extracts of six groups by GC-MS analysis,among them,the total volatile components of CK(tobacco extract obtained by deionized water treatment)were 12 335.78 μg/g,and the total volatile components of the extracts prepared by different enzyme treatments were 12 968.96-14 993.75 μg/g,which were increased to varying degrees compared with CK,and the total volatile components of tobacco leaf extract prepared by laccase treatment was the highest.Principal component analysis(PCA)was used to comprehensively evaluate the volatile components of each extract,the results showed that the tobacco extract treated with laccase had the highest comprehensive score,followed by the tobacco extract treated with cellulase and α-amylase,and the tobacco extracts treated with papain,pectinase and deionized water had lower comprehensive scores;Compared with CK,the cigarettes flavored by tobacco leaf extract prepared after enzymatic treatment had less impurity and irritation,more comfortable aftertaste,the comprehensive score of cigarettes flavored by tobacco leaf extract prepared by laccase treatment was the highest,which was 87.4 points,7.5 pionts higher than CK.In summary,laccase is the optimal biological enzyme for the preparation of discarded tobacco leaf extracts suitable for cigarette flavoring.

Abstract:In order to screen the suitable application depth and application amount of water retaining agent for maize cultivation,with maize as material and the treatment without water retaining agent as control(CK),the effects of water retaining agent application depth[20 cm(D1)and 10 cm(D2)]and application amount[150 kg/ha(T1),210 kg/ha(T2),270 kg/ha(T3)and 330 kg/ha(T4)]on maize growth,photosynthetic characteristics,yield and water use efficiency were studied.The results showed that,for different water retaining agent application depth treatments,the plant height,leaf SPAD value,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),transpiration rate(Tr),ear length,ear diameter,row number per ear,grain number per row,1 000-grain weight,yield,water use efficiency(WUE)and irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE)of D2 treatment were significantly higher than those of D1 treatment and CK,among which yield,WUE and IWUE increased by 31.64%,31.20%and 31.58%compared with CK,respectively.Under D1 condition,the plant height,stem diameter,leaf length,leaf width,number of leaves,SPAD value,Pn,Gs,Tr,yield,WUE and IWUE all increased with the increase of application amount of water retaining agent,T4 treatment was the highest,and Ci gradually decreased;Under D2 condition,the plant height,stem diameter,leaf length,leaf width,number of leaves,SPAD value,Pn,Gs,Tr,yield,WUE and IWUE all increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of application amount of water retaining agent,T3 treatment was the highest,and Ci decreased firstly and then increased.For different treatment combinations,D2T3 treatment had the highest Pn,Gs,Tr,yield,WUE,IWUE and the lowest Ci,among which yield,WUE and IWUE significantly increased by 42.37%,41.88%and 42.46%compared with CK,followed by D2T4 treatment.By comprehensive consideration,the suitable application depth of water retaining agent for maize was 10 cm,and the suitable application amount was 270 kg/ha.

Abstract:This study explored the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Origanum vulgare and its relative species Origanum majorana distributed in different regions of Henan Province,to provide a reference for the protection and development of O.vulgare and O.majorana germplasm resources.Using the sequence-related amplified polymorphism(SRAP)molecular marker method,7 wild populations of O.vulgare and 1 cultivated population,as well as 1 cultivated population of O.majorana,totaling 77 germplasm resources of 9 populations,were selected for genetic diversity analysis and construction of a DNA fingerprint map.The results indicated that 9 pairs of primers amplified a total of 98 bands,with 94 polymorphic bands,representing a polymorphism rate of 95.92％;on average,each pair of primers amplified 10.89 bands.The number of alleles(Na)was 1.959 2,the effective number of alleles(Ne)was 1.419 5,Nei gene diversity index(H)was 0.263 2,and Shannon's index(I)was 0.411 9.The UPGMA phylogenetic cluster diagram constructed based on SRAP molecular marker data showed that the genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.66 to 0.95.When the genetic similarity coefficient was 0.66,O.vulgare and O.major an a were divided into two separate branches.At a genetic similarity coefficient of 0.75,O.vulgare from different regions were divided into five branches.In summary,SRAP molecular markers can effectively distinguish between O.vulgare and O.majorana,and the genetic diversity of O.vulgare populations in Nanyang,Henan Province,is higher than that in other areas.Five pairs of SRAP primers(Me1/em6、Me1/em11、Me3/em4、Me3/em11、Me5/em3)are selected to construct DNA fingerprint maps for both O.vulgare and O.majorana germplasms.

Abstract:To explore the biological control potential of Arma chinensis on Helicoverpa armigera larvae,we measured the predatory functional responses and search effects of 3rd-4th instar A.chinensis nymphs and female adults on 2nd-4th instar H.armigera larvae under controlled indoor conditions.We also investigated the intraspecific interference effects of 5th instar A.chinensis nymphs,as well as male and female adults,on predation of 2nd instar H.armigera,along with the predation preferences of female A.chinensis adults for 3rd instar H.armigera larvae versus Tenebrio molitor pupae.The results indicated that both nymphs of the 3rd and 4th instars and female adults were capable of preying on 2nd-4th instar H.armigera,with their predatory response conforming to Holling's type Ⅱ model.The control efficiency across different developmental stages of A.chinensis was ranked as follows:female adults＞4th instar nymphs＞3rd instar nymphs.Notably,the amount preyed upon by individuals of the same age decreased as prey age increased,with maximum daily predation rates recorded at 36.778 for female adults,28.351 for 4th instar nymphs,and 26.938 for 3rd instar nymphs targeting 2nd instar H.armigera,which demonstrated that female adults exhibited the highest predation capacity against these larvae.Furthermore,our findings revealed that search efficiency improved as prey density decreased,while intraspecific interference among A.chinensis was influenced by their own density in the following order:5th instar nymphs＞male adults＞female adults.Regarding predation preference,when both T.molitor pupae and 3rd instar H.armigera larvae were present,A.chinensis showed a stronger inclination to prey on the pupae.These insights provide a valuable foundation for future research into indoor propagation strategies for enhancing the biological control capabilities of A.chinensis.

Abstract:In order to study the diversity of peanut germplasm resources and explore the application potential of excellent peanut germplasm resources,the coefficient of variation,Shannon diversity index,correlation analysis,principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to identify 22 agronomic traits and analyze genetic diversity of 86 peanut germplasm resources.The results showed that the genetic diversity of peanut germplasm resources was rich,with the diversity index of 12 quality traits ranging from 0.15 to 1.08 and the coefficient of variation of 10 quantitative traits ranging from 1.71%to 29.25%,and there was genetic correlation among the phenotypic characters.Using Euclidean distance as genetic distance,86 peanut germplasm resources could be grouped into four groups.Among them group Ⅳ had the characteristics of strong seed dormancy,strong waterlogging resistance,short growth period,high pod yield,and rust resistance,etc.,which could be used as excellent parents of high-yield peanut.The cumulative contribution rate of the first eight principal components was 69.382%.According to the information load in the principal component,growth period,100-pod weight,100-seed weight,kernel percent,main stem height,length of the 1st lateral branch could be used as the main evaluation index of peanut germplasm resources.The comprehensive score(F value)of peanut germplasm resources ranged from-1.05 to 0.89.Based on the sorting of comprehensive scores,five excellent peanut germplasm resource materials with F value>0.7 were selected,namely 201610,Puhua 82,201710,Fengshun 9616 and Jinonghua 33.

Abstract:In order to improve the planting efficiency of Schizonepeta tenuifolia in saline soil,the effects of extracellular polysaccharides from Lactobacillus plantarum on seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress were explored,and the specific mechanism was analyzed from the physiological characteristics of seedling roots.Six treatments were set up:blank control group(CK1),salt stress control group(CK2),50 mg/kg extracellular polysaccharide group(T1),100 mg/kg extracellular polysaccharide group(T2),200 mg/kg extracellular polysaccharide group(T3),and 400 mg/kg extracellular polysaccharide group(T4).The results showed that extracellular polysaccharides significantly promoted the seed germination and seedling growth of Schizonepeta tenuifolia.Among them,the effect of adding 200 mg/kg extracellular polysaccharide(T3)was the most significant.Compared with CK2,the seed germination rate,germination potential,germination index and vigor index were significantly increased by 76.13%,144.16%,137.45%and 265.28%,respectively.The plant height,stem diameter,underground dry weight and aboveground dry weight of seedlings were significantly increased by 60.49%,14.73%,40.08%and 85.39%,respectively.The contents of proline,soluble protein and soluble sugar were increased by 21.02%,84.56%and 40.02%,respectively.The content of Na+was decreased by 54.63%,the K+content was increased by 95.24%,and the Na+/K+value decreased by 76.76%.The root electrolyte leakage rate and malondialdehyde(MDA)content decreased by 44.54%and 43.24%,respectively,and the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and peroxidase(POD)increased by 30.39%,34.59%and 24.31%,respectively.In summary,the extracellular polysaccharides of Lactobacillus plantarum can improve the salt resistance of seedlings through root osmotic regulation and activation of antioxidant enzyme defense system,thereby promoting seed germination and seedling growth of Schizonepeta tenuifolia.

Abstract:Using the rose variety Basino seedlings as experimental materials,an indoor potted experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of root zone application of 2,4-epibrassinolide(EBR,1µmol/L),inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria(PGPB)Providencia vermicola(1×107 cfu/mL),as well as their combined treatments,on the growth,photosynthesis,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,ion transport,and antioxidant system of rose seedlings under different salt concentrations(0,0.3%,0.6%,and 0.9%)stress,to explore the mechanisms by which both alleviate salt stress in roses.The results showed that under different concentrations of salt stress,the growth of rose seedlings was inhibited,and plant height,leaf thickness,aboveground and root biomass significantly decreased.The application of EBR or PGPB could alleviate the growth inhibition of roses.Under 0.9%salt treatment,compared with the control(CK,no EBR,no PGPB)treatment,the EBR+PGPB treatment increased chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b by 13.1%and 32.3%,respectively.The maximum photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm)of PS Ⅱ in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters showed no significant difference compared to CK.The potential activity(Fv/Fo)of PS Ⅱ increased by 8.8%,the net photosynthetic rate(Pn)increased by 53.7%compared to CK,the transpiration rate(Tr)and stomatal conductance(Gs)showed no significant changes compared to CK,and the intercellular carbon dioxide(Ci)decreased by 6.0%.Under 0.9%salt stress,compared with the control,after EBR+PGPB treatment,the Na+content in the aboveground and root parts of roses decreased by 21.1%and 26.6%,respectively.The K+content in the aboveground and root parts increased by 73.7%and 70.4%,respectively.The K+/Na+values in the aboveground and root parts increased by 116.7%and 135.1%,respectively.At the same time,EBR+PGPB treatment could activate the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT,reduce the rate of superoxide anion production and H2O2 accumulation,which was significantly different from CK treatment.The conclusion is that adding EBR,PGPB,or EBR+PGPB treatments can all increase the chlorophyll content of roses,protect the chlorophyll fluorescence system,maintain the balance of plant Na+and K+,activate antioxidant enzyme activities such as SOD and CAT,and reduce lipid peroxidation and H2O2 accumulation,in order to alleviate the damage of salt stress to rose seedlings and promote rose growth.Among them,EBR+PGPB treatment has a better salt resistance effect on rose seedlings.

Abstract:Heat shock transcription factors(HSFs)play important roles in plant growth and development and in response to abiotic stresses.In order to understand the information of HSF gene family members in Eucommia ulmoides and reveal the structural characteristics and expression patterns of EuHSFs,this study analyzed the physicochemical properties,protein structure,phylogeny,gene structure,conserved domains,promoter cis-acting elements,and the expression patterns of EuHSF genes in different developmental periods and abiotic stresses by bioinformatics methods and qRT-PCR.The results showed that a total of 21 EuHSF genes were identified from Eucommia ulmoides,which differed in protein properties,with amino acid numbers,protein theoretical molecular masses,isoelectric points and instability coefficients ranging from 68-369,7.72-42.06 ku,4.31-9.22,and 7.05-67.28,respectively,and mainly consisted of acidic,hydrophilic,and unstable nuclear proteins.Phylogenetic analysis showed that EuHSFs were divided into three subgroups,including ClassⅠ(1 EuHSF),ClassⅡ(7 EuHSFs)and ClassⅢ(13 EuHSFs),and promoter cis-acting element analysis revealed that a large number of light-responsive and hormone-responsive elements in EuHSF genes.In addition,EuHSF genes were expressed at different developmental periods in Eucommia ulmoides leaves,but there were significant differences in the expression patterns.qRT-PCR revealed that all EuHSFs responded to different abiotic stresses(high temperature,low temperature,high salinity,and drought),e.g.,most of the EuHSFs showed elevated expression under high-temperature stress with the prolongation of the treatment time,and they were strongly responsive to both high and low temperatures.In summary,the EuHSF gene family has the function of regulating plant response to abiotic stresses.

Abstract:In order to determine the suitable harvesting date of Suli pear,Jindingxiehua Suli pear from Ningling County was taken as the raw material.The storage was carried out in semi-underground ventilation storeroom after harvest in five periods(at 140,152,166,180,and 190 days after full flowering,respectively numbered 1-5).Color,hardness,marketable fruit rate,total soluble solid(TSS)content,titratable acid(TA)content,malondialdehyde(MDA)content and polyphenol oxidase(PPO)activity were test during storage.Meanwhile,temperature and humidity in the ventilation storeroom during storage were monitored.The storage property was evaluated by membership function method.The results showed that with the delay of harvest date,fruit hardness decreased,TSS content increased first and then decreased,TA content decreased,and single fruit weight,L*,a* and b* values increased.When stored for 130 days,the good fruit rate of the other harvesting periods was above 80％except for harvesting period 2.At 160 days of storage,harvest period 3 had best storage performance,with the highest values of marketable fruit rate(80.6％),L*(79.00)and TSS content(11.53％).The PPO activity[21.4 U/(min·g)]was the lowest.The a*value was 7.38,the b*value was 47.68,the hardness was 4.94 kg/cm2,the TA content was 0.056％,and the MDA content was 12.81 mmol/g.The average membership value of the indicators related to storage property of the five periods was calculated,and then their storage property was ranked as harvest period 3＞harvest period 2＞harvest period 1＞harvest period 4＞harvest period 5.Therefore,it is recommended that for Ningling Jindingxiehua Suli pear with semi-underground ventilation storeroom storage,the suitable harvest date is September 15,166 d after the flowering stage,and the suitable storage period is mid-February of the next year,with early March of the next year to complete sales.

Abstract:To explore safe and efficient chemical weed control technologies for sesame after emergence,the herbicides that exhibit high safety for sesame and have good control effects on broadleaf weeds were screened through indoor potting experiments and field trials.The results of the indoor trials showed that among the 17 broadleaf herbicides,only isoproturon and bentazone were discovered to be highly safe for sesame.Futher,the safety of isoproturon and bentazone to sesame and their control efficacy against broadleaf weeds were evaluated through field trials.The results showed that the treatment of isoproturon at 420-630 g/ha(active ingredient,the same below)caused phytotoxicity in sesame,such as the emergence of drug spots and growth inhibition,etc.Nevertheless,sesame growth recovered to normal within 30 d after the treatment.Sesame treated with 336-420 g/ha bentazone had significantly higher plant height than the control treatment at 30 d after the treatment,but was significantly lower than the artificial weeding treatment.The total plant control efficacy of isoproturon at 420-630 g/ha against broadleaf weeds such as Acalypha australis L.and Clinopodium polycephalum Vaniot was 84.00％—90.40％,the total fresh weight control efficacy was 87.62％—94.30％,and the sesame seed yield increased by more than 37％.The control efficacy of bentazone at a dosage of 336-504 g/ha against Acalypha australis L.was unsatisfactory,with the total plant control efficiency being lower than 40％and the total fresh weight control efficiency being lower than 57％,and sesame yield was merely increased by 11.53％—14.72％.In conclusion,the application of isoproturon at 420-630 g/ha during the 5-6 leaves stage of sesame is safe and can be used for the control of broadleaf weeds in sesame fields,presenting significant application prospects.

Abstract:The long-term experiment with reduced nitrogen and increased density for rice in cold region under straw return was started in 2017.A total of the following five treatments were set up,CK:conventional density(30 cm×13.3 cm),no N fertilizer;T1:conventional density(30 cm×13.3 cm),conventional N application rate(180 kg/ha);T2:increasing density by 32％(30 cm×10 cm),conventional N application rate(180 kg/ha);T3:increasing density by 32％(30 cm×10 cm),20％reduction in total conventional N application rate by spike fertilizer(total N application rate of 144 kg/ha);T4:increasing density by 32％(30 cm×10 cm),20％reduction in total conventional N application rate by basal fertilizer(total N application rate of 144 kg/ha).The experiment data in 2023 was used to study the effect of reducing nitrogen and increasing density on yield and nitrogen absorption and utilization of rice.The results showed that T4 treatment had the highest yield,which was significantly increased by 39.6％,9.8％and 13.3％compared with CK,T1 and T2 treatments respectively;T3 treatment was the second,showing no significant difference from T4 treatment.The increase of yield of the two treatments was mainly attributed to the increase of effective spikes number,and T4 treatment significantly increased by 64.0％and 18.5％compared with CK and T1 treatment respectively.The harvest indexes of T3 and T4 treatments were higher,and the difference between them was not significant,but both were significantly higher than the other treatments,among which T4 treatment was 30.4％,53.3％and 15.6％higher than CK,T1 and T2 treatments respectively.From jointing stage to mature stage,T4 treatment generally had the highest SPAD value of leaves,the lowest attenuation rate of SPAD,and higher dry weight of above-ground part.T1—T4 treatments significantly increased nitrogen uptake by 53.6％—94.2％compared with CK,and the increase was the greatest in T4 treatment.Compared with the T1 treatment,the nitrogen fertilizer uptake and use efficiency,nitrogen uptake rate,nitrogen fertilizer agronomic utilization rate and nitrogen partial productivity of T4 treatment significantly increased by 36.1％,30.1％,82.4％and 37.3％,respectively,whereas apparent surplus and deficit of soil nitrogen and nitrogen surplus rate significantly decreased by 87.5％and 103.8％,respectively;the nitrogen fertilizer uptake and use efficiency of T3 treatment significantly decreased by 22.5％,while nitrogen fertilizer agronomic utilization efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity significantly increased by 71.2％and 34.9％.Nitrogen partial productivity,nitrogen fertilizer agronomic utilization rate,nitrogen uptake rate were significantly positively correlated with yied,and nitrogen surplus rate and soil nitrogen apparent surplus and deficit were significantly negatively correlated with yield.In conclusion,increasing density while reducing the amount of basal nitrogen fertilizer can improve rice yield as well as nitrogen uptake and utilization rate,which is more suitable for the growth of rice in cold region.

Abstract:To investigate the effects of different mulching models on the physicochemical properties of tobacco-planting soil,and the yield and quality of cigar tobacco leaves in Hainan,a field experiment using Haiyan 101 as the test material with five treatments including no mulch(CK),dual color film mulching and removed at 30-35 days after post-transplant(G1),dual color film covering throughout the whole growth period(G2),biodegradable film mulching within the whole growth period(G3),and crop straw incorporation(G4)was conducted.The change of physical and chemical properties of tobacco-planting soil under different mulching models was studied,and the regulation on agronomic traits of cigar tobacco during the main growth period,the physical characteristics,chemical properties and combustibility of leaves and the economic benefits were also explored.The results showed that compared with CK,the soil temperature under G3 significantly increased by 7.12% during the vigorous growth period,and that of G4 significantly increased by 10.01% at maturity.During root spreading period and cluster period,G3 improved the available potassium content by 10.27% and 8.13%,respectively.Compared to CK,the SPAD value in cluster period treated with G3 significantly increased by 8.49%,and the plant height significantly increased by 13.10% in vigorous growth period.At maturity,the stem circumference,maximum leaf length and width under G3 significantly increased by 6.39%,8.09% and 6.17% compared with CK,respectively.After fermentation,compared with CK,G3 reduced the leaf thickness by 5.88% .Among all treatments,G3 had the highest tobacco yield,output value,and economic benefits,with a significant increase of 46.70% in economic benefits compared to CK.In summary,biodegradable film mulching during whole growing period could improve the soil physicochemical properties,maintain well physical characteristic,coordinated chemical composition and good combustibility,and ultimately generate better economic benefits in Hainan tobacco-planting areas.

Abstract:Based on the genome data of Artemisia annua,the TCP gene family members were identified,and their protein physicochemical properties,evolutionary relationships,and cis-acting elements were analyzed.Transcriptome data were used to analyze the expression pattern of TCP transcription factors in Artemisia annua under different light treatments,and qRT-PCR was used to detect their expression under methyl jasmonate(MeJA)treatment.The results showed that a total of 29 TCP genes(AaTCPs)were identified.AaTCPs differed greatly in protein physicochemical properties,in which the number of amino acids and protein molecular mass ranged from 132 to 443 and 14.60 to 47.86 ku,respectively,and the isoelectric points,instability indices,and fat coefficients were in the ranges of 5.67 to 9.99,33.28 to 69.77,and 51.70 to 77.40,respectively,and all of them were nuclear proteins.Phylogenetic relationships showed that AaTCPs could be classified into class Ⅰ(11)and class Ⅱ(18),unevenly distributed on eight chromosomes.The Motif number of AaTCPs ranged from 1 to 7,all of them contained one conserved TCP2 structural domain,and a large number of light-,hormone-,and stress-responsive elements were present in their promoters.Protein interaction predictions revealed tight interactions among the protein members of AaTCPs except for AaTCP12 and AaTCP8.Transcriptome data showed that the expression levels of AaTCPs varied under different light treatments,and the expression of most genes was induced by light.qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of AaTCPs all increased to different degrees under MeJA treatment,showing dynamic changes with the extension of treatment time.In summary,the AaTCP gene family plays a significant role in light regulation and hormone response processes.

Abstract:This paper analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of major crop straws and livestock manure in Jiangxi Province and their resource utilization potential,in order to promote the effective use of agricultural waste.Based on the spatial statistical analysis method of GIS,this study estimated the amount of major crop straws and livestock manure generated and their theoretical values of resource utilization in each county(city,district)of Jiangxi Province in 2021,and analyzed their spatial distribution patterns and cold hotspot areas.The results showed that in 2021,the total amount of major crop straw which could be collected in Jiangxi Province was 23.868 2 million tons,and the straw type was mainly rice straw.It generally showed the characteristics of rich in the north and poor in the south,mainly concentrated in the northern part of Poyang Lake Plain,and its theoretical value was equivalent to 11.337 4 million tons of organic carbon,227 000 tons of N,31 600 tons of P,420 800 tons of K,6.613 6 million tons of standard coal or 3.05×109 m3 methane gas.The annual production of livestock manure was 70.652 3 million tons,of which poultry manure produced the most,accounting for 40.27% of the total amount of livestock manure.It generally presented a north-south poor,central rich characteristics,theoretically equivalent to 9.746 3 million tons of organic carbon,487 000 tons of N,175 300 tons of P,315 900 tons of K,11.581 million tons of standard coal,or 8.26×109 m3 methane gas.There were 14 hotspots for crop straw,11 hotspots for livestock manure,and 5 double hotspots for straw-livestock manure at 99% confidence level.Crop straw hotspots should realistically choose direct return to the field,basal material utilization,fertilizer utilization,energy utilization,feed utilization,raw material utilization,mushroom farming and other suitable utilization direction,livestock manure hotspots should comprehensively consider the development of biogas or way of on-site return to the field recycling,straw-livestock manure double hotspots should consider the multi-level,diversified utilization pattern,giving priority to the integration of agriculture and animal husbandry,and the development of eco-agriculture.

Abstract:The drought-resistant wheat variety Zhengmai 1860,its parents,and Zhoumai 18(control)were used as materials.The gas exchange parameters,chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics,antioxidant enzyme activities,osmotic adjustment substances contents in flag leaves,and water use efficiency of different wheat varieties were studied under drought treatment(irrigation only at the jointing stage during the entire growth period),so as to provide valuable insights for optimizing water-efficient wheat cultivation,developing drought-resistant cultivars,and advancing water-saving breeding programs.The results showed that,under drought stress,the net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),transpiration rate(Tr)and maximum photomassive efficiency(Fv/Fm),potential photochemical activity(Fv/Fo),actual photomassive efficiency(ФPSⅡ),and electron transfer rate(ETR)of PSⅡ of the flag leaf of Zhengmai 1860 were significantly higher than those of Zhoumai 18,and the intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci)was significantly lower than that of Zhoumai 18,followed by Zhoumai 22;The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT),and the contents of soluble protein,soluble sugar and proline in the flag leaf of Zhengmai 1860 were significantly higher than those of Zhoumai 18,and the content of malondialdehyde(MDA)was significantly lower than that of Zhoumai 18,followed by Zhoumai 22;The yield and water use efficiency of Zhengmai 1860 were significantly higher than those of Zhoumai 18,which was mainly due to the significant improvement of the thousand-grain weight and the number of grains per spike,and followed by Zhoumai 22.In conclusion,Zhengmai 1860 enhances antioxidant enzyme activity,and osmotic adjustment capacity under drought stress at filling stage,protects the photosynthetic electron transport process of PSⅡ,alleviates the degree of nonstomatal restriction and membrane lipid peroxidation,and maintains higher Pn at filling stage,thus obtaining higher yield.

Abstract:In order to construct a comprehensive evaluation method for cigar wrapper quality,40 domestic and foreign samples of cigar wrapper were selected as the research subjects,appearance quality,physical properties,chemical composition and sensory quality of cigar wrapper were taken as the evaluation indexs.The quality of cigar wrapper was evaluated by the combination of objective weighting method(CRITIC weight method,coefficient of variation method,standard deviation method)and subjective weighting method(analytic hierarchy process).The results showed that in the weighting method,the weight of appearance quality was 47.56%,the weight of physical characteristics was 20.31%,the weight of chemical composition was 10.75%,and the weight of sensory quality was 21.38%.The consistency and compatibility between the combined objective weighting method and the three single objective weighting methods were better,and the processing process was simpler.The indexs with higher weights in the combination of subjective and objective weighting methods were equilibrium moisture content(4.89%)and tensile strength(4.54%),while the indexs with lower weights were potassium content(0.53%)and reducing sugar/total sugar(0.58%).In the comprehensive score of cigar wrapper,the highest score was for the Primero E1(M-Sumatra)sample from Dominica(0.79)and the lowest scores were for the HH1/MM1 from Indonesia and the WRB/CA/PFS-S sample from Brazilian(both 0.67);the cigar wrappers from Dominica had the highest comprehensive score(0.75),while those from Fujian Province in China had the lowest score(0.70).

Abstract:Based on a four-year field positioning experiment,three irrigation methods,including traditional irrigation(TI),sprinkler irrigation(SI)and drip irrigation(DI)were used to explore the effects of irrigation methods on crop photosynthetic characteristics,grain yield and water-nitrogen use efficiency under wheat-peanut rotation system,with no irrigation treatment as control(CK),so as to provide a theoretical basis for promoting the popularization and application of water-saving irrigation technology in wheat-peanut rotation system.The results showed that irrigation methods had significant effects on crop SPAD value,net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,yield and its components,water and nitrogen use efficiency under wheat-peanut rotation system,and DI treatment was the highest among all treatments,followed by SI treatment.Under wheat-peanut rotation system,compared with other treatments,net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate and SPAD value of DI treatment increased by 3.3％—105.4％,5.6％—109.6％and 1.0％—19.4％,respectively;Grain number per spike,1 000-grain weight and grain yield of wheat increased by 6.9％—21.1％,4.6％—39.2％and 9.2％—50.6％,respectively;Number of full pods per plant,100-pod weight,kernel rate and yield of peanut increased by 8.8％—35.5％,2.8％—16.2％,1.7％—5.6％and 4.1％—30.1％,respectively.The annual grain yield,water use efficiency and partial factor productivity of nitrogen of wheat-peanut showed DI＞SI＞TI.Compared with TI treatment,the total yield,water use efficiency and partial factor productivity of nitrogen of wheat-peanut of DI treatment increased by 17.9％,19.5％and 17.9％,respectively,and those of SI treatment increased by 10.1％,14.9％and 10.1％,respectively.In summary,under the condition of this study,drip irrigation is the best irrigation method for increasing yield and efficiency of wheat-peanut,followed by sprinkler irrigation,both of which can achieve the goal of high yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency.

Abstract:To investigate the regulatory effects of different plant growth regulator treatments on the fruit quality of Ilex verticillata'Oosterwijk',2-year-old potted seedlings were utilized as materials.Prohexadione-calcium and mepiquat chloride were mixed in varying concentrations,and their effects were compared with different concentrations of uniconazole and paclobutrazol,along with a control group treated with water.Spraying was conducted on the entire leaf surface during the first fruit enlargement period and ripening stage after fruit setting,followed by sampling upon maturity.Morphological indicators such as fruit length,width,single fruit weight,and moisture content were measured,along with peel chromaticity and fruit hardness.Additionally,pigment contents including chlorophyll,carotenoid,anthocyanin,along with flavonoid content,soluble sugar content,and vitamin C content were determined,for conducting inter-indicator correlation analyses.The effects of each treatment were analyzed using the membership function method.Results indicated that the fruit shape index after treatment with various agents exceeded that of the control,suggesting a trend towards regular and plump fruit shape.The highest single fruit weight was observed under T4 treatment(5％ uniconazole 3.30 g/L),with an average of 0.44 g.The treatment with the highest average moisture content was T3(5％prohexadione-calcium 0.67 g/L+98％mepiquat chloride 0.30 g/L),with a content of 65.73％.All treatments enhanced fruit brightness and color saturation,with the highest L* and a* values observed under T5 treatment(5％uniconazole 2.00 g/L)treatment.However,there was no significant difference in b*values among treatments.The highest carotenoid content was recorded under T1 treatment(5％prohexadione-calcium 2.00 g/L+98％mepiquat chloride 1.00 g/L),at 0.022 mg/g.Treatment T5 showed a significant increase in anthocyanin content compared to the control,reaching 190.57 μg/g.The total flavonoid content of I.verticillata'Oosterwijk'fruits showed an initial increase followed by a decrease with increasing spray concentration of the agents,with the highest soluble sugar content observed under T2 treatment(5％prohexadione-calcium 1.30 g/L+98％mepiquat chloride 0.67 g/L).The highest vitamin C content was observed under T3 treatment,with an increase of 38.34％compared to the control group.The rankings of membership function values for each treatment group were T5＞T2=T7＞T3＞T4＞T6＞T1＞CK,indicating that spraying twice with 5％uniconazole at 2.00 g/L during fruit enlargement and ripening stages resulted in the optimal fruit quality.

Abstract:Aikang 58(AK58)and Yunong 908(YN908)were used as experimental materials to study the effects of nitrogen application rates[120 kg/ha(N120),180 kg/ha(N180)and 240 kg/ha(N240)]and application methods[strip application(R)and broadcast application(S)]on the winter wheat aboveground dry matter accumulation,nitrogen absorption and utilization,yield and soil nitrate nitrogen residue under wide-narrow row(30 cm-15 cm-15 cm)planting,so as to provide theoretical basis and technical support for further optimizing the wheat-maize double cropping management system and the annual nitrogen reduction and efficient green fertilization strategy in the Huang-Huai-Hai region.The results showed that the aboveground dry matter accumulation,nitrogen accumulation and pre-anthesis nitrogen transport amount of AK58 and YN908 generally increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate.Under the conditions of N120 and N180,compared with S treatment,the aboveground dry matter accumulation at mature stage of R treatment significantly increased by 10.56%,5.96%and 6.21%,5.25%,respectively;the nitrogen accumulation in panicle at mature stage significantly increased by 4.46%,7.41%and 14.21%,9.94%,respectively;the pre-anthesis nitrogen transport amount significantly increased by 10.11%,12.23%and 11.87%,12.21%,respectively.The nitrogen harvest index,partial factor productivity and agronomic use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer of AK58 and YN908 generally decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate.Compared with S treatment,R treatment increased the nitrogen use efficiency,partial factor productivity and agronomic use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer of AK58 and YN908,and the nitrogen use efficiency reached the maximum under N180R treatment.The grain yield of AK58 increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate,and the grain yield of YN908 increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate.Compared with S treatment,R treatment significantly increased the grain yield of AK58 under N120 and N180 conditions and YN908 under N120 condition,with the increase of 10.83%,6.06%and 15.59%respectively.AK58 reached the maximum yield under N180R treatment,and YN908 reached the maximum yield under N240R treatment.The nitrate nitrogen residue in soil gradually increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application rate.Compared with S treatment,R treatment increased the nitrate nitrogen residue in surface soil in wide row area(maize planting area)at mature stage of winter wheat.The nitrate nitrogen residue in 0-40 cm soil layer(maize root layer)of N180 treatment was 55.95 kg/ha,which was the best matching with the nitrogen demand of subsequent maize at seedling stage.In summary,under the wide-narrow row planting,the combination of nitrogen application rate of 180 kg/ha and strip application is a cultivation measure for winter wheat to save nitrogen,stabilize yield and improve efficiency in this study area.