Abstract:Against the background of the national strategies of"Healthy China"and"Country with Strong Culture,"the synergistic development of healthy living environments and traditional cultural values has become an important field of research.As a key embodiment of Eastern wisdom in shaping human settlements,traditional Chinese literati gardens gradually developed distinctive mechanisms for physical and mental regulation through the long course of their historical evolution.The recreational spatial forms of these gardens encapsulate the holistic philosophy of"external adaptation and internal harmony,"which seeks to achieve inner balance of the body and mind by responding to the natural environment and integrating spatial elements.Therefore,a systematic elucidation of the regulatory logic embedded in the recreational spatial forms of traditional literati gardens is not only of great significance for deepening research on the health benefits of traditional gardens;it can also provide some historical references for contemporary health-oriented environmental design. In this study,the supportive characteristics and mechanisms of traditional Chinese literati gardens from Wei and Jin Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties for physical and mental regulation were examined from the perspective of"external adaptation and internal harmony."Methodologically,visual grounded theory was introduced to incorporate multiple sources of visual materials,such as garden remains,historical documents,and traditional garden paintings,into a unified analytical framework.Through open coding,axial coding,and selective coding,the study systematically synthesized spatial form elements,recreational activity patterns,and related physical and mental experiences.This was combined with purposive sampling and theoretical saturation testing.A total of 30 traditional garden sites and 14 garden-themed paintings were chosen as samples;these covered different historical periods and regional types. The results indicate that traditional literati gardens constructed composite recreational environments conducive to physical and mental regulation through multi-level spatial design strategies.For spatial organization,techniques such as sequences of gateways,framed views through lattice windows,and the modulation of solid-void boundaries are widely employed to create visual rhythms characterized by"initial restraint followed by release"and"changing scenery with each step,"guiding visitors through attention shifts and emotional transitions.For material construction and artistic conception,the poetic expression of space is enhanced by combining"semi-concealed"structures(e.g.,half-pavilions,half-corridors,bamboo shadows,and perforated rockeries)with variations in light and shadow,thus transforming the physical environment into a medium for emotional projection and spiritual resonance.With respect to natural symbols and cultural narratives,natural elements like pine,bamboo,water,and stone are interwoven with cultural practices,including purification rituals and elegant gatherings,establishing a spatial narrative system with symbolic significance and enhancing cultural identity within recreational experiences.For path planning and participatory experience,networks that balance order and freedom are created through meandering waterways,linear routes,and multi-node spatial organization,which can encourage physical movement and social interaction.On this basis,the study identifies two typical regulatory pathways:"solitary enjoyment"and"collective enjoyment."The"solitary enjoyment"pathway primarily corresponds to quiet contemplation and spontaneous wandering in private gardens,with spatial characteristics emphasizing seclusion and rhythmic control.It is beneficial for individuals to realize psychological relaxation and introspective adjustment.The"collective enjoyment"pathway is commonly associated with group activities,such as elegant gatherings and garden banquets.It enhances group interaction,emotional bonding,and cultural resonance through open spatial structures and multi-scenario linkages.Both the"solitary enjoyment"pathway and the"collective enjoyment"pathway constitute a dual mechanism for achieving"external adaptation and internal harmony." The study concludes that the recreational spatial forms of traditional literati gardens represent an integrated regulatory system that combines spatial organization,cultural imagery,and behavioral guidance.The synergistic mechanism of"environmental construction,artistic conception generation,cultural identification,and mind-body interaction"reveals the intrinsic logic through which the physical environment influences physical and mental experiences.This study provides valuable references for contemporary healthy living environment design and the adaptive reuse of cultural heritage.

Abstract:In the process of urbanization,the contradiction between the sharp surge in motor vehicle ownership and the growing demand for cycling has given rise to intensified conflicts between motorized and non-motorized traffic.Research on slow-mobility systems encompassing cycling and walking has garnered increasing academic attention.As an emerging technical tool,street-view imagery has been extensively applied to evaluations of the built environment,fostering vigorous development in research on the non-motorized travel environment.However,existing studies exhibit inadequate refinement in analytical depth,failure to fully integrate the perspective of non-motorized lane users,and a lack of scientific real-time data support.In this study,the imbalance between objective indicators of the non-motorized travel environment and users'subjective perceptions was investigated through a case study based on major non-motorized lanes in Changsha,aiming to provide a scientific basis and design paradigms for slow-mobility environmental quality improvement.A total of 38643 images were acquired from the non-motorized lane perspective through a self-collected street-view approach with enhanced timeliness and precision.Ten street-view visual features were quantified via deep-learning-based semantic segmentation(DeepLabV3+model).Concurrently,correlations between objective data and subjective perceptions were analyzed by integrating 511 valid online questionnaires and 27 offline interviews.The results reveal that:1)the Green View Index(GVI)and Sky View Factor(SVI)are the primary determinants influencing people's perception of the non-motorized travel environment,2)spatial enclosure and interface continuity serve as the visual underpinnings of non-motorized safety perception,3)there's a severe imbalance between traffic elements and non-motorized vitality,and 4)there's a significant disparity between subjective experiences and objective data in the non-motorized travel environment.Further exploration identifies three types of imbalance phenomena and their fundamental causes:the misalignment between GVI and sensory comfort,the disconnect between facility configuration and usage demands,and the transformation failure from SVI to enclosure and safety perception.The root causes lie in the over-reliance of planning on engineering-oriented quantitative indicators,while overlooking the actual experiences of users.Two core principles,safety priority and quality enhancement,as well as six design models for non-motorized lanes,were proposed,filling the research gap of the evaluation system,which integrates user perspectives and objective quantification of real-time data.It verifies that the combination of self-collected street-view imagery and deep learning is applicable to urban refined governance.The research conclusions provide data support and implementation pathways for the construction of urban non-motorized travel environments.However,this study excludes community branch roads and waterfront slow-mobility roads.The single sample restricts the applicability of the research results.Moreover,insufficiently rigorous questionnaire sampling may induce sample bias,potentially affecting the reliability of the research results.Future research could further leverage high-precision timestamp information,introduce a temporal dimension to analyze the dynamic variation characteristics of street-view visual elements during cycling,and couple cycling trajectories with street-view visual indicators at a finer spatial scale.

Abstract:Research on the Maritime Silk Road has a long-term tendency of"prioritizing ports over inland regions."To address this tendency and fill in the academic blank on the inland transport network,a case study based on the Porcelain Trade Route in Dehua County,Fujian Province,and the settlements along it was carried out.The Porcelain Trade Route connects the core kiln sites to coastal ports.The core objective of this study was to systematically analyze how the powerful driving force of porcelain trade along the Maritime Silk Road shaped the structure and form of this crucial inland corridor and its associated human settlements,thereby deepening holistic understandings of the cultural heritage of the Maritime Silk Road.Based on the interdisciplinary approach to integrating historical geography,settlement morphology,and GIS spatial analysis,this study firstly determined three development phases of the Porcelain Trade Route,with the migration of trade ports as well as the water-land combined transport organization since the Song Dynasty,according to historical documents and local chronicles.Subsequently,ArcGIS software was employed for spatial location and the quantitative analysis of 170 settlements.Based on analyses of the standard deviation ellipse and a multi-ring buffer zone,it discloses the high coupling laws of the macro distribution of settlements with direction and topographical and hydrological features of the ancient route.On this basis,a functional-morphological typology framework for settlements was built.Through in-depth field research and morphological mapping of typical settlements like Sibin Village,Caijing Village,Chengtian Sige,Sanban Village,Jinshan Village,and Xian Village,the meso-level organization patterns and micro-level spatial features were interpreted thoroughly.It found that the Porcelain Trade Route is a spatial link of the entire export supply chain of Dehua porcelain rather than a single transportation route.According to the division of labor in the industrial chain,settlements along the route can be clearly divided into production type,trade type,and transport type,and four corresponding spatial forms evolved from there.Production settlements exhibited either a dispersed type with separated production and residential areas or a clustered type integrating production and living quarters.Trade settlements are manifested as linear,strip-like formations along streets or clustered settlements centered around clan fortresses.Transportation settlements uniformly adopted strip-like configurations,further differentiated by their proximity to land passes or waterway crossings.These spatial forms emerged through the interplay and mutual adaptation of factors,including industrial demands along the Maritime Silk Road,the natural environment of mountainous regions in the central Fujian Province,commercial capital scale,and clan-based social power structures. This study concludes that the ancient Porcelain Trade Route and the settlements along it formed an organic network system with complementary functions and spatial coordination,which fully support the whole process from porcelain production to cross-border transportation.This understanding shifts the interpretation of Maritime Silk Road heritage from a point-based focus on ports and commodities toward an integral understanding of the interconnected production and distribution networks in inland hinterlands.The functional typology analytical framework established in this thesis not only provides theoretical grounding for the preservation of Dehua porcelain cultural heritage but also offers a novel interdisciplinary perspective for studying China's cultural routes.Future research can achieve a more detailed diachronic reconstruction of social spatial differentiation within settlements by using digital technologies and expand the comparative analyses to other trade routes to further refine the relevant theoretical model.

Abstract:In the context of the rapid development of the platform economy and digital technologies,digital consumption is profoundly reshaping the spatial patterns of urban consumption and behavioral modes of residents.Food delivery is a typical online-to-offline consumption form.Its spatial agglomeration characteristics and formation mechanisms are a key entry point to understand the interactive relationship between the"virtual"and"physical"spaces of cities in the digital era.This case study,based on Nanjing,aimed to systematically reveal the spatial agglomeration characteristics of takeaway consumption and the spatial heterogeneity of its multi-dimensional influencing factors.Furthermore,the new model of urban space and resident consumption was analyzed. The study covers the entire administrative area of Nanjing,using a 1km×1km grid as the basic unit.Multi-source data,including 2022 takeaway order data,points of interest,transportation networks,and mobile phone signaling data,were integrated.Nuclear density analysis was employed to identify spatial agglomeration patterns.Ordinary least squares regression was used to screen significant influencing factors,and a geographically weighted regression model was further constructed to reveal the spatial differentiation characteristics of the effects of these factors. The findings indicate the following:(1)Takeaway consumption space exhibits dual agglomeration features of"center-periphery"and"horizontal,multi-center"structures,forming a three-level agglomeration center.On the one hand,agglomeration intensity decreases concentrically outward from the core area of the main city to the south bank of the Yangtze River(reaching its peak at Xinjiekou).On the other hand,multiple relatively independent,scattered third-tier centers have formed in peripheral areas such as Qiaobei and Xianlin,reflecting a networked structure.(2)There is substantial spatial overlap between food delivery consumption agglomeration centers and physical business centers,but notable discrepancies exist in their distribution patterns and hierarchical systems.The physical business center is a balanced multi-tiered layout,whereas food delivery consumption agglomeration centers show a highly centripetal concentration and distance attenuation features,which are attributed to their differences in functional positioning,business mode,and consumer group characteristics.(3)Traffic convenience(such as road network density and number of subway stations)and the number of surrounding facilities(such as health care,leisure and entertainment,business housing,science,education,culture,and shopping and consumption facilities)positively affect the spatial agglomeration intensity of takeout services but exert negative impacts on land use mixing. The impact of different factors has spatial heterogeneity.For instance,business and residential facilities promote the spatial agglomeration strength of takeaway services in the main urban area the most,but this effect weakens toward the outer suburbs.Science,education,and cultural facilities can promote the spatial agglomeration strength of emerging areas like the Jiangning University Town strongly,but they exhibit a suppressive effect in the main urban area due to the convenience of physical dining options.This reveals the"substitution effect"or"complementary effect"of digital technology in different regions. Theoretically,this study reveals the dialectical unity of Central Place Theory and Central Flow Theory under the influence of digital technology.Practically,it provides an empirical basis for optimizing urban spatial planning and governance.It is suggested that a"physical-virtual"dual-dimensional commercial center system be constructed and that the complementary and coordinated development of physical business centers and food delivery consumption agglomeration centers be promoted.Future research could further carry out comparative analyses based on food categories,long-term evolution,and model refinement.

Abstract:In the social background of population aging and intensifying disability in China,the construction of full-day care facilities for the elderly in communities has emerged as a critical solution to urgent challenges,such as growing family burdens and insufficient aged care services.The elderly predominantly display inactive behaviors due to their declining physical health.To promote positive aging,it is important for facilities to guide these behaviors toward a more active mode.Based on previous behavioral perspectives,this study introduced a comprehensive evaluation of the positivity of inactive behaviors of the disabled elderly from the perspective of spatiotemporal performances and the emotional features of these inactive behaviors by using a UWB real-time positioning system and facial expression recognition technology.Affective differences between seniors with mild,moderate,and severe disability were investigated using nonparametric testing and post-hoc multiple comparisons.Based on scene theory,the facility spatial scenes were defined from the perspectives of spatial environment and behavioral activities to explore public space scene features of positivity of inactive behaviors of the elderly with different ability levels,respectively. The results revealed the following:(1)On average,the disabled elderly covered with full-day care facilities in the community spent more than 30%of their day on inactive behaviors.Specifically,the inactive behavior hours of elderly individuals with severe disability are significantly higher than they are for those who have only mild or moderate disability.Nearly 90%of inactive behaviors for those with moderate and severe disability occur at fixed seats,showing limited mobility.(2)The positivity of inactive behaviors varies significantly among elderly individuals with mild,moderate,and severe disability.Those with mild and moderate disability are more likely to be affected by spatial scenes and thereby display relatively positive inactive behaviors,such as aimless watching.As a result,the SI value increases,and they get positive emotions.(3)Spatial environment can encourage elderly people with different disability levels to undertake positive actions that are in line with their physical capacities.Diversified and flexible public spaces expand the range of inactive behaviors available to them.Furniture arrangements with vast views often prompt the elderly with moderate disability to participate in aimless watching and targeted observation,while semi-private spatial settings and open nursing stations assist those with severe disability and transform negative behaviors into relatively positive inactive behaviors.(4)Behavioral activity scenes can encourage the elderly with different disability levels to display positive inactive emotional responses.Dynamic activity scenes are beneficial in attracting the attention of elderly individuals with mild disability and enhancing their emotional state,and the highest SI can exceed 90.Static and dynamic behavioral scenes using TV images as the background can also improve the SI of elderly individuals with severe disabilities,to some extent. Three suggestions were proposed regarding the public spatial environmental design of full-day care facilities for the elderly in communities:(1)Elderly individuals with mild disability can live with those who have a mild disability but no cognitive disorders.However,elderly individuals with severe disabilities should not live together,and independent care units should be set for them.(2)Care units for elderly individuals with mild and moderate disability should be equipped with diversified peaceful seating sections,with rest chairs next to open and bright windows that provide plenty of natural light and high pedestrian mobility.In care units for the elderly with severe disability,semi-private spaces and open nursing stations should be arranged in the adjacent living room.(3)Dynamic and static behavioral scenes should be exhibited through open spatial layouts and the flexible use of furniture.TV pictures can be output effectively through the reasonable organization of desks,chairs,and TV sets.The proposed suggestions provide a reference for not only the future spatial design of relevant facilities but also operations-related staff.

Abstract:As an important vertical transition space connecting urban ground-level areas with underground metro systems,sunken plazas at metro station entrances and exits serve both the dispersion of pedestrian traffic and the accommodation of public activities.They are important interfaces for the expansion of metro station areas to urban public spaces.In the context of Transit-Oriented Development(TOD),such spaces play a crucial role in improving pedestrian efficiency,activating public life,and enhancing the comprehensive utilization of station areas.However,early field investigations indicate that existing sunken plazas are challenged by fragmented spatial organization and functions between traffic and public activities,low spatial utilization efficiency,and conflicts between activity stopover and traffic travel,thus restricting the full development of composite spatial values in station areas. Sunken plazas at metro station entrances and exits are defined as typical vertical transition spaces,which mainly accommodate pedestrian movement and transfer,with the potential to support public activities from the perspective of dual adaptability between"pedestrian traffic and public activities."In this study,11 sunken plazas from seven metro stations in Wuhan were chosen as the empirical samples.Their spatial morphological features,activity patterns,pedestrian adaptability,and public adaptability were analyzed systematically through the quantification of spatial characteristics,behavioral observation,and subjective perception evaluation. Methodologically,an index system of the spatial characteristics of sunken plazas was established from three aspects:ground plane configuration,vertical enclosure,and facility provision.Next,the intensity,type,and spatiotemporal distribution features of pedestrian traffic and public activities in sunken plazas were examined through field observation and behavioral recording.On this basis,a subjective evaluation method based on emotional perception was introduced,and evaluation factors for pedestrian adaptability and public adaptability were screened using the Delphi method.The dual adaptability evaluation results of the chosen sunken plazas were gained through questionnaires and weighted calculation.Correlation analysis was further applied to explore the relationship between spatial characteristics and dual adaptability performance.The results were explained by combining activity distribution features. The results reveal significant differences among sunken plazas in terms of spatial form,activity organization,and adaptability.Generally speaking,pedestrian adaptability tends to be higher than public adaptability,indicating that the traffic flow efficiency in existing sunken plazas is relatively stable,but public activity experience remains insufficient.Dual adaptability analysis shows that only"high-high"plazas,where both pedestrian and public adaptability are strong,achieve true coordination between traffic function and public use."Low-low"plazas represent the most problematic condition,characterized by deficiencies in traffic and public activities.Correlation analysis further indicates that spatial features of sunken plazas like enclosure height,height-to-width ratio,and seating density are closely related to public adaptability,while activity characteristics mainly reflect behavioral responses to spatial conditions,thus explaining and proving the adaptability results. Based on the research conclusions,some spatial optimization strategies for sunken plazas at metro station entrances and exits are proposed from different perspectives of dual adaptability,including reasonable control over spatial enclosure scale,optimization of traffic-stopover zoning,and increasing configuration of resting and barrier-free facilities to promote the collaborative development of pedestrian traffic and public activities. The study argues that improving the dual adaptability of sunken plazas requires the careful integration of public activities under the premise of maintaining the core functions of transportation architecture rather than a simple overlapping of functions.This study deepens understandings of vertical transition spaces in metro station areas in relation to spatial mechanisms.The results provide theoretical references and design supports for spatial renewal and the composite use of metro station areas.

Abstract:The living inheritance of traditional villages faces multidimensional challenges under the combined effects of rapid urbanization and tourism development,including fragmented spatial patterns,weakened cultural practices,and insufficient governance coordination.There are long-term static protection limitations regarding Lingnan villages with a comb-style layout,which have been focusing on morphological preservation and landscape improvement while relatively neglecting the continuous supply of cultural functions and the adaptation of governance processes.To address these limitations,an evaluation system for landscape spatial resilience orienting to the coupling relationships of spatial structure,cultural functions,and governance process was established from the perspective of cultural resilience,aiming to recognize resilience differences,clarify the action mechanism,and support precise governance.In this study,four typical Lingnan villages with a comb-style layout were selected as samples,and indicators were set according to four subsystems:cultural inheritance,cultural value,ecological resources,and social networks.Archival materials,field surveys and mapping,in-depth interviews,and questionnaires were combined to acquire data for quantitative,standard,and consistency tests of indicators.The analytic hierarchy process(AHP)was applied to determine the weights of indicators and conduct comprehensive evaluations.Moreover,a coupling coordination degree model was introduced to characterize the interactions and synergy levels among subsystems,testing the logic of resilience formation from a systemic relationship perspective and identifying key links and constraints affecting coordination.The research findings are as follows:① The cultural resilience of villages is not determined by the advantage of a single element but depends on whether spatial structure,cultural functions,and social networks can form positive synergies.Spatial structural stability provides a carrier for cultural practices,cultural functional activity supports value reproduction,and the organizational mobilization and rule enforcement capabilities of social networks influence resource integration efficiency.When structural protection is disconnected from functional utilization,or when governance processes fail to support cultural reproduction,a state of prominent heritage advantages but insufficient synergy may emerge.② Social networks play a critical mediating role in cultural value transformation through internal integration and external linkages.Internal integration is reflected in the support of community organizations and negotiation mechanisms for collective action,whereas external linkages are manifested in the ability to connect with governments,markets,and social organizations.Internal integration and external linkages collectively influence the continuous transformation of cultural resources and risk-response capabilities.③ External interventions for resilience enhancement require compatibility.Restoration,business introduction,and project interventions can promote element synergy and value gains only when aligned with the spatial fabric,social structure,and cultural practices.Mismatches may lead to symbolic utilization,weakened community participation,and systemic imbalance.Based on the evaluation and collaborative diagnosis results,some differentiated intervention pathways premised on the identification of"strength-shortage"combinations were proposed:The spatial intervention emphasized the continuous maintenance of the comb-style layout pattern and the revitalization of public space vitality.The cultural intervention strengthened the continuous production of inheritance fields and local narratives to shift cultural functions from display-oriented to daily-life-oriented.The governance intervention enhanced community capability in organization and connection with the external world,established a mechanism for multi-subject negotiation and resource co-governance,and promoted multiple subsystems to form sustainable positive feedback.Generally speaking,a comprehensive evaluation and collaborative diagnosis from the perspective of cultural resilience can provide greater explanatory and operational support,transforming Lingnan traditional villages with comb-style layouts from a static protection to a living inheritance,promoting the sustainable development of village landscape spaces.

Abstract:In the context of the rural revitalization strategy,how to achieve intensive land use,industrial integrated innovation,and land value conversion through the optimization of spatial governance has become a key path to addressing the predicament of rural development.By introducing the growth alliance theory and integrating local practices,the typical growth alliance model of existing rural spatial governance was summarized in this study.Moreover,how different subjects influence the implementation path,effect,and limitations of rural spatial governance through interest coordination,power games,and resource integration were analyzed.This study aimed to expand the rural application of growth alliance theory and provide theoretical supports and practices to explore differentiated spatial governance in the context of rural revitalization. The research findings show that in the transformation of the urban-rural dual structure,and as a result of different location conditions and resource endowments,rural spatial governance has evolved into three growth coalition models:urban renewal-oriented,local revitalization-oriented,and urban-rural integration-oriented.These three models exhibit significant differences in profit-seeking orientation,alliance characteristics,and governance responses. Urban villages are located within or adjacent to urban spatial scopes.Their renovation is regarded as an unconventional form of rural spatial operation,representing rural spatial governance under the stress of urban growth[21].Due to its favorable location,the collective land in urban villages has prominent advantages compared to other villages in breaking property right constraints,thus offering enormous potential for high market transaction value.The share of land transfer fees and real estate returns after the conversion of collective land to state-owned land has become the core growth driver and profit-seeking direction for such villages.Under the urban renewal-oriented model,transaction value is released through spatial empowerment and planning deregulation,forming an interest distribution mechanism dominated by village collectives and developers. For suburban villages located on the periphery of cities,direct access to urbanization dividends is constrained by their location.Its market transaction value remains extremely limited,although property right constraints are lifted and land is state-owned.Therefore,the only viable path is to leverage local rural resources,optimize the adaptability of land to rural revitalization industries,maximize the spatial use value of land,and thereby seek growth paths and momentum for local revitalization.The formation of specific growth alliances in this process has become the core logic for the development of peripheral rural areas.In other words,a collaborative development framework involving the government,village collectives,and enterprises was constructed under the"local revitalization-oriented"model,and the use value of land is improved through spatial rearrangement and institutional innovation. Peri-urban villages that are adjacent to cities possess favorable urban locations while avoiding the coercion of traditional urban"growth machines"to a certain extent due to their location at the urban-rural integration boundary,thus forming a unique rural growth alliance and spatial governance model for integrated development.Under the urban-rural integration-oriented model,it emphasizes the dual considerations regarding land use value and transaction value,offers responses to the rural spatial governance model through land consolidation and capital circulation,and establishes a multi-win mechanism involving the government,state-owned enterprises,other market-oriented enterprises,and village collectives. Fairness and justice remain indispensable in growth alliance theory.Although this study argues that anti-growth forces within rural growth alliances can be mitigated,vigilance must be maintained against the risk of imbalance in spatial justice caused by the excessive instrumental rationalization of growth coalitions.Special attention should be paid to the potential impact of overlapping"citizen-villager"identities on the formation of anti-growth alliances against the background of the future two-way flow of urban-rural factors.For example,with the downturn of the real estate market and the rationalization of compensation standards,village collectives and villagers often hinder the implementation of urban village renovation,playing the role of anti-growth alliances.Future research can further strengthen the discussion on institutional design from the perspective of social equity.

Abstract:Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed the strategic building of a maritime power,islands,as an important component of marine ecosystems and human settlement landscapes,have become a key focus for deeply implementing the strategy,adhering to the concept of land-sea integrated development and accelerating the construction of a maritime power.Sedimentary islands are one of the four major island types in Guangdong,most of which lie along the coast.According to their distribution,sedimentary islands can be divided into two types,estuarine and coastal,and the development methods employed for each type differ.Studying the human settlement landscape evolution and human-environment interaction pattern of coastal sedimentary islands is of great significance in creating a good living environment and achieving the sustainable development of islands. Combining ArcGIS software and an interdisciplinary research paradigm that integrates marine geography,marine ecology,and historical geography,this study classified the space on Nanshan Island,Guangdong Province,on the macro scale based on"production-living-ecological"theory and national standards of land use status classification according to the natural base and human development history.Moreover,the"production-living-ecological"landscape evolution characteristics of the island were analyzed through a land transfer matrix.On a meso scale,the evolutionary differences of settlements on the island were analyzed through type division based on spatial indicators,namely,the village expansion rate and village compactness. Five major stages of human settlement landscape evolution on Nansan Island were clarified from a diachronic perspective.The evolutionary characteristics of the island's"production-living-ecological"landscape at the macro level and the development differences between the two typical types of villages at the meso level were analyzed.Furthermore,the evolution laws were summarized.The common relationship of"close connection with human activities and rapid response of the natural environment"in the human-environment interaction of coastal sedimentary islands was analyzed by introducing the"pressure-state-response"theory.Three environmental responses in human-environment interaction were determined:"ecological backlash after reclamation and expansion,peaking and retraction after aquaculture expansion,and settlement decline under the dual pressure of ecology and economy."Furthermore,the study identified the socioeconomic factors that influence human-environment interaction,such as demand orientation,policy guidance,capital flow,industrial transformation,and population change.By revealing the essence of the human-land relationship and the evolutionary characteristics of the human settlement environment on coastal sedimentary islands,this study is expected to provide a reference for future development strategy research on similar islands. Coastal sedimentary islands have generally experienced two stages of expansion:agricultural and aquacultural.They are now in the third stage,where external capital,population changes,and regional policies are jointly driving island development toward tourism and port-related industries,modern urban construction,and ecological remediation.However,these islands still face ecological threats,difficulties in industrial upgrading,and population loss.The future development of tourism and other industries also faces potential risks,such as ecological damage,homogenization of human settlement landscapes,and capital shortages.Future studies should focus on learning from past experiences and taking feasible measures to protect characteristic settlement landscapes,balance island ecology and production,and mitigate the impact of climate disasters.Research on enhancing the anti-interference ability of island human settlement landscapes from the perspective of a resilience community cross-island comparison,and simulating and predicting the long-term impact of climate change on island landscapes are directions that can be expanded in future research on coastal sedimentary islands.

Abstract:The skyline of traditional settlements is a visual boundary jointly formed by natural landforms and artificial structures,embodying unique cultural and aesthetic values.Against the backdrop of the rapid development of rural tourism,the skylines of some traditional settlements are confronting issues of"style alienation,"such as the replacement of original layers and the weakening of cultural characteristics.However,existing research on skylines has mainly focused on urban spaces,with a scarcity of studies concerning traditional settlements.On this basis,this study collected multi-scale skyline samples from three typical Dong villages in Tongdao County,Hunan Province,to systematically explore their fractal characteristics and their intrinsic correlations with aesthetic perception.The research results may provide a scientific basis for the style regulation and tourism resource development of traditional settlements.In terms of research methods,a skyline sampling system known as the"Four-View Locating Method"(based on viewing angle,viewing distance,viewing scope,and viewing height)was constructed.A total of 24 sampling points were deployed across the three villages.The images were corrected and skyline vector data acquired using software such as PTGui Pro,Adobe Photoshop,and AutoCAD.The fractal dimension was calculated via the box-counting method.A Likert scale was adopted to conduct a survey on subjective perceived pleasure,and Pearson correlation analysis was performed using SPSS software. The research results show that:(1)The fractal characteristics of the skylines of traditional Dong settlements in Tongdao County exhibit significant scale differences.Specifically,the macro-scale presents an overall feature of"mountains determining the framework and buildings highlighting the focal points,"with a strong positive correlation between mountain skylines and architectural skylines.The overall spatial structure within the settlements further enhances the hierarchical integration of mountain skylines and architectural skylines.At the local scale,iconic Dong buildings such as drum towers enhance the fractal dimension of local skyline segments significantly,and the spatial order of settlement buildings guides the stable"growth"of local skyline segments.At the individual building scale,the fractal characteristics of the"Three Treasures"of Dong architecture,namely the drum towers,village gates,and wind-rain bridges,are mainly influenced by the spatial density of"cultural symbols,"the number of floors of individual buildings,the complexity of detailed decorations,and other factors.(2)The fractal characteristics of the skylines of Dong settlements in Tongdao County are significantly positively correlated with subjective perception,and the correlation mechanism at different scales is jointly influenced by contours and architectural forms.The core interval of fractal dimension corresponding to the overall optimal perceived pleasure is 1.10～1.35,which balances the orderliness and richness of the skyline and meets the subjective aesthetic needs.Among them,the correlation between the fractal dimension and pleasure is the strongest at the macro scale,where the morphological integration of"mountains and buildings"serves as the core perceptual basis,and the fractal dimension exhibits the most prominent explanatory power.The correlation intensity at the local and individual building scales is slightly weaker.Although the complexity of the contours of iconic buildings such as drum towers and wind-rain bridges increases the fractal dimension and drives the recovery of pleasure,the overall pleasure is still lower than that at the macro scale due to insufficient spatial order and environmental coordination. The research conclusions indicate that the fractal characteristics of the skylines of Dong settlements in Tongdao County,as a quantitative indicator of the complexity of settlement forms,can effectively characterize the vertical spatial characteristics of traditional settlements.The"Four-View Locating Method"and the analytical framework of"fractal characteristics-perception correlation"constructed in this study provide a new perspective for quantitative research on the ethnic characteristics of the vertical space of traditional settlements.The research results can be applied to the setting of tourist check-in points and style-regulation practices of Dong settlements in Tongdao County.

Abstract:The"Tonghai Craftsmanship Tradition of Southern Yunnan"represents one of the two mainstream traditions with traditional courtyard-style timber frame construction techniques in Yunnan.Its technical system bears significant influence from Southern China during the Ming and Qing dynasties.Through the long-term localized evolution,the system has not only preserved the essence of construction techniques in Southern China but also developed a unique construction paradigm in accordance with the geographical environment and climatic characteristics of Southern Yunnan through adaptive modifications.Geographically adjacent and sharing cultural origins,Tonghai in Yuxi and Shiping in Honghe constitute core distribution areas of this tradition.However,they belong to distinct cultural-geographical units,namely,Central Yunnan and Southern Yunnan.The traditional timber-framed dwellings have gradually developed divergent characteristics over time,with key construction techniques remaining unsystematically elucidated.To address this research gap,the timber frame construction techniques of traditional dwellings in Tonghai and Shiping are discussed to investigate the dissemination,adaptation,and differentiation of the same craftsmanship tradition across distinct geographical environments.The literature analysis,field investigation,and comparative analysis were combined in this study.Based on a review of existing research results,data were supplemented through typical swelling mapping and interviews with craftsmen.A systematic comparative analysis on plan layout,structural types and component characteristics,mortise-and-tenon fabrication and typology,and roof forms and construction was carried out.According to the research results,residential buildings in Tonghai and Shiping are highly similar in terms of fundamental forms,structural logic,and core mortise-and-tenon techniques,demonstrating the continuity and unity of the"Tonghai Craftsmanship Tradition."The plane layout are mainly feature variations of the courtyard of"Yi Ke Yin"and multi-courtyard layout,while structural frameworks mainly combine beam-raising and a Chuan-dou structure.The structural logic emphasizes the core load-bearing function of"mortise-and-tenon joints",with highly consistent basic types,core fabrication techniques,and mechanical principles.However,although both craft systems can be traced to the"Tonghai Craftsmanship Tradition,"the construction techniques in Tonghai and Shiping developed distinctive regional features due to differentiated topography,cultural integration,and variations in technique inheritance.With respect to plan layout evolution,Tonghai developed the layout in the shape of Chinese characters"Ri/Lv"by centering on the"Yi Ke Yin."Shiping focused on the expansion of multiple courtyards and developed the irregular layout of the Chinese character"Tu"to highlight differences in topographical adaptation.With respect to structural framework and component details,there are regional differences in the flexibility of framework combinations,structural forms,and dimensions,as well as component arrangement.In the application logic of mortise-and-tenon joints,distinct craft preferences are observed in detail processing,functional positioning,and dimensional precision,reflecting divergent regional traditions of craftsmanship transmission.Roof construction techniques exhibit regional variations in water drainage systems,ridge-lifting methods,layered roofing approaches,and tile dimensions,highlighting their adaptation to microclimates and materials.Within the craft terminology system,local names for certain components reveal dialectical differences,reflecting the linguistic localization of technique transmission.Based on a systematic comparison of construction techniques in Tonghai,Yuxi,and Shiping,Honghe,this study clarifies the commonalities and distinct characteristics within the"Tonghai Craftsmanship Tradition of Southern Yunnan"across neighboring regions.This not only reveals a pattern of"divergent evolution from a common origin"but also deepens our understanding of the complexity and diversity within the traditional residential construction systems of Central and Southern Yunnan.The research results are of significance in the context of protecting and inheriting traditional architectural cultures in Yunnan and promoting the integration of modern architectural design and traditional construction techniques.

Abstract:Extreme heatwave events intensified in frequency and magnitude across the Yangtze River Basin in the context of global warming.This shift poses a critical threat to the thermal stability of traditional vernacular dwellings and the physiological well-being of their occupants.The Street-facing Dwelling with Eaves Galleries(SDEG)presents as a typical climate-responsive typology within China's Hot-Summer and Cold-Winter(HSCW)zone.Characterized by a"shop-front,residence-rear"configuration,this typology leverages transitional buffer zones,including colonnades and internal courtyards,to modulate the microclimate between the street and the interior.Despite these inherent bioclimatic features,the adaptive resilience of SDEGs under contemporary extreme thermal stress remains insufficiently quantified.Currently,there is a significant lack of empirical evidence and scientific grounding to inform the climate-conscious refurbishment,conservation and preservation of these structures. This study aims to address this gap by evaluating the heat-mitigation mechanisms of the SDEG typology,providing a robust framework for its protection in an era of climatic instability.Taking Xiaohe Town of Xiaochang in Hubei Province as an example,the characteristics of the thermal environment and heat risks for SDEGs during extreme heatwaves were systematically revealed.Based on the field measurements,the cooling effects of various refurbishment strategies through Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)simulations,providing a quantitative basis for the climate-responsive renewal of traditional SDEGs in commercial districts.During the extreme heat period from August 17 to 18,2022,three representative street houses and street monitoring points were selected,with 13 measurement points installed to continuously monitor air temperature,relative humidity,wind speed,and other parameters.A microclimate model was established and validated using the RNG k-ε turbulence model,demonstrating high fidelity with coefficients of determination(R2)for temperature,wind speed,and humidity of 0.82,0.86,and 0.89,respectively,and Root Mean Square Errors(RMSE)of 1.1℃,0.025 m/s,and 3.6％.Quantified heat risk assessments reveal that while maximum thermal stress in indoor shops reached Class Ⅳ(30℃<WBGT<33℃),semi-outdoor and outdoor spaces exhibited more critical Class V(WBGT>33℃),with east-west oriented dwellings notably impacted by late-afternoon solar radiation. Based on the analysis of the thermal environment and heat risk,three refurbishment and conservation strategies were proposed and simulated:1)replacing modern granite paving with traditional cobblestone paving;2)installing an intelligent sensor-based shading system at the eaves;3)adding a double-layer ventilated ceiling below the first-floor slab.Simulation results showed that strategy 1 reduced the wet-bulb globe temperature(WBGT)by 1.19 ℃ at noon;strategy 2 reduced the maximum indoor WBGT by 0.52℃;and strategy 3 reduced the maximum indoor WBGT by 0.45℃.However,strategy 3 may lead to localized temperature increases during periods of small diurnal temperature variation,thus requiring optimization of shading and courtyard layouts.The findings suggest that the colonnade,as a transitional space,plays a significant role in thermal buffering,but in east-west oriented buildings,indoor commercial spaces still accumulate high heat risks during the afternoon.The combination of CFD simulations with fine grids and detailed material data meets the accuracy requirements for simulating the thermal environment of traditional street houses.Refurbishment measures such as paving material replacement,the addition of intelligent shading systems,and the installation of double-layer ventilated ceilings significantly improve the thermal environment during the midday period.This research provides a quantitative basis and strategic support for the climate-responsive renewal and protection of SDEGs in commercial districts.

Abstract:In the context of China's transition from incremental urban construction to stock-oriented renewal,this study systematically reveals the influence of the morphological and colour characteristics of urban street building facades on the time-series evolution of public visual attention.Results can provide quantitative evidence for decisions about facade micro-renewal and optimisation. This paper carried out a case study based on six central districts of Tianjin.Sampling points were generated randomly at an interval of 50 m based on the OpenStreetMap road network,and multi-temporal street view images in 2013,2015,2016,2017,2019,and 2020 were collected via the Baidu Maps Open Platform.In a Python environment,a Mask2Former semantic segmentation model trained on the Mapillary Vistas dataset was built and optimised to automatically extract building facades from street view images,and morphological indicators were computed,including area ratio(AR),edge contour roughness(ECR),and edge contours total perimeter(ECTP).Moreover,k-means clustering was performed on facade pixels in the CIELAB colour space by combining the Webcolors colour dictionary and a KD-tree structure to identify dominant colours and quantify colour features such as colour brightness(CB),colour contrast(CC),colour richness(CR),and colour saturation(CS).Using the Credamo online eye-tracking platform,a facade-viewing experiment was conducted with 76 participants to obtain eye-movement metrics,including first fixation duration(FFD),mean fixation duration(MFD),mean saccade amplitude(MSA),and saccades number(SN).Additionally,weights of indicators were determined using the analytic hierarchy process-entropy weight combination method,and a visual attention index(VAI)was built.On this basis,an XGBoost model was introduced to depict the nonlinear relationships between seven categories of facade features and VAI.SHAP and partial dependence plots(PDP)were used to examine the contribution,action direction,and threshold effects of each driving factor.The results show that:(1)From 2013 to 2020,the overall visual attention characteristics towards building facades in the six central districts remained relatively stable:the means of FFD and MFD stayed around 115 ms and within 113～118 ms,respectively.MSA fluctuated between 221 and 253 px;and SN remained at approximately 5,indicating that the overall attention load of the street interface did not change dramatically during the study period.(2)Morphological and colour features exhibited differentiated spatial evolution,and most indicators followed a spatial pattern of"high in the centre,but low in the periphery".Heping District consistently served as the core area of high-value clustering,although its high-value levels fluctuated to some extent over time.(3)The driving mechanism of VAI evolved from early dominance by colour attributes(CB and CR)to a later stage jointly dominated by composite morphological and colour features(AR and CC).(4)Clear threshold effects were observed between the driving factors and VAI,typically presenting N-shaped or U-shaped relations.After the morphological or colour indicators exceeded certain critical ranges,their positive effects on VAI weakened and could even become negative.These findings indicate that the formation of VAI in urban street facades is not a static outcome,but a dynamic evolution process from the immediate perception driven by direct colour differences to a more complex cognition based on morphology-colour combinations during urban construction transition and continuous appearance renovation.The facade micro-renewal should achieve an appropriate balance between factors such as AR,CC,and CS to avoid adverse effects caused by overemphasising a single attribute.Moreover,a quantitative evaluation framework was established by integrating multi-temporal street view images and eye-tracking data,which was conducive to identifying the time-series dynamic differences of facade-elated AVI.The results can provide scientific support for refined control and optimisation of building facades in the context of stock-oriented urban renewal.

Abstract:The renewal of stock can provide an opportunity to optimise the construction of public toilets so that they are not merely functional but also enhance the quality of the living space.While public toilet construction in China has progressed in both quantity and quality,research on theory and application remains weak.It is still widely accepted that public toilets are occasionally needed objects.This perception of efficiency isolates and alienates the relationship between people and public toilets.Therefore,public toilet design does not consider smooth interactions with people's daily lives and has certainly never seen public toilets as objects of beauty.Instead of being regarded as necessary but negative spaces,interactive fields should be developed that accommodate daily life.Considering the lack of theoretical research on public toilets and the alienation of the relationship between people and toilets,research on garden-style public toilets could present them as pleasing constructions that suit modern life. This study combines theoretical discussion and case demonstration to explore a new construction mode for public toilets.Firstly,the theory relates to"scenic views"in traditional garden construction.The meaning,mode,and effect of"scenic views"were determined.The results laid a theoretical foundation for analysing practical works associated with public toilets.Secondly,several public toilet facilities located in three basic types of scenic spots and parks in northern and southern regions of China,including landscape parks,cities,and villages,were investigated from the perspectives of"density","winding paths",and"contrasting views",determining commonalities and characteristics of garden-style public toilets.Finally,a construction strategy for garden-style public toilets was proposed based on space and layout,path,and line of sight,as well as visual scenes and experiences. On the one hand,the study elaborates on the connotation and characteristics of garden-style public toilets through other research studies.Garden-style public toilets differ from traditional public toilets in terms of form and experience,and they are also fundamentally distinct from modern-day flowing spaces in terms of techniques and effects.Regarding space and layout,garden-style public toilets differ from traditional,closed public toilets.They are constructed as a whole by decentralised functional units,which dispel the hierarchical spatial order and have the characteristics of compound openness.Regarding the path and line of sight,unlike the stages and purpose uniqueness of traditional public toilets,garden-style public toilets often connect the visual scene with various paths,such as cut-through and loopback,with particular emphasis on interaction with the line of sight.Regarding visual scenes and experiences,garden-style public toilets can also create a scene through elements such as hiding and exposure,light and shade,altitude difference and malposition,thereby creating aperspectival effects and enriching spatial feelings and experiences. On the other hand,garden-style public toilets can be constructed from three perspectives:1)space and layout:scattered layout and leaving spaces;2)path and line of sight:composite path and organisation of visual scenes;3)visual scenes and experiences:forming ambiguous depth by opening,closing,hiding,and exposure.It must be noted that public toilets are functional buildings,so the concept of"scenic views"challenges those constructions that pursue efficiency and easy access.It must balance functionality and aesthetics.The above methods are not indispensable or unique.This study is only expected to provide a reference from the perspective of traditional gardens,changing the concept of daily life,and offering guidance for the design of human settlements.

Abstract:Indoor volatile organic compounds(VOC)pose a serious threat to human health.Hence,living walls(also known as vertical gardens)have significant potential as a green purification technology.Yet their purification efficiency is subject to complex influences from multiple factors that are difficult to measure and predict quantitatively through traditional research methods.This study aims to overcome the limitations of single-variable analysis.It constructs a data-driven research framework to quantify the purification capacity of living walls,develop a dynamic prediction model,analyse the parameter influence mechanism,and propose an intelligent optimisation strategy,thus facilitating the paradigm shift of this technology from empirical to data-driven design. The research follows the path of"experiment construction-model prediction-mechanism interpretation-strategy optimisation".First,a multi-parameter experimental framework was designed to encompass the environmental dimensions(background concentration,temperature and humidity)and the living wall dimensions(plant species,living wall area,and plant density).The framework was systematically designed in a controlled test chamber using a representative dataset obtained from stratified sampling.The VOC purification data of three living walls(Scindapsus aureus,Chlorophytum comosum and Mentha haplocalyx)under various working conditions were measured.Second,the performances of six machine learning algorithms-random forest,support vector regression,LightGBM,XGBoost,CatBoost,and multi-layer perceptron-were compared.A dynamic prediction model was constructed using the optimal algorithm and nested cross-validation.The parameter mechanism was then interpreted by SHAP values and partial dependence plots.Finally,a comprehensive efficiency evaluation function was built using purification capacity,economic cost,and maintenance difficulty as objectives.The configuration schemes were refined through multi-objective optimisation and sensitivity analysis. 1)Model performance:among the six algorithms,LightGBM showed the best performance(RMSE=0.0542±0.0046,R2=0.8529±0.0472).The constructed dynamic prediction model achieved significantly higher accuracy(R2>0.85)on the independent test set compared to traditional methods.2)Parameter influence:The influence ranking was as follows:background concentration>temperature>humidity>living wall area>plant density>plant species.Mechanism interpretation revealed that background concentration showed a stable positive correlation with plant purification efficiency;temperature had a threshold effect(significantly positive correlation when<14℃ or>25℃,with mild influence in the 14℃～25℃ range);humidity exerted a non-linear influence(rising first and then falling,with the optimal level at～65％);both area and density presented positive correlations.Mentha haplocalyx showed the best plant purification efficiency,followed by Chlorophytum comosum and Scindapsus aureus.3)Optimisation strategies and configuration schemes:three engineering-oriented living wall configuration strategies were proposed,which were"short-term high-efficiency type"(focusing on maximising purification capacity;recommending the large-area,high-density Mentha haplocalyx or Scindapsus aureus),"cost-effective practical type"(balancing purification,cost and maintenance,dominated by Scindapsus aureus),and"clean low-maintenance type"(prioritising low-maintenance cost,preferring Chlorophytum comosum).A specific parameter configuration table was generated for different indoor VOC concentration levels(low-concentration daily environments/high-concentration short-term pollution)and seasonal temperature conditions(low-temperature season/high-temperature season). This study constructed a dynamic prediction model for VOCs purification by living walls based on the LightGBM machine learning algorithm,which realised accurate and dynamic quantification of purification effects.Through interpretability analysis,the complex mechanism of environmental and structural parameters was quantified and revealed.In particular,the threshold effect of temperature and the non-linear influence of humidity were discovered.The final multi-objective optimisation framework and three configuration strategies elevated living wall design from empirical judgement to data-driven decision-making,providing critical methodological support and technical tools for the scientific application of this technology to healthy buildings. This research is based on controlled experiments,and its generalisability to real buildings with variable ventilation and multi-pollutant source scenarios needs to be further verified.Moreover,the model neither involves the air-exchange rate nor interprets the multi-pollutant interaction mechanisms.Multi-scenario field verification is needed,and a comprehensive purification prediction framework of multiple pollutants shall be explored in future.

Abstract:The construction industry is a major contributor to resource consumption globally and a significant producer of carbon emissions.The industry's conventional linear model of"acquisition-production-disposal"has led to substantial resource waste and environmental pollution.Therefore,to realise sustainable development,it is urgent to shift towards a circular economy model in the construction industry.A circular model refers to a closed-loop system of"resources-products-renewable resources",thus reducing resource consumption,prolonging the service life of materials,and realising material recycling.This paper discusses the application pathways of circular economy principles to the construction field.Moreover,some feasible implementation strategies are summarised based on the case study of European demonstration projects.The paper starts by reviewing the theoretical development of circular architectures,through which the core principles,such as narrowing,slowing,closing,and renewing resource circulation,are identified.It also emphasises upcycling and equivalent cycling to maximise the value of materials throughout their service life. The author systematically reviews the circular strategies throughout the full life cycle of buildings,including design,manufacturing and supply,construction,operation and maintenance,and end-of-life demolition.Buildings developed using the circular model require architects to shift from spatial designers to resource managers,their responsibility encompassing all material flows.At the design stage,attention shall be paid to reversibility,adaptability,and standardisation for the convenience of reconstruction and demolition in the future.At the construction stage,reversible technology and prefabricated modular systems can be used to reduce resource waste.At the operation and maintenance stage,the sharing economy and service-based business model shall be introduced to improve resource use. To verify the feasibility of circular buildings,four European demonstration projects(in the UK,Denmark,the Netherlands,and Switzerland)were chosen for comparative analysis.These projects innovated structural component reuse,low-carbon material selection,and prefabricated construction.The results show that circular buildings achieve significant progress in reducing embodied carbon emissions and that the carbon emissions of some projects decrease by more than 50％compared to those of traditional buildings.Although the construction cost is still high at present,economic effectiveness is expected to increase with technological optimisation and market maturity. Based on the European experiences,the study proposes strategic pathways to promote the circular transformation of buildings in China.Firstly,it proposes that the circular principles be applied from the design stage,and buildings be viewed as a"future material library".Secondly,it proposes a support system for the entire industrial chain,including a materials database,circular construction technology,and policy standards.Thirdly,it proposes strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration to reconstruct the roles and working flow of architects.Fourthly,it proposes increasing public awareness and professional education to encourage cooperation between the involved parties. In short,circular buildings can not only reduce carbon emissions and resource consumption significantly but also provide a feasible transition to the sustainable development of the architectural industry.Although there are still problems with comprehensive circular buildings,the architectural field in China shows potential and is expected to contribute greatly to the national goal of'carbon neutralisation and carbon emission reduction'through design innovation,technological support,policy guidance,and social involvement.

Abstract:Traditional villages are carriers of regional culture and historical memory.Therefore,their protection and renewal are crucial for cultural inheritance and sustainable economic and social development.However,they face practical dilemmas,such as the value paradox between protection and development or breakdowns in the coordination of key factors.Effective guidance from scientific theory and practice pathways is urgently required-hence,this case study of 28 traditional villages in the mountainous region of Southwestern Hubei Province. The study extracted 46 initial categories,19 sub-categories,7 main categories,and 3 core categories.Then,a collaborative governance mechanism of"support-motivation-goal"was established by deconstructing the logical relationships between various elements in their protection and renewal. The results show:(1)"Collaborative governance"emphasises a process whereby multiple stakeholders jointly participate in the protection and renewal of traditional villages through negotiation,cooperation,and interaction.In contrast,"renovation"emphasises technical restoration and management of single or dominant actors over the living environment,architectural appearance,or other specific problems.This process is relatively simple and has a strong target-oriented focus;however,in complex social ecosystems such as traditional villages,the top-down"governance"mode struggles with the intrinsic complexity.Due to its multi-party involvement and systematic construction,"collaborative governance"balances the protection and renewal of traditional villages with sustainable development.(2)Traditional villages in southwestern Hubei are beset by a series of challenges in their conservation and revitalisation,including a monolithic funding structure,no local governance bodies,oversimplified cultural symbols,an inadequate capacity for the creative transformation of their cultural heritage,and difficulty in reconciling diverse stakeholder interests.The crux of these issues lies in the"insufficient guarantee caused by weak support systems","deficient endogenous development caused by the lack of a dynamic mechanism",and"fragmented action paths resulting from ambiguous target orientations".This is an essential reflection of the imbalance between the three core categories of support,motivation,and goals.Hence,the urgency of sustainable development is based on the collaborative governance of support,motivation,and goals.(3)Structured with a foundational support layer,propelled by a key driving layer,and guided by a core objective layer,the collaborative governance mechanism observes the logic of hierarchical nesting,dynamic adjustment,and iterative refinement.Within this framework,institutional mechanisms and social structure constitute the foundation of the collaborative governance mechanism,providing safeguards for conservation and revitalisation.The architectural appearance,the living environment,cultural inheritance,and economic industries form the key driving layer,propelling development from the dimensions of spatial carriers,cultural core,and industrial dynamics.The synergy of all these elements ultimately fulfils the aspirations of the people,the principal part of the core objective.(4)To enhance the practical implementation of the support system,promote multi-stakeholder collaboration within the motivation system,and enhance the dynamic adaptation of the goal system to complex practical needs,this study proposes collaborative governance pathways from the perspectives of establishing a full-cycle regulatory governance chain and activating new kinetic energy based on digital and intelligent technologies.These rely on iteration and adaptive transformation.On the one hand,these pathways address the practical challenges in the conservation and revitalisation of traditional villages in southwestern Hubei,thereby enhancing the quality and effectiveness of regional practices.On the other hand,they highlight the progressive value of governance logic from"single protection"and"single renewal"to"multi-party collaboration". The results can provide some theoretical guidance and practical references to realise the sustainable development of similar villages.

Abstract:High-rise office buildings play an important role in the intensive utilisation of land resources and the promotion of economic development.However,emerging issues such as the blind pursuit of height,heightened safety hazards,and intensified resource waste are leading to spatial efficiency dilemmas.It is common to observe"scale expansion accompanied by efficiency decline","increased core burden because of oversized floor plates",and"conflicts between column grid optimisation and flexibility",thus failing to balance scale output,spatial efficiency,and spatial flexibility.Existing studies either focus on single metrics or remain stuck in empirical generalisations,lacking a systematic and quantifiable analytical framework to guide design decisions directly.Hence,using empirical data from the collaboration mechanism of spatial efficiency and design indicators,this study discloses the coupling relationships between scale,efficiency,and flexibility in high-rise office buildings.Moreover,it establishes a typological system and corresponding threshold rules for evaluating the scheme and controlling the design. The study's quantitative measurement system comprises five spatial efficiency indicators:total usable area of the building,ratio of effective area per standard floor,effective area per unit height,core tube service efficiency ratio,and column grid flexibility index.The design indicators are as follows:plate width,depth,and area of the standard floor;depth,width and proportion of the core tube;vertical transportation area proportion;shortest and longest lease spans;and building height.Data were collected from 40 typical high-rise office building samples across five major urban clusters in China.A k-means clustering analysis was then carried out on the spatial efficiency dataset of samples using the Scikit-learn library in Python.Later,a comparative framework of"benchmark model-deviation direction-threshold band"was constructed based on the sample median(Q2)and interquartile range(IQR),which could provide quantitative explanations for differences in efficiency among different groups. Mathematical derivation shows that the triangular relationships among scale(total usable area of the building and effective area per unit height),efficiency(ratio of effective area per standard floor and core tube service efficiency ratio),and flexibility(column grid flexibility index)are a conditional constraint-driven balance rather than a mathematical zero-sum game.A multi-win layout of these objectives can be achieved by adopting the compact core shape,setting shuttle-zoned elevators,and unifying zoning and modular coordination. These four spatial efficiency prototypes were recognised through an unsupervised clustering of the efficiency indicators:Type A(balanced high-efficiency type),Type B(standardised scale-output type),Type C(constrained high-flexibility type),and Type D(large floor plate and high-output type).Type A maintains balance among scale,efficiency,and flexibility,making it an optimal choice for multi-tenant,high-turnover,and owner-held office buildings;type B emphasises standardised large floor plates,achieving a significant advantage in scale output,though core expansion must be controlled;type C is suitable for small sites and dynamic tenant requirements,maintaining high flexibility through a compact core and a regular modular layout,and type D orients to the headquarters of large corporations and locates in areas with high land cost.While it prioritises the maximisation of single-floor scale and intensity,it has a higher core burden and greater structural rigidity. The study proposes a general workflow of'target locking-index mapping-scheme diagnosis-parameter iteration-drawing finalisation'to transfer the typology results into design practice.This workflow translates the efficiency characteristics of the target type into ranges of"pre-design indicators"that can be directly applied at the design stage.Then,an iterative optimisation was carried out through"single-variable adjustment and triple-objective feedback",avoiding unconscious typological drift during scheme iteration. Finally,the upper limits for core area ratio,vertical transportation area ratio,and standard floor depth,as well as the acceptable range of column grid flexibility,were solidified as control criteria at the technical design and drawing review stages.This created a continuous chain for efficiency control from conceptual design to construction drawings. This study's innovations are threefold:① A proposed analytical framework of"tri-objective trade-off of conditional constraints",which realises the intrinsic coupling mechanism of spatial efficiency in high-rise office buildings;② A quantitative measurement system with"five-dimensional efficiency and ten design indicators"plus four types of efficiency prototypes:it can achieve a complete chain from mechanism to typology.③ A typology-oriented design regression path,further translating the efficiency research into operable,reviewable,and replicable engineering strategies.The research results not only provide a scientific basis for project planning,scheme comparison,product development,and the management of high-rise office building operations,but also important references for improving spatial quality and resource utilisation efficiency in high-density urban development.

Abstract:With the intensifying aging of the global population,improving the health of the elderly has become a core issue in urban development.As a sustainable form of physical activity that can be easily integrated into daily life,active travel(e.g.walking and cycling)is a critical pathway to realise the goal of"active aging".However,existing studies mainly rely on macro-scale GIS(Geographic Information System)data,which limits their ability to capture human-scale micro-environmental perceptions.In particular,insufficient attention has been paid to key indicators representing spatial openness and walkability,such as the sky view index and sidewalk index.Based on data from the Chengdu Comprehensive Travel Survey in 2016,the total daily active travel time of the elderly was chosen as the dependent variable,while gender,retirement status,household size and household income were chosen as the control variables.Community-level built environment indicators were measured by integrating multi-source big data,including open-source demographic data,road networks,points of interest(POIs)data,and street-view imagery(SVI).Specifically,SVI data were collected from Baidu Maps(2015～2017).Vegetation,sky,and sidewalk elements were recognised by using the HRNet semantic segmentation model,and three core indicators(the green view index,sky view index,and sidewalk index)were calculated.The multiple linear regression model was applied,and multicollinearity risks were eliminated in advance through the Pearson correlation test.The age of the elderly was adjusted from 60+to 65+for the robustness test.A total of 10,747 valid samples were included(including 6,631 robustness samples). The regression results indicate that the control variables of male,retired status,and high household income have significantly positive correlations with the active travel time of the elderly,while household size shows a significantly negative correlation.With respect to the built-environment variables,population density,the green view index,the sidewalk index,and accessibility to medical facilities have significantly positive effects on active travel.In contrast,road density and accessibility to bus stops have significantly negative effects.These reflect the travel risks of complex road networks and the"substitution effect"of public transport.Additionally,land-use mix and sky view index are not statistically significant.The robustness test confirms that both the influencing directions and significance levels of the core built-environment indicators remain stable. This study confirms that using human-centred street view indicators as an effective complement to the traditional community-level built environmental index system has important values for analysing the active travel behaviours of the elderly.Based on the regression analysis results,a strategy-generation framework of"empirical evidence-underlying mechanisms-planning responses"was built,and the strategies of"promote beneficial factors and curbing adverse factors"were proposed according to the dual criteria of statistical significance and spatial intervenability.Firstly,it shall create a high-quality street environment in communities by expanding sidewalks,adding cycling lanes,and optimising the green view index.Secondly,it shall optimise travel routes for medical access and improve the multi-level community medical system by building a"15-minute medical service circle".Thirdly,it shall build high-efficiency community-level road networks by implementing traffic calming measures,perfecting road signs,and installing safety islands.The"street-medical-road network"coordinated optimisation mode not only provides empirical guidance for age-friendly community renewal in Chengdu but also offers a reference for global high-density cities to cope with aging challenges.

Abstract:This paper reviews the developmental trajectory of the"layering"concept within the histories of art and architecture,identifying a crucial shift in the concept from objects to humans.Layering originated from the organisation of pictorial depth in Renaissance paintings and evolved with the development of Cubism.The interface disconnection has evolved into mediated expression.In particular,collage has transitioned from"indirect subjectivity"to"direct bodily participation"through material layering. The study points out that hierarchical thinking developed in the modernism and post-modern periods around"layering materials".Three major layering types were formed:transparency-based,functionality-based,and data-driven.In transparency-based layering(formal dimension),multiple interface layers were formed through geometric superposition and visual penetration.An example is Peter Eisenman's residential design series.However,the operation substantially depended on the manifestation of geometric logic and symbolic systems rather than embodied human experience.Functionality-based layering(systemic dimension)reconstructed the complex urban functions and forms through the overlaying and interaction of multi-layer systems(bands,grids,traffic,and landscape),such as Rem Koolhaas's La Villette Park.However,people were simplified as functional users and remained on the abstract functional logic.In data-driven layering(ecological dimension),the spatial suitability was evaluated through the overlay analysis of ecological and geological data,such as Ian McHarg's factor layering technique.Although it promotes the scientificity of layering techniques,it is easy to abstract people as influential factors in the environment,making them unresponsive to specific socio-cultural contexts.These three types of layering have a common problem:subjectivity gradually fades. By contrast,mediated layering represents a shift towards"stratified subjects".It views experiences of subjects,including daily routines,behavioural modes,customs,and collective memory as mutually related experience layers,and realises the spatialisation of these indicators,thus helping layering methods develop deep relationships with the daily world,subject behaviours,and social culture.For example,the post-disaster recovery work by Atelier Bow-Wow after the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2001 designed a life-mediated layering structure composed of daily-life routes of residents,temporal experiences(collective memory)and social networks.This facilitated a shift from single,functional solutions to a multi-dimensional,dynamic system. This study aims to unveil the transformation of design epistemology,manifested in layering diagrams from"deconstruction",which pursues forms,to emphasising"correlations"with the relational network.This shift not only demonstrates that the value of hierarchical cognition shifts from"objects"to"people"but also discloses the trend of developing architectural design from a single paradigm to an interdisciplinary paradigm involving the participation of multiple subjects and temporal narrative practices.By focusing on the application of layering to design practices,this study further discusses the composite relations among different layering perspectives.As well,it can facilitate the visualisation of implicit relations through associated layering practices,promoting the generation of new superimposed layers during design.This method has great potential for reconnecting space,city,and life.It provides effective ways to overcome contemporary design challenges,such as digital humanism,ecological sustainability,and participatory design.