Abstract:The Yellow River,known as the mother river of the Chinese nation,serves as an important benchmark for the governance of major rivers,a vital ecological security barrier,a key pilot zone for high-quality development,and a crucial area for preserving and promoting Chinese culture.This paper summarizes the implementation achievements of the water security plan during the 14th Five-Year Plan period in the Yellow River basin and analyzes the challenges faced in Yellow River protection and management during the 15th Five-Year Plan period,including the urgent need to enhance flood and sediment regulation capacity and improve the basin flood control engineering system;the long-term tight balance between water supply and demand;the need to strengthen water conservation and intensive utilization;the still unstable results of water ecological protection and restoration;the incomplete Digital Twin Yellow River system;and the continued need to improve water governance mechanisms,institutions,and legal management.In line with the strategic arrangements proposed in the"Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development",and focusing on the goal of"promoting high-quality development of water conservancy to ensure national water security",this paper puts forward countermeasures for improving the three major systems for basin flood and drought disaster prevention,strengthening the systems for water conservation,intensive utilization,and optimal allocation,enhancing the system for water ecological protection and restoration,and comprehensively improving scientific and technological innovation as well as basin governance and management capacities.

Abstract:China has a large number of reservoir dams,and their safety constitutes an important component of the national water security strategy.In the context of frequent extreme hydrological events induced by global climate change,increasingly complex environmental conditions faced by dams,and the growing demand for effective risk prevention and quality development,Minister of Water Resources Li Guoying proposed the initiative of"building safe dams,ecological dams and smart dams"at the 28th ICOLD Congress.To further deepen the understanding of"safe dams",this paper outlines the current status of dam construction and overall dam safety in China.By comparing the traditional concept of dam safety with the requirements of high-quality development in the new era,it clarifies the connotation of constructing safe dams and analyzes the main challenges currently faced,including the safety risks of medium and low-earth-rockfill dams under climate change,the safety risks of high dams under complex construction conditions,and the basin system safety risks arising from cascade development.The paper emphasizes that building safe dams depends on technological innovation,elaborates on technological progress achieved in enhancing the intrinsic safety of small and medium-sized reservoir dams,ensuring the safety of ultra-high dams,and constructing smart dams,and proposes further needs for scientific and technological innovation and technical advancement in related fields.These efforts aim to support the construction of safe dams and the establishment of a comprehensive dam safety assurance system.

Abstract:The six reservoir hydropower stations of Wudongde,Baihetan,Xiluodu,Xiangjiaba,Three Gorges,and Gezhouba are distributed successively along the mainstream of the Yangtze River,forming a cascade that constitutes the world's largest clean energy corridor:the Jinsha River Downstream-Three Gorges Cascade Hydropower Corridor.From the perspective of systems science,this paper first reveals the essence of the corridor as an open,complex,and large-scale system,deconstructing its core components,including the engineering,natural,and social subsystems,and explaining its typical characteristics such as external randomness,structural complexity,and functional diversity.Second,focusing on the"large systems"of the water resources,power,and ecological domains,it defines the corridor's major functional roles as the backbone of flood control and safety,the cornerstone of energy supply security,and the main force in ecological protection,and elaborates on its comprehensive benefits for"overall safety".Finally,from the three dimensions of monitoring and perception,forecasting and prediction,and operation and scheduling,the paper reviews key technologies in the operation and dispatching of the corridor,analyzes the main technical challenges under new circumstances,and proposes corresponding countermeasures.The study provides a reference for promoting the high-quality development of the Jinsha River Downstream-Three Gorges Cascade Hydropower Corridor and for supporting national water,energy,and ecological security at a higher level,across broader fields,and on a larger scale.

Abstract:With the acceleration of urbanization and the increasing frequency of extreme rainfall events,traditional flood control facilities in high-density urban areas face contradictions between retention capacity and adaptability,making it difficult to meet the demands for rapid response and reliable defense.There is an urgent need to establish a resilient urban flood control system that can be rapidly deployed and structurally safe.This paper proposes the concept of a Flood-retention Building System(FBS),guided by the principle of"zero additional land use".Through a"space utilization+active regulation"mechanism,the system innovatively utilizes underground building space,converting foundation pit cushion cavities into"flood storage chambers",and switching basements into"flood storage tanks"during extreme weather events,thereby forming flood retention units within building boundaries.Supported by"overflow pressure control"active anti-buoyancy technology,FBS extends building structural functions through space utilization,enabling active regulation of urban waterlogging.By adopting a tiered flood retention strategy,it ensures efficient response to pluvial flooding during extreme rainfall.Operating under the three-phase model of"normal storage-pre-alert drainage-emergency flood diversion",and integrated with an IoT-based scheduling platform,the system realizes a distributed regional flood retention network.Calculation results show that a conventional 10 000 m2 two-level underground space retrofitted with FBS can provide about 5000 m3 of flood storage chambers and 100 000 m3 of flood storage tanks,while reducing construction costs to 10%of traditional systems.It is suggested that flood retention capacity be incorporated into regulatory planning as a mandatory indicator,supplemented by floor area ratio incentives and financial subsidies,to promote the wide application of FBS and support the high-quality development of resilient cities.

Abstract:Comprehensively improving the digital service level of engineering survey is crucial for accelerating the construction of digital twin in water conservancy.In accordance with the requirements of"demand-driven,application-oriented,digital empowerment,and capability enhancement",it is necessary to deepen the digital mapping,intelligent simulation,and forward-looking rehearsal of all elements in survey production,so as to promote the quality and efficiency of survey and design work,realize digital empowerment,and achieve intelligent early warning and control of geological risks.In view of the current situation in China's water conservancy survey field,where understanding of survey digital twin is not unified,achievements are fragmented,and technical routes are immature,this paper proposes a collaborative mechanism for the whole process of water conservancy engineering survey digital twin,consisting of"digital collection-modeling and simulation-twin application-standard construction".The connotation,application requirements,construction contents,and key technologies of survey digital twin are clarified,and a digital twin platform for water conservancy engineering survey is constructed.The platform includes an"sky-space-earth integrated"data acquisition system,a 2D and 3D real-scene cataloging system,a 3D geological modeling system,a rock slope design system,a"one-map"system for water conservancy engineering survey,and a geotechnical construction management and control system,thereby realizing whole-process digital operations and result delivery.Practice shows that this technology and platform enable dynamic management and control of the entire survey process through digital twin technology,providing a referable solution for digital twin development in the water conservancy industry and supporting the construction of smart water conservancy.

Abstract:The national 14th Five-Year Plan and the National Water Network Construction Plan Outline explicitly propose the implementation of major national water network projects and the accelerated construction of the national water network.A key task of this construction is to focus on ensuring urban water supply safety,enhancing the assurance rate of urban water supply,and overcoming the"water"bottleneck restricting urban development.Shenzhen,as a pioneering demonstration zone of socialism with Chinese characteristics,a national special economic zone,and a core city in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area,has a permanent population of nearly 20 million,making its water supply safety particularly critical.Taking the newly constructed Gongming Reservoir-Qinglinjing Reservoir Connection Project and the Luotian Reservoir-Tiegang Reservoir Water Conveyance Tunnel Project in the"three vertical and four horizontal"water network system of Shenzhen as the background,this paper,from the perspective of survey and design,systematically investigates the key technical issues that must be addressed in the construction of water networks in megacities.These include safety control in long-distance deep-buried tunnel exploration,engineering route and site selection and type determination,maintenance and operation,major structural design,and multi-objective coupled smart water network dispatching during the operation stage.A full-chain systematic study is carried out,and integrated solutions are proposed to facilitate smooth project construction and intelligent operation,thereby enhancing the"water"resilience of urban development.

Abstract:The Wangting Water Conservancy Hub is a crossing structure where the Wangyu River intersects the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal.As a key hydraulic project on the Wangyu River,it plays an important role in flood control,waterlogging drainage,water diversion,and navigation in the Taihu Lake basin.Under extreme weather conditions,strong human disturbances,tidal river network effects,and significant temporal variability,the operational and hydrological conditions of the Wangting Hub have undergone major changes,making it urgent to reassess the ultimate indicators for its control and operation.Taking structural safety as the baseline,this study adopts literature review,standardized calculation,full-envelope coverage,and index correlation assessment methods to systematically analyze three core indicators(controlled water level,sluice discharge,and water level difference)and five key influencing factors(structural stability,seepage safety,hydraulic conditions,gate hoisting force,and gate structural strength and stiffness).A comprehensive assessment is then conducted to determine reasonable ultimate values of the hub under the coupling and constraints of multiple factors.The findings provide a scientific basis for the control and operation of the Wangting Water Conservancy Hub and also offer reference and demonstration significance for studying ultimate indicators of sluice control and operation in different types of sluices,such as open-type and breastwall-type structures.

Abstract:The Ministry of Water Resources has implemented the National Groundwater Monitoring Project,continuously improving the integrated monitoring system of"sky-space-earth-water-project",building a remote sensing satellite constellation for water conservancy applications,enhancing multi-regional,multi-resolution,and high-frequency observation capabilities,and promoting technological innovation with new quality productive forces.Gravity satellite remote sensing technology,with its unique advantages of overcoming terrain constraints and enabling continuous observation at large spatial scales,has broken through the technical bottlenecks of traditional land and groundwater monitoring methods,such as limited monitoring range,difficulty in data acquisition,and insufficient continuity.It can significantly improve the ability to evaluate dynamic changes in groundwater reserves.This paper briefly analyzes the progress of gravity satellite technology in groundwater monitoring,expounds on its basic principles,application research,and data products,and points out the current bottlenecks,including low spatial resolution,low accuracy at short time spans(in months),and the fact that domestically developed gravity satellites have not yet entered the stage of operational application.It further explores technical pathways for three-dimensional monitoring of groundwater storage changes:constructing downscaling models for multi-source data collaboration,developing a"four-pre"operational system for groundwater forecasting,early warning,rehearsal,and contingency planning based on gravity satellite technology,and developing a new generation of satellites for national water security.These efforts aim to realize the operational application of gravity satellites in groundwater monitoring and evaluation in key areas,effectively support rigid water resource constraints,and continuously enhance water security assurance capabilities.

Abstract:Water conservancy is an important support and fundamental guarantee for national economic and social development.Scientifically assessing the future development trends of water conservancy and preparing to meet new challenges and historical missions are of great significance.On the basis of reviewing"water conservancy 4.0",the conception of"water conservancy 5.0"is proposed,with a preliminary judgment that"water conservancy 5.0"will be the stage of symbiotic water conservancy during 2036-2060.Its main characteristics are:relying on relatively sound water engineering construction,ecological water conservancy construction,and intelligent technology application,and taking the harmonious symbiosis of human-water relationship as the fundamental water situation,to carry out comprehensive"grand water conservancy"work.The reasons for proposing"water conservancy 5.0"are explained,and the framework of"water conservancy 5.0"is described,namely that at this stage a multi-dimensional harmonious symbiosis of water conservancy,a relatively well-developed supporting system,and a harmonious symbiosis development pattern should have been formed.Preparations to be initiated in the decade before its arrival(2025-2035)are planned in advance,including ideological,administrative,engineering,technological,and educational readiness.Finally,the key research directions of the"water conservancy 5.0"stage(2036-2060)are briefly predicted in six aspects:theory and methodology,technological research and development,ecological construction,intelligent services,engineering construction,and operational management,providing a reference for the strategic layout of water conservancy and the prediction of water science and technology development.

Abstract:Since the 12th Five-Year Plan,the goals and indicators set out in each plan have collectively reflected the development concepts and directions of the new era.Based on publicly available policy documents on water conservancy development planning from the 12th to the 14th Five-Year Plan periods,this study systematically reviews and analyzes the evolutionary trajectory and structural changes of the indicator system,revealing the fundamental characteristics and transformation trends of China's water conservancy development in the new era.The results show that the indicator system has evolved from being dominated by engineering construction and water supply security to a multi-objective composite system encompassing water conservation and intensive utilization,water ecological protection and restoration,basic public services for water conservancy,and digital and intelligent governance.At present,water conservancy development in China is shifting from an engineering-dominated approach to one that balances resource conservation and ecological protection,and is further advancing toward integration with intelligent modern governance.This process reflects a transition in national water management strategy from scale expansion during the high-speed growth stage to conservation-intensive and ecologically coordinated development in the stage of high-quality growth,signifying an elevated and transformed positioning of water conservancy in the national economic strategy.A five-category analytical framework for water conservancy development planning indicator system is innovatively constructed,clarifying their evolutionary characteristics,providing a structured perspective for understanding water management logic in the new era,and offering empirical evidence and policy references for optimizing water security planning indicators and enhancing governance capacity in the 15th Five-Year Plan period.

Abstract:Focusing on the evaluation of construction effectiveness of happy rivers and lakes in plateau regions,this study takes the happy river and lake in Zhongqu,Ngari,Tibet,as a typical case.It systematically analyzes the applicability and limitations of the mandatory indicators in the current"Work Plan for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Happy Rivers and Lakes Construction(Trial)"under the special conditions of plateau environments.The study identifies eight mandatory indicators that are clearly unsuitable,falling into two categories:those requiring optimization,including flood control compliance rate,soil and water conservation rate,water quality status,and cultural inheritance;and those requiring replacement,including natural shoreline condition,ecological flow satisfaction,total pollutant reduction,and per capita disposable income of residents.Based on the principles of scientific soundness,fairness,quantifiability,and data availability,an optimization and replacement scheme adapted to plateau conditions is proposed,and a revised evaluation system is constructed.A comparative scoring analysis between the original and revised systems shows that the improved system demonstrates higher rationality,better data availability,and stronger operability in plateau environments,leading to more objective and scientific evaluation results.This study not only enhances the applicability and guidance of effectiveness evaluation of happy rivers and lakes construction in plateau regions,but also provides a scientific basis and practical approach for river and lake management and sustainable development in cold and ecologically fragile areas.

Abstract:Pingtan Island is an important comprehensive experimental zone for pioneering policies in the construction of the West Coast Economic Zone.However,due to its hydrological characteristics as an island,precipitation is unevenly distributed in time and space,water retention capacity is weak,and evaporation is strong,leading to prominent water scarcity problems.To meet the water demand of the leapfrog development of the Pingtan Comprehensive Experimental Zone,the Minjiang River Diversion Project in Fuqing and the Water Resources Allocation Project of Pingtan and Minjiang Estuary in Fujian Province have been successively completed and put into operation.As the core hub for water regulation on the island,the Sanshiliujiao Lake Reservoir undertakes key functions such as storing diverted water and supplying water through scheduling,and its scientific operation is crucial for ensuring regional water resource supply.Based on the analysis of regional water resource allocation and supply tasks,the dual requirements of flood control and water supply in the operation of the Sanshiliujiao Lake Reservoir were identified.Guided by the principle of"no overflow under common flood conditions and reliable water storage for supply",water supply scheduling water level lines were established through pre-allocation of flood control storage capacity and tiered water supply operations.Water level thresholds were applied to achieve drought warning and decision-making response.The results show that this scheduling strategy effectively improves the scientific basis,flexibility,and safety of reservoir operation,enhances the reliability of water supply under emergencies and extreme climate conditions,provides a scientific basis for water resource management in the Pingtan Comprehensive Experimental Zone,and offers reference value for water resource management in similar island regions.

Abstract:To implement the requirements of resilient city development and promote the transformation of urban flood management from passive end-of-pipe treatment to systematic source control,Guangzhou City,Guangdong Province,took the national lead in 2021 by introducing a flood safety assessment system during the urban planning stage.Since its implementation,significant results have been achieved in areas such as spatial control of river networks,implementation of flood control and drainage facilities,realization of sponge storage facilities,and waterlogging management.From 2022 to 2024,through flood safety assessments in 481 regulatory detailed plans,1001 km of planned river and lake control lines and 18.54 million m3 of sponge storage facilities were implemented.Using Guangzhou as an example,the development process and effectiveness of the flood safety assessment system were summarized,and the assessment contents and requirements were analyzed.The study shows that flood safety assessment is a key innovative mechanism to address the current urban flood dilemma:first,shifting the focus of urban flood management from post-event response to pre-event control,strengthening guidance and supervision during the planning stage,and controlling flood safety from the source;second,improving urban flood resilience through integrated measures and three-dimensional defense.Based on Guangzhou's exploratory practice,it is proposed that flood safety should be regarded as a rigid constraint in urban development,and that urban flood management should shift from adversarial defense to resilience governance,with strengthened application of flood risk analysis techniques and results in urban planning.This provides insights for resilient city development and serves as a reference for other cities in China.

Abstract:In the preparation of soil and water conservation plans,the predicted amount of soil and water loss in different conservation zones is an important basis for determining the focus of soil erosion prevention and control and for arranging conservation measures.At present,most production and construction projects have not conducted research and analysis on the impact scope of soil erosion and whether sediment and runoff are exported beyond the project area,which affects the implementation of soil and water conservation monitoring.The absence of impact area analysis leads to unreasonable arrangements of conservation measures during the planning stage and hinders the implementation of relevant monitoring requirements during the monitoring stage.By comparing and analyzing different regulations and requirements on soil and water loss prediction and monitoring,and taking a city park construction project as an example,an analytical approach for soil and water loss impact areas in point-type production and construction projects is proposed.By analyzing the direction of runoff and sediment within the project area,the internal and external impact areas of soil and water loss are determined,clarifying the occurrence periods,harmful effects,and final destinations of soil erosion in different areas.On this basis,the key areas for soil and water loss control in the project are identified,achieving the goals of hazard-based prevention and targeted measures.

Abstract:China's unique resource and geographical endowments have made water diversion projects play a long-term strategic role in supporting the construction of the national water network.A scientific and rational demonstration of the necessity of water diversion and the determination of its scale are crucial for ensuring the sound operation of such projects.Based on a review and analysis of the relevant achievements of the Overall Planning of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project,this paper refines and proposes a systematic identification approach to the necessity of water diversion,namely Observing,Listening,Inquiring,and Predicting,from multiple dimensions including space,time,rationality of water use,and future development.The corresponding methods involve static comparison of water resource endowments,dynamic analysis of water use processes,evaluation of water use rationality,and prediction of water supply and demand.Furthermore,given the complexity of determining the scale of water diversion,the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is again taken as an example to analyze the major constraining and influencing factors related to water supply-demand forecasting,with a view to providing planning references for the preliminary demonstrations of other water diversion projects and for the construction of the national water network system.

Abstract:To achieve high-precision real-time monitoring of settlement in dam corridors and enhance safety assurance,a settlement monitoring method based on dynamic visual measurement is proposed and applied to the Xiabandi Reservoir in Xinjiang.This method innovatively integrates non-contact visual measurement technology with dynamic pose perception technology.Real-time images of corridor targets at monitoring points are captured by the camera's visual measurement unit,and the pixel coordinates of geometric centers are accurately identified and extracted using image processing algorithms.Meanwhile,the dynamic measurement unit synchronously collects real-time data on the camera's position and pose changes to calculate variations in the pitch angle.Furthermore,a settlement calculation formula is developed by integrating pixel displacement information with dynamic pose variation data.Based on this formula,pixel-level displacements of the monitoring points are precisely converted into engineering-scale settlement values.This approach effectively overcomes the limitations of traditional methods,such as total stations and static level instruments,in closed corridor environments,including low data acquisition frequency,poor timeliness,and inadequate adaptability to harsh conditions.The empirical application in the Xinjiang Xiabandi Water Conservancy Hub Project demonstrates millimeter-level monitoring accuracy,high real-time performance,and excellent adaptability to extreme climatic conditions,providing a reliable technical solution for safety monitoring of water conservancy projects in complex environments.

Abstract:Systematically promoting the ecological restoration of urban rivers and the collaborative management of watersheds is a key path to achieving the goals of high-quality water resources development and building a beautiful China.In southern China,rain-fed urban rivers generally face compound environmental problems such as insufficient ecological flows,water pollution,and degradation of ecological functions,which have become a prominent shortcoming restricting regional high-quality development.To address this complex challenge,a theoretical and technical system for ecological restoration of rain-fed urban rivers in southern China has been constructed.Theoretically,it breaks through the static concept of"restoring to the undegraded state"prevailing internationally and establishes a dynamic and progressive restoration framework based on the dual-axis identification of"degradation severity-restoration capacity".Technically,it develops an integrated ecological restoration technology system covering"river basin-riparian zone-water body-river bed",and further innovates a full-process intelligent restoration system that combines pollution identification,water resources modeling,and regulation optimization,forming a comprehensive governance solution with coordinated objectives of pollution control,water quality assurance,and ecological water replenishment.This achievement has been successfully applied in the management of typical rivers in southern China such as the Maozhou River,producing significant ecological restoration effects.

Abstract:Major water diversion projects are the main framework and arteries of the national water network,and their safe and stable operation is of strategic significance for ensuring water resource supply and sustainable economic and social development.Safety risk assessment is an important technical means to support project and water supply security.Given the characteristics of water diversion projects,such as large scale,complex systems,and dynamically changing environments,a dynamic closed-loop technical route of"identification-evaluation-control-update"is systematically constructed,a risk identification method system integrating data analysis,on-site investigation,and model assistance is proposed,and an evaluation index system is established covering natural environment,engineering facilities,operation management,social economy,and ecological environment.Through comparative analysis,it is clarified that risk assessment has advantages over safety evaluation in terms of dynamics,systematicness,and forward-looking,making it suitable for the risk prevention and control needs of complex systems in the national water network.Combined with major project practices,the current deficiencies in institutional standard systems,technical support capabilities,cross-system collaboration,and ecological and social risk assessment are revealed.Accordingly,a systematic improvement path is proposed from five aspects:institutional system,technical standards,intelligent monitoring,management and control collaboration,and application of results.It is further suggested to deeply integrate new technologies such as digital twins and multimodal large models to promote the development of risk assessment towards intelligence,systematization,and refinement,providing theoretical and practical support for enhancing the risk prevention and control capabilities of water diversion projects.

Abstract:Guangdong Province,as one of China's leading provinces in terms of both economy and population,must comprehensively enhance its water security capacity to support high-quality socioeconomic development.Based on a systematic analysis of the province's water resources development status,current situation,and challenges,this paper identifies fundamental,overarching,and long-term issues constraining Guangdong's water security and proposes the overall"1234"framework for the 15th Five-Year Plan period.This framework aims at the development goal of"taking the lead",driven by the dual engines of"reform and innovation"and"law-based water governance",focusing on the three key guarantees of"flood control safety,water supply safety,and ecological safety",and advancing the four dimensions of"construction,management,prevention,and protection".Key measures include accelerating the construction of a modernized water infrastructure network,creating a model of modern water governance,preventing and mitigating major flood and drought risks,advancing the vision of a water-beautiful Guangdong,stimulating vitality and momentum in water resources development,and improving modern water governance systems and mechanisms.These efforts will accelerate high-quality development of water conservancy,consolidate the water security barrier,and help Guangdong take the lead in the Chinese path to modernization.

Abstract:The Hanjiang River basin is not only the core water source area for the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project but also a key ecological node within the Yangtze River basin.Vegetation change in this region is directly related to the implementation of major national strategies and regional sustainable development.Based on time-series NDVI data from 2000 to 2023,combined with the Geodetector model,Random Forest algorithm,and Partial Dependence Plot method,the driving mechanisms of vegetation change in the Hanjiang River basin were systematically revealed from three aspects:spatiotemporal variation characteristics,identification of driving factors,and analysis of response thresholds.Differentiated regulatory strategies for the upper,middle,and lower reaches were also proposed.The results show that vegetation in the basin has generally improved since 2000,but with marked spatial differences,presenting a pattern of continuous improvement in the upper reaches,fluctuating changes in the middle reaches,and intensified degradation in the lower reaches.Vegetation change in the upper basin is mainly influenced by natural factors,with elevation,annual precipitation,and mean annual temperature as the key drivers,while vegetation in the middle and lower reaches is affected by the combined influence of land use and geomorphological type.Nonlinear relationships exist between key drivers and NDVI.Optimal vegetation conditions in the upper basin occur under precipitation of 1600～1800 mm,elevation of 1500～2000 m,and mean annual temperature of 7～10℃.In the middle and lower reaches,NDVI shows dual inflection points at elevations of about 100 m and 500 m,reflecting sensitive areas and critical thresholds of vegetation ecosystems to external disturbances.Based on these findings,a"zonal classification and coordinated management"vegetation restoration pathway is proposed,establishing a comprehensive governance system integrating engineering measures,ecological restoration,and institutional safeguards to support ecological security enhancement and policy-making in the basin.