Abstract:Significance Self-healing microcapsules demonstrate significant advantages in enhancing material durability and extending ser-vice life.Conducting research on the preparation and application of self-healing microcapsules is crucial for advancing microcap-sule technology and providing valuable insights for its further development. Progress This paper reviews the healing mechanisms and compositional regulation of self-healing microcapsules,including the selection of shell and core materials based on application requirements.The advantages and development status of different shell materials are summarized,along with a detailed analysis of three types of core materials suitable for self-healing systems.Addi-tionally,the preparation methods of self-healing microcapsules are highlighted,including traditional physical methods,chemi-cal methods,and novel photopolymerization-based technologies.Their respective advantages and limitations are also explored.Moreover,the applications of self-healing microcapsules in anticorrosive coatings,building materials,and other fields are discussed. Conclusions and Prospects Currently,the development of self-healing microcapsules is still facing several challenges.In terms of preparation technology,it is necessary to consider the regulation of microcapsule shell thickness and the loading capac-ity of core materials.More attention should be given to selecting suitable components and tailoring preparation processes based on application requirements.The commercialization of microcapsules requires economic feasibility assessments.Process optimi-zation and the exploration of low-cost alternatives are feasible approaches.The future development of self-healing microcapsule technology will focus on three key directions:materials research,process optimization,and application expansion.In terms of materials research,the development of new shell and core materials will be a critical research focus.Enhancing the strength,stability,and overall performance of shell materials and exploring efficient and multifunctional core healing agents will further expand the application scope of self-healing microcapsules.For process optimization,it is crucial to systematically establish the relationship between preparation parameters,microcapsule structure,and performance.Integrating micro-nano processing and intelligent control technologies will enhance the precision and automation in the preparation process.This will enable more pre-cise control of key parameters such as particle size,shell thickness,and loading capacity,thereby improving the quality and sta-bility of self-healing microcapsules and laying the foundation for large-scale industrial production.Regarding application expan-sion,self-healing microcapsules are expected to be widely applied in aerospace,electronic devices,biomedicine,and energy storage.Expanding their application fields requires targeted design of microcapsule structures and functionalities based on spe-cific application requirements,which in turn places higher demands on new material development.The ongoing development of self-healing microcapsule technology urgently calls for interdisciplinary collaborative research,integrating knowledge and tech-niques from multiple fields to overcome technological challenges.Such efforts will promote the extensive application of this tech-nology across various industries,contributing significantly to scientific progress and economic development.

Abstract:Objective Phosphogypsum(PG)is one of the predominant solid wastes generated by the phosphorus chemical industry.It con-tains harmful components,including phosphorus compounds,sulfates,fluoride,organic matter,trace metals,and radioactive substances,posing severe environmental threats by contaminating soil,surface water,and groundwater.Therefore,the resource utilization of PG is an urgent environmental challenge.Anhydrite Ⅱ(A Ⅱ),a gypsum-based cementitious material with superior properties,is primarily produced through high-temperature calcination to remove crystallization water.This method offers advantages such as reasonable costs and controllable processing,making it widely applicable in the building industry.However,such traditional processes have significant limitations,as the required high temperatures cause high energy consump-tion and costs and reduce the reactivity of anhydrous gypsum,thereby impairing its hydration rate and application performance.To address these issues,this study aims to optimize the calcination process of A Ⅱ and explore a technical approach for produc-ing high-performance A Ⅱ at moderate temperatures.By lowering the calcination temperature and shortening the holding time,this study achieves the dual goal of reducingenergy consumption and enhancing product performance.This provides a scientific foundation and technical support for the efficient utilization of PG. Methods A combined approach of lime neutralization and medium-temperature calcination was adopted.Lime neutralization was employed to eliminate soluble phosphorus and fluorine,thereby reducing firing temperature.Medium-temperature calcination was utilized to remove organic matter.First,A Ⅱ was synthesized at various calcination temperatures.The synthesized samples were characterized using aseries of advanced analytical techniques,including X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy(XRF),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR).Phase com-position,microstructure,water requirement for normal consistency,setting time,compressive strength,and eutectic phospho-rus content were comprehensively evaluated.The impact of calcination temperature on the mineral composition,morphology,performance,and mechanical properties of A Ⅱ was systematically analyzed to determine the optimal calcination temperature.Subsequently,the influence of different holding times on the properties of A Ⅱ was investigated,and the optimal duration was identified. Results and Discussion As the calcination temperature increased,the phase composition of the calcined product transitioned from hemihydrates to anhydrous gypsum.At 450 ℃,XRD patterns revealed no diffraction peak in hemihydrate gypsum.At 500 ℃,the microstructure evolved from grains with distinct boundaries into a denser plate-like form.This transition was accom-panied by a gradual reduction in water requirement and an extended setting time,correlating with the increasing proportion of A Ⅱ in the system.The 3-day compressive strength initially increased,peaking at 500 ℃,but then declined when A Ⅱ became the dominant.This reduction in strength at higher temperatures was due to the decreased reactivity of the material.In the FTIR spectrum,the absorption peak of eutectic phosphorus gradually faded and disappeared at 500 ℃,indicating its complete decom-position.As the holding time increased,the phase composition of the calcined products remained as anhydrous gypsum.After 1.5 hours of calcination,the microstructure transformed into a plate-like form.The water requirement for normal consistency initially decreased and then increased,while the 3-day compressive strength first increased and then decreased,both reaching their respective lowest and highest values at 1.5 hours of calcination.These changes were attributed to the complete decomposi-tion of eutectic phosphorus at 1.5 hours,eliminating its suppression of hydration.The FTIR analysis further validated the pro-cess,showing a significant reduction in phosphorus absorption peaks after 1.5 hours.Experiments showed that the optimal calci-nation temperature for A Ⅱ preparation was 500 ℃,and the ideal holding time was 1.5 hours.Compared to traditional pro-cesses,this optimized method reduced the calcination temperature by 38％and the holding time by 25％.Additionally,the set-ting time was reduced by 78％,and the 3-day compressive strength was enhanced by 55％,demonstrating significant improve-ments in both energy efficiency and material performance. Conclusion Both calcination temperature and holding time significantly influence the properties of A Ⅱ.Insufficient tempera-tures or duration result in the incomplete decomposition of eutectic phosphorus,causing impurities.Conversely,excessive tem-peratures or prolonged holding time reduce the reactivity of the material,thereby compromising its application potential.The combination of lime neutralization and medium-temperature calcination can effectively remove harmful eutectic phosphorus impurities from PG,yielding high-performance A Ⅱ.The optimal calcination conditions are determined to be 500 ℃ with a hold-ing time of 1.5 hours.

Abstract:Objective An accelerator is an admixture that significantly reduces the setting and hardening time of cement mortar or concrete while ensuring sufficient early strength development.Therefore,accelerators are widely used in mining,tunneling,slope sup-port,and emergency repair projects.Among commercially available alkali-free liquid accelerators(AFA),aluminum sulfate is commonly used as the primary coagulant due to its high water solubility.However,Al3+ions tend to undergo hydrolysis,forming Al(OH)3 colloids that can cause coagulation reactions.To enhance the stability of Al3+in the liquid phase,researchers generally add complexing agents such as fluorides,organic alcohol amines,or polyols.However,these agents can potentially undermine the early strength development of cement mortar.Current research on accelerator adhesiveness mainly focuses on the relation-ship between accelerator dosage and the rebound rate of shotcrete.Limited attention has been given to the optimized preparation of accelerators and the selection of suitable components to enhance their intrinsic adhesiveness.This paper explores the use of sulfate-based modifiers to improve the properties of AFA mother liquor.The effects of these modifiers on the early strength of cement mortar mixed with the accelerator and its bonding performance with existing substrates are evaluated,and the underlying modification mechanisms are analyzed. Methods Different dosages(mass fraction,same below)of AFA mother liquor were added to cement mortar,and the optimal dosage was determined based on setting time.To address the issue of low early strength in the alcohol amine-aluminum sulfate system prepared by an organic-inorganic composite method,the compressive strength of cement mortar at 1 and 28 days and the interfacial flexural-tensile strength of bonded specimens at 1 and 28 days were tested under a constant accelerator dosage.The influence of sulfate modifier on the mechanical properties of cement mortar and its interfacial bonding performance with the exist-ing substrate was also examined.To investigate the underlying mechanisms,hydration heat analysis,X-ray diffraction(XRD),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)were conducted to study the effects of sulfate modifiers on the hydration rate,heat evo-lution,hydration products,and microstructure of cement at 1 day. Results and Discussion The results indicated that the setting time of cement paste decreased with increasing dosage of AFA mother liquor.When the accelerator dosage ranged from 6％to 10％,both the initial and final setting times of cement met the national standards.Increasing the dosage from 8％to 10％further shortened the setting time,although the change was not sig-nificant.The AFA mother liquor improved the 1-day compressive strength of the cement mortar at a dosage of 8％but signifi-cantly reduced the 1-day interfacial flexural-tensile strength of the bonded specimens.The accelerator significantly enhanced the heat release rate during cement hydration,increased the two exothermic peak values,shortened the induction period,and advanced the onset of the acceleration period.The setting time,flexural strength,and compressive strength of the cement mortar and the interfacial flexural strength of the bonded specimens all initially increased and then decreased with increasing modifier content.When the modifier content was 2％,the setting time of the cement paste was minimized,and the compressive strengths of the cement mortar at 1 day and 28 days reached their maximum values,increasing by 61.9％and 3.6％,respectively,com-pared to the blank group,and increasing by 20.3％and 3.6％,respectively,compared to the 8％accelerator group.The 1-day interfacial flexural-tensile strength of the bonded specimens was 24.3％higher than that of the blank group and 90.6％higher than that of the 8％accelerator group.This improvement addressed the issue of reduced 1-day interfacial flexural-tensile strength caused by the sole addition of AFA mother liquor.The 28-day interfacial flexural-tensile strength of the bonded speci-mens was also significantly enhanced. Conclusion The addition of sulfate-based modifiers further shortens the setting time of cement paste when used in combination with the accelerator,significantly enhancing the compressive strength of the cement mortar at all ages.Additionally,it addresses the issue of reduced interfacial flexural-tensile strength of the bonded specimens that occurs when only the accelerator is used.The compressive strength of the cement mortar and the interfacial flexural strength of the bonded specimens initially increase and then decrease as the modifier content increases.By consuming Ca(OH)2,the modifier promotes the reaction of C3A,leading to the formation of coarse,needle-like ettringite(AFt)crystals that densify the cement system.This improved mor-phology refined the microstructure,overcoming the problem of excessively fine crystals and a loose cement structure typically caused by the accelerator alone.As a result,the overall mechanical properties of the cement mortar are improved.

Abstract:Objective Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are promising candidates for developing large-scale energy storage systems due to their inherent safety and non-flammability compared to lithium-ion batteries.However,challenges such as corrosion,hydro-gen evolution,and dendrite formation hinder their cycling stability and reversibility.To address these issues,the study devel-oped a three-dimensional(3D)Zn-Sn alloy anode,which demonstrated enhanced corrosion resistance,suppressed hydrogen evolution,and dendrite-free Zn deposition,thereby improving the overall performance of AZIBs. Methods A 3D Zn-Sn alloy anode was fabricated through a series of steps.Firstly,a 5 mM SnF2 solution was prepared,and the pretreated Zn foil was immersed in it for 3 min,followed by folding and rolling.After repeating the immersion and rolling pro-cess 10 times,the obtained electrode was annealed at 500 ℃ for 3 h in an argon atmosphere to obtain a 3D Zn-Sn alloy anode. Results and Discussion X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis confirmed the successful doping of Sn into the Zn matrix.Energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)revealed a uniform Sn distribution with a mass fraction of 11.31％in the Zn-Sn alloy anode.Electrochemical tests demonstrated that the Zn-Sn alloy anode exhibited a more positive corrosion potential(-0.962 V vs.-0.964 V)and a reduced corrosion current density(3.89 mA·cm-2 vs.6.26 mA·cm-2)compared to the pure Zn anode,indi-cating better corrosion resistance.The hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)potential was reduced from-1.762 V to-1.819 V at 10 mA·cm-2,indicating effective HER suppression.The nucleation and deposition behavior of Zn2+on the Zn-Sn alloy anode was investigated using a Zn||Cu half-cell.Cyclic voltammetry(CV)results reveal a significantly lower nucleation overpotential of 41 mV on the Zn-Sn alloy anode compared to 103 mV on the Zn anode,indicating a lower nucleation barrier.The lower bar-rier facilitated the uniform Zn2+deposition and effectively eliminated dendrite formation.Additionally,chronoamperometry(CA)analysis exhibited the advantages of uniform Zn2+deposition at the 3D Zn-Sn alloy anode.It showed that Zn2+on the Zn-Sn alloy anode surface transitioned more rapidly into the 3D diffusion stage,shortening the 2D diffusion process that typically leads to the formation of inhomogeneous zinc nuclei.This mechanism effectively prevented dendrite growth,thereby improving the cycling stability and reversibility of the battery.The symmetric cell with 3D Zn-Sn alloy anode reached a cycle life of 850 h at a current density of 0.5 mA·cm-1.The Zn-Sn||Cu half-cell maintained an average coulombic efficiency(CE)of 98％after 900 cycles.In full-cell configurations,the Zn-Sn||NHVO cell obtained a capacity of 182 mAh·g1 at 4 A·g-1 and retained a 47.2 mAh·g-1 higher specific capacity than that of the Zn||NHVO cell after 1 000 cycles. Conclusion In this paper,a 3D Zn-Sn alloy anode was prepared through a series of processes,including replacement,rolling,and annealing.The morphology,electrochemical properties,and cycling stability of the 3D Zn-Sn alloy anode were character-ized and analyzed.The results demonstrated that the use of 3D Zn-Sn alloy anodes enhanced the cycle stability and reversibility of symmetric cells,half-cells,and full cells.This work provides a new approach for preparing high-performance alloy anodes,offering a promising solution to improve the anode performance of zinc-ion batteries and produce high-performance AZIBs.

Abstract:The chemical composition of different types of gypsum was reviewed.The regeneration methods and application fields of gypsum such as waste gypsum,phosphogypsum,desulfurized gypsum,fluorine gypsum and titanium gypsum were summarized.After the waste gypsum is hydrated into recycled gypsum,the recycling of gypsum resources can be realized.After the regenera-tion of phosphogypsum,it can be used as building gypsum,cement retarder and chemical fertilizer,etc.Desulfurized gypsum can be converted into high strength gypsum or building gypsum under certain conditions,and fluoropgypsum and titanium gypsum can only be used in primary processing.The development status and trend of gypsum solid waste industry were summarized.Although the comprehensive utilization rate of phosphogypsum and desulfurized gypsum has been increased year by year,there are few advanced gypsum products at the present stage.Because the output of titanium gypsum and fluoropgypsum is small,the comprehensive utilization rate needs to be further improved.Due to the different types of gypsum solid waste in different regions,it is suggested to choose the appropriate treatment and utilization method of solid waste according to the region,introduce relevant policies and learn from the advanced solid waste treatment technology abroad.It is believed that the problems of economy,environmental protection and utilization rate should be considered comprehensively in solid waste treatment,which will be the development trend of gypsum solid waste regeneration industry in the future.

Abstract:Significance Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)represent an ancient group of endomycorrhizal fungi capable of forming sym-biotic associations with over 90％of vascular plants in terrestrial ecosystems.AMF hyphae contribute to the acquisition of min-eral nutrients by host plant roots and improve soil ecological structure.Following AMF colonization of host plants,the activation of defense mechanisms in host plants enhances resistance against pathogens.Additionally,AMF occupation of colonization sites reduces the invasion of pathogens.These achievements have demonstrated significant efficacy in plant disease control,indicat-ing promising prospects for practical applications.Hence,it is imperative to systematically synthesize the mechanisms underly-ing disease resistance in the context of AMF and their host plants,as well as the reciprocal interactions influencing soil ecologi-cal amelioration by AMF.This endeavor aims to contribute novel perspectives to sustainable agricultural development and serve as a theoretical foundation for pertinent studies in the fields of plant-soil feedback effects and carbon-nitrogen cycling within ter-restrial ecosystems. Progress In this work,AMF are explored for their roles in enhancing plant nutrition,facilitating damage compensation,extend-ing plant lifespan,and influencingfactors such as competition for root colonization sites and host photosynthate with soil-borne pathogens.This paper delves into thefunctionsof AMF in promotingplant growth and improving soil ecological structure.Particu-larly,it focuses on their contributions to enhancing plant resistance to diseases,improving soil physical properties,and promot-ing soil biodiversity.AMF engage in interactions with other soil microorganisms,thereby facilitating the decomposition of organic compounds and the cycling of nutrients,which has profound ramifications on the health and stability of ecosystems.The pivotal role of AMF in soil remediation and the enhancement of soil ecological structure cannot be overstated.Their contributions encom-pass the amelioration of soil physical properties,facilitation of nutrient cycling,and augmentation of biodiversity.These multi-faceted functions play a crucial role in sustaining soil health and fostering ecological equilibrium. Conclusions and Prospects The role of AMF in enhancing plant stress resistance and improving soil ecological structure has gar-nered significantattention in ecological and agricultural research.Significant progress has been made in recent years,limitations in current research primarily lie in a more in-depth understanding of the mechanisms underlying the actions of AMF.This review highlights the potential application value of AMF in sustainable agricultural development and ecosystem health maintenance by analyzing its mechanisms in altering plant root morphology,competing with pathogens,and activating plant defense mecha-nisms.A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of AMF and its adaptability under different environmental condi-tions is crucial for future research in agricultural ecology.Continued exploration of the functional diversity and adaptability of AMF under different environmental conditions contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the practical application potential of AMF across various environments.As an emerging organic microbial fertilizer,AMF exhibits considerable potential to significantly enhance plant growth efficiency and reduce the reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture.This not only presents potential economic and ecological benefits for agricultural production but also contributes to mitigating adverse environmental impacts associated with chemical fertilizers and pesticides.Understanding the capabilities of AMF serves to pro-pel agriculture towards sustainable development and offers novel solutions to the diverse challenges facing global agriculture.

Abstract:In perspective of flow field organization,the classifiers were analyzed,and regrouped as vertical vortex classifiers and horizontal vortex ones according to the rotation axis of the vortex in classifying chamber.Several typical air classifiers were discussed on their flow field characteristics and research advances.Compare to the vertical vortex classifier,there was currently not sufficient research on the horizontal vortex classifiers.To improve the classification performance of the classifiers,suggestions of giving full consideration to the design and interaction of the gas flows for particle classification and elutriation were proposed.It is expected the centrifugal air classifiers will have a deeper development in future.

Abstract:Objective In order to enhance the strength and planting performance of ecological concrete,while effectively utilizing the waste rice husk ash generated from industrial power generation. Methods In this study,the mix design was conducted in two stages using the volume method.Initially,the first mix design focused on investigating the water-binder ratio and the proportion of rice husk ash replacing silica fume as influencing factors.Different water-binder ratios(0.20,0.25,0.30,0.35)were chosen,and the substitution ratesofrice husk ash for silica fume varied from 0％to 100％(0,20％,40％,60％,80％,100％),with a porosity of 20％and 7.5％silica fume content.Subse-quently,the second mix design was carried out using response surface methodology,considering influencing factors such as porosity,water-binder ratio,and rice husk ash substitution rate.The objective was to optimize the mix design based on mechani-cal properties through multifactor analysis.Additionally,the planting performance was validated using three herbaceous plants:bermuda grass,ryegrass and tall fescue. Results and Discussion At 7 days,as the substitution rate of rice husk ash increases,the strength of ecological concrete decreases gradually under the three different water-binder ratios.This is due to the larger specific surface area of rice husk ash compared to silica fume,resulting in higher water demand that affects the early hydration process of cement.Rice husk ash,act-ing as a reactant for the secondary hydration reaction within the concrete,has a limited impact in the early stages.At 28 days,with the increase in rice husk ash substitution rate,both compressive and flexural strengths first increase and then decrease.In the compressive strength test,under water-binder ratios of 0.25 and 0.35,the compressive strength of ecological concrete gradually increases from 0 to 60％substitution rate.At a water-binder ratio of 0.3,lower rice husk ash substitution rates(0 to 40％)lead to gradual strength enhancement of ecological concrete due to sufficient curing age allowing full hydration of the cementitious materials,resulting in additional formation of calcium silicate hydrate gel.However,under the water-binder ratio of 0.25 and 0.35 during the increase in rice husk ash substitution rate from 60％to 100％,and at a water-binder ratio of 0.3 during the increase in rice husk ash substitution rate from 40％to 100％,the compressive strength of ecological concrete decreases with higher rice husk ash substitution rates.In contrast,the flexural strength at 28 days exhibits similar patterns among the three water-binder ratios:an increase in ecological concrete's flexural strength from 0 to 60％substitution rate,followed by a decrease in strength from 60％to 100％substitution rate of rice husk ash. Conclusion In this study,rice husk ash is investigated as a potential replacementfor silica fume in the preparation of ecological concrete,which exhibits good mechanical properties and planting performance.Using the response surface analysis,the factors such as water-binder ratio,rice husk ash substitution rate and porosity significantly affect on the concrete's strength,with the porosity exhibiting the most significant effect on the strength change.