Abstract:Objective To investigate the epidemic status of rodent-borne diseases and the natural infection of rodent-borne pathogens in host animals in Xiamen from 2021 to 2024,so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of rodent-borne diseases.Methods Basic information on reported cases of common rodent-borne diseases in Xiamen from 2021 to 2024 was collected from the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System,and their epidemiological characteristics were analyzed using descriptive epidemiological methods.Rodents were captured from 2021 to 2024,and nucleic acids were extracted from their liver,spleen,kidney,and lung tissues.TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR/RT-PCR was used to detect Orientia tsutsugamushi,Dabie bandavirus,pathogenic Leptospira,and Hantavirus.Results From 2021 to 2024,a total of 469 cases of three common rodent-borne diseases(scrub typhus,hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome,and leptospirosis)were reported in Xiamen,with annual average incidence rates of 2.15/100 000,0.05/100 000,and 0.02/100 000,respectively.A total of 851 rodents were captured during this period.Pathogen test showed that the positive rates of Hantavirus and Leptospira were 4.35%and 21.74%,respectively.Conclusion In Xiamen,leptospirosis and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome occur sporadically,while scrub typhus exhibits a relatively high incidence.Prevention and control of scrub typhus should be strengthened.Pathogen surveillance revealed a predominance of Leptospira positive.It is recommended to expand rodent surveillance coverage and strengthen surveillance of rodent-borne pathogens.

Abstract:With the frequent occurrence of global public health events and the increasing demand for emergency medical response,mobile operating rooms,as rapidly deployable medical facilities,have placed air disinfection strategies at the core of ensuring surgical safety and infection control.Currently,air disinfection measures in mobile operating rooms are characterized by a trend toward diversification,primarily encompassing ultraviolet radiation disinfection,chemical disinfectants,and advanced technologies such as air disinfection machines.These methods have reduced the concentration of pathogenic microorganisms to varying degrees in the air of operating rooms.However,mobile operating rooms face challenges such as complex natural environments and variable conditions,exposing limitations in the adaptability,efficacy,and safety of existing disinfection strategies.This paper focuses on mobile operating rooms as the research subject,providing a comprehensive review of the current state of research,application scenarios,and challenges in air disinfection.It also explores the prospects of technological innovation and the integration of intelligent systems,offering insights for the development of more efficient,portable,and intelligent air disinfection equipment tailored to mobile operating rooms.

Abstract:Objective To analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis(hereafter referred to as brucellosis)in Xiamen from 2019 to 2023,so as to provide a reference basis for strengthening prevention and control measures.Methods Using descriptive epidemiological methods,the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis in Xiamen from 2019 to 2023 were analyzed.Results A total of 69 brucellosis cases were reported in Xiamen from 2019 to 2023,with an annual incidence rate of 0.29 per 100 000 population.Cases were predominantly distributed in four districts outside Xiamen Island:Tong'an,Jimei,Haicang,and Xiang'an,collectively accounting for 92.7%(64 cases)of total cases.There was a statistically significant difference in the annual incidence of human brucellosis across different districts(χ2=42.365,P＜0.05).The peak incidence occurred between February and July,showing distinct seasonality.Most cases occurred in individuals aged 40-69 years,predominantly male and farmers.The median interval from symptom onset to diagnosis and reporting was 23 days(range:from 2 to 446 days),with 94.2%of patients diagnosed during acute and subacute stages.The average positive rate of serological testing among key occupational groups at surveillance sites was 1.35%.Conclusion The prevention and control situation remains severe in non-island areas of Xiamen.Middle-aged and elderly male occupational groups constitute key target populations.Future priorities should include sustained surveillance enhancement,implementation of targeted interventions in high-risk areas and populations,and reinforcement of health education and professional training.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the seasonal fluctuation of dengue vector Aedes albopictus density,and evaluate insecticide resistance levels in larval populations in Heyuan of Guangdong,so as to provide a basis for developing scientific strategies to control dengue fever vectors.Methods From March to November 2024,Breteau index(BI)and the mosq-ovitrap methods were used to monitor the density of Ae.albopictus.Larvae resistance to permethrin and temephos were determined using the dipping method.The Chi-square test was used to compare the positive rates in different containers and habitats.Results The density of Ae.albopictus in Heyuan showed a unimodal seasonal pattern,peaking in June,with annual mean BI of 2.00 and mosquito ovitrap index(MOI)of 2.40.There were significant differences in positive rates across different containers and habitats(χ2=2 432.4,P＜0.001;χ2=243.2,P＜0.001).The resistance of Ae.albopictus larvae to permethrin in Heyuan varied greatly among different counties and districts,ranging from low resistance(RR=6.66)to high resistance(RR=54.31),while showed low resistance or susceptibility to temephos.Conclusion The peak period of Ae.albopictus in Heyuan is June.The larvae have developed high resistance to permethrin and low resistance to temephos,suggesting that the use of highly resistant pesticides should be reduced and a rotating or mixed insecticides strategy preferred.It is suggested that comprehensive control should be carried out before the peak of mosquito density,and resistance monitoring should be strengthened to delay the development of resistance and optimize the control effect of mosquito vector.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the overwintering egg status of Aedes albopictus in Nanhai District,Foshan,so as to provide a scientific basis for mosquito control and dengue fever prevention during winter and spring.Methods From December 2024 to February 2025,water samples from containers in seven towns of Nanhai District were collected.The presence of Ae.albopictus larvae hatching was observed in the laboratory.The Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used for the comparison between two groups.A binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of Ae.albopictus overwintering eggs breeding.Results Among 227 collected water samples,24 tested positive for Ae.albopictus larvae,with a positive rate of 10.57%.There were significant differences in the positive rates of different regions,container types and whether adult mosquitoes were landed(P＜0.05).Binary logistic regression analysis showed that temporary water containers[odds ratio(OR)=7.129,95%confidence interval(CI):1.508-33.704)]and whether adult mosquitoes were landed(OR=4.975,95%CI:1.747-14.170)were the influencing factors for the breeding of overwintering eggs of Ae.albopictus.Conclusion The high positive rate of Ae.albopictus overwintering eggs in Nanhai District highlights the necessity of targeted elimination and breeding site management during late winter and early spring to reduce annual Ae.albopictus density at the source.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the density,species composition and seasonal fluctuation of the important vectors in Baise,so as to provide a basis for formulating scientific and rational plans of vector control.Methods From 2022 to 2024,rodents,mosquitoes,flies and cockroaches were monitored by the night cage method,light trap method,cage trapping method and sticky-trap method in Baise,respectively.Excel 2021 and SPSS 27.0 software were used for statistical analysis of the data.The densities of vectors in different habitats were compared using analysis of variance(ANOVA).If the data did not meet the assumptions of normality or homogeneity of variances,the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used instead.Results From 2022 to 2024,the annual average densities of rodents were 5.40%,7.06%,and 5.78%,respectively,with Rattus norvegicus accounting for 73.70%and being the dominant species.The seasonal fluctuation showed a bimodal curve,with the peak periods were in March and November.Rodents were mainly distributed in key industries.The annual average densities of mosquitoes were 21.19,27.07 and 9.69 mosquitoes/(lamp·night),respectively.Culex quinquefasciatus was the dominant species(55.82%),and the density peak was in June.The density of mosquitoes in the livestock sheds was the highest.The annual average densities of flies were 1.65,1.18,and 0.48 flies per trap,respectively,with the dominant species being the Musca sorbens(37.27%).And there was no obvious peak period throughout the year,with the highest density habitat being the farmers'market.The annual average densities of cockroaches were 0.63,0.27,and 0.21 cockroaches per sheet,respectively,with infestation rates of 8.45%,3.97%,and 3.62%,respectively,and Blattella germanica(86.62%)was dominant species.Cockroaches were mainly distributed in farmers' market and catering,and two small peaks of density were in March and July.Conclusion In Baise,the dominant species of vectors are R.norvegicus,Cx.quinquefasciatus,M.sorbens,and B.germanica.The peak density periods for different types of vectors vary.Control measures can be implemented based on surveillance results and actual conditions.

Abstract:Due to abundant food sources,the feed factory has a high density although there are not many species of rodents.Conventional rodenticide baits have poor palatability to rodents and low control effect.It is suggested to use poisonous water+wet baits for rodent control,and the control effect can reach more than 90%.In addition,with the improved rodent-proof facilities,some physical rodent control method are use to prevent invasion of rodent from surroundings or along with feed source material,and to achieve rodent control in a long term.

Abstract:Objective To understand the cognitive level of rodent prevention of canteen staff in medical institutions,so as to provide scientific guarantee for improving rodent prevention and control in canteens of medical institutions.Methods The convenient sampling was used to conduct a questionnaire survey in December 2024 to investigate the awareness of rodent prevention and control among canteen staff in medical institutions above the secondary level across 10 districts and county-level cities in Qingdao.Results The overall awareness rate of rodent prevention and control among canteen staff in medical institutions was 78.42%.98.56%of the staff understood how rodent enter buildings and the installation locations of rodent barriers in canteens,while the awareness of rodent prevention and control measures incanteen was the lowest at 41.01%.97.84%of the staff actively chose to block holes or rodent burrows as a prevention method,and 94.96%of the staff learned rodent prevention and control knowledge through WeChat and online platforms.There were statistically significant differences between the high-awareness group and low-awareness group in terms of the cognition of diseases transmitted by rodents,rodent species,the living environment of rodents,how rodents enter residential buildings,the usage methods of outdoor rodenticide,the installation locations of rodent barriers in canteens,rodent prevention and control measures in canteens,as well as the preferences for learning channels for rodent prevention and control knowledge.Conclusion Canteen staff in medical institutions have a relatively high level of awareness regarding rodent prevention and control,and they primarily obtain related knowledge through WeChat and online platforms.However,there are ceretain cognitive misconceptions regarding the measures for preventing and controlling rodents indoors.Medical institutions and government departments should make full use of both traditional and new media to promote rodent prevention and control knowledge,strengthen training,implement multiple measures to eliminate misunderstandings,and guide staff to correctly choose appropriate rodent prevention and control measures.

Abstract:Objective To understand the population composition,density,and seasonal fluctuation of main vectors in a military unit,so as to provide a scientific basis for vector control.Methods From early April to October 2023,the vectors in the camp area were investigated in accordance with the National Vector Biology Monitoring Implementation Plan.The double mosquito net method was used for adult mosquito,the night trapping method was used for rodent,and the manual flagging method and host tick inspection method were used for tick.Results The mosquitoes included 7 species belonging to 1 family,2 genera and 4 subgenera,including Ochlerotatus caspius,O.dorsalis and Culex pipiens pallens.The dominant species was O.caspius,accounting for 60.64%.A total of 41 overwintering mosquitoes were captured in early April,all of which were Cx.pipiens pallens.The adult mosquito density in corridors was 4.33 mosquitoes per site,which was higher than that in other places.The average adult mosquito density in the stadium was 623.00 mosquitoes per tent per hour,which was higher than that in the hospital and the camp area.There was a significant positive correlation between mosquito density and temperature in all three habitats(all P＜0.05).The captured rodents were Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus.R.norvegicus was the dominant rodent species,accounting for 94.10%of the total rodent population,while M.musculus accounted for 5.90%.Rodents were primarily distributed in livestock sheds and the camp area,with a higher density in livestock sheds.Few rodents were found in outdoor areas such as parks and the stadium.Dermacentor niveus was the dominant tick species,accounting for 85.50%of the total number of captured ticks.Twelve individuals of Hyalomma asiaticum were captured,accounting for 14.50%of the total number of captured ticks.Among them,10 were nymphs,accounting for 12.00%of the total number of captured ticks.Questing ticks were mainly distributed in the sewage treatment plant,whereas on-host ticks were primarily distributed in livestock sheds.Conclusion The main vectors in a military unit were O.caspius,R.norvegicus and D.niveus.Different control measures should be taken according to different vector species.

Abstract:Objective To understand the current status of insecticide resistance of Musca domestica within the residential environment of Wuhu,assess their regional adaptive evolution risks,so as to provide evidence-based decision support for constructing targeted chemical control strategies and an integrated fly management system.Methods Topical application method was employed.SPSS Pro statistical software was used for data analysis to derive toxicological regression equations,median lethal dose(LD50),and 95%confidence intervals(CI).Results In 2023,the LD50 values(with 95%CI)of M.domestica to six insecticides were:deltamethrin 0.341 68(0.139 51-0.452 00),beta-cypermethrin 1.263 64(0.864 10-1.760 43),dichlorvos 0.171 85(0.145 39-0.200 27),chlorpyrifos 0.223 48(0.155 93-0.302 91),tetramethrin＞30,and propoxur＞30 μg/female.The resistance ratios reached 525.66,146.94,15.07,77.06,＞309.28,and＞15 789.47,respectively.All tested insecticides except dichlorvos(moderate resistance)showed high-level resistance.Conclusion M.domestica in Wuhu have developed significant resistance to six commonly used insecticides.Immediate discontinuation or reduction of these chemicals is recommended,along with implementing a phased elimination mechanism for resistance-prone agents.Priority should be given to insecticides targeting susceptible metabolic pathways to delay further development of resistance.

Abstract:Objective To understand the resistance status of Musca domestica to commonly used insecticides in Jinnan,Tianjin,so as to provide technical guidance for the scientific use of insecticides.Methods According to the topical application method of GB/T 26350-2010,the insecticide resistance of M.domestica was determined.Results In 2017,the resistance ratios of M.domestica were permethrin 9.64(low resistance),methylpyrimidine 11.05(moderate resistance),lambda-cyhalothrin 20.09(high resistance),beta-cypermethrin 91.33(high resistance),deltamethrin 158.50(high resistance),and propoxur＞352.94(high resistance).In 2020,the resistance ratios of M.domestica were permethrin 11.61(moderate resistance),lambda-cyhalothrin 17.5(moderate resistance),DDVP 41.18(high resistance),deltamethrin 116.67(high resistance),beta-cypermethrin 181.67(high resistance),and propoxur＞352.94(high resistance).Conclusion Government departments should strengthen the management of insecticides,and suspend the purchase and use of insecticides that have developed high resistance such as propoxur,deltamethrin,and beta-cypermethrin.It is necessary to scientifically and rotating use insecticides that have developed moderate resistance such as permethrin,lambda-cyhalothrin,and organophosphates,or introduce new insecticides with new mechanisms of action to delay the development of resistance.

Abstract:In recent years,the widespread use of insecticides in health,agriculture and forestry industries has led to an increasingly prominent problem of insecticide resistance,which has become an important challenge for public health.As one of the most widely distributed species of the order of Blattaria,Blattella germanica can pollute food and water sources,and transmit infectious pathogens.It poses a serious threat to human health and has also developed resistance to many insecticides.This article systematically summarizes the current resistance status of B.germanica to three commonly used classes of insecticides in China,aiming to provide scientific basis and practical guidance for vector control.

Abstract:Objective To explore the construction of a volatilization model of active ingredients in vaporizing mats,so as to provide a reference for evaluating the volatilization and efficacy of active ingredients in different periods.Methods Based on the exponential decay law,combined with the use of vaporizing mats and its specific parameters,a volatilization model of the active ingredients of vaporizing mats was established.Results The established model for the volatilization of the active ingredients of vaporizing mats was M(t)=M0e-k(t-t0),and the model predicted that the volatilization value of the active ingredients was not significantly different from the actual test value(P＞0.5).Conclusion The established model for the volatilization of active ingredients of vaporizing mats can effectively predict the volatilization of active ingredients of vaporizing mats in various time periods.It will provide a basis for systematically evaluating the volatilization of active ingredients of vaporizing mats and the efficacy of each time period.

Abstract:Objective To establish a multiple polymerase chain reaction(PCR)method for simultaneous,accurate,and rapid identification of Anopheles splendidus,An.maculatus and An.aconitus.Methods Specific primers targeting the mitochondrial COI gene of An.splendidus,An.maculatus and An.aconitus were designed.The PCR conditions were optimized,and the reliability of the assay was evaluated through specificity and sensitivity tests.Results The primers for An.splendidus,An.maculatus and An.aconitus exhibited identical optimal concentrations and demonstrated high specificity at an annealing temperature of 58℃,amplifying distinct fragments of 66,135,and 299 bp,respectively.No amplification was observed for non-target species or blank controls.The detection limit for all three species was determined to be 10-4 ng/μL.Conclusion This multiplex PCR method enables simultaneous,precise,and rapid identification of An.splendidus,An.maculatus and An.aconitus,even in damaged or non-adult specimens where morphological features are obscured.This molecular tool provides a valuable resource for monitoring mosquito population dynamics and predicting arthropod-borne diseases risks.And it is of practical significance for improving the precise vector control systems.

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of the"Three-Line Defense System"for mosquito vector control in the construction camps of African engineering projects in reducing mosquito density and malaria incidence,and to optimize this system.Methods In four camps in Chad where the system had been fully implemented,the densities of adult mosquitoes and larvae around residential areas were monitored over three consecutive malaria epidemic seasons following implementation.The annual malaria incidence among Chinese staff was also recorded.The correlation between changes in mosquito vector density and malaria incidence was analyzed,and the"Three-Line Defense System"was refined accordingly,incorporating supporting management measures.Results The implementation of the"Three-Line Defense System"and supporting management measures significantly reduced the densities of adult mosquitoes and larvae in the camps(both P≤0.01),with reduction rates of 88.79%and 96.49%,respectively.This low-density state remained stable throughout the three-year monitoring period(P≥0.05).The malaria incidence among staff showed a significant positive correlation with adult mosquito density(r=0.838,P≤0.01)and larvae density(r=0.851,P≤0.01).After system implementation,malaria incidence decreased by80.38%.Conclusion The integrated"Three-Line Defense System"for mosquito vector control,combined with supporting management measures,the density of adult mosquitoes and larvae in African engineering project camps can be effectively,significantly and continuously reduced,thereby significantly lowering the malaria incidence among Chinese staff.This system demonstrates stable effectiveness and holds significant public health value,making it suitable for broader application in similar overseas engineering projects.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the composition and distribution characteristics of mosquito populations in 8 counties and cities in the three northeastern provinces of China:Benxi and Fengcheng in Liaoning Province,Tonghua,Shulan,Changbai,and Taonan in Jilin Province,and Anda and Beian in Heilongjiang Province.Methods Three survey sites were selected based on different habitats in eight counties and cities.Mosquito collection and investigation were conducted from early July to mid August using the light trap,human-baited net trap,and human landing catch methods.Results From 2022 to 2024,31 154 mosquitoes belonging to 3 genera and 12 species were collected from 8 counties and cities in 3 provinces in northeast China,including 1 species of Anopheles,9 species of Aedes,and 2 species of Culex.The main mosquito species Aedes vexans were distributed in 8 counties and cities,while Anopheles sinensis and Culex pipiens pallens were distributed in 7 counties and cities.The dominant mosquito species was Ae.vexans(57.69%).The composition of dominant mosquito species varied among the five habitats and locations,with the residential area being Cx.pipiens pallens(96.75%).The dominant species in cattle pens and wet grasslands were Ae.vexans,accounting for 75.45%and 55.01%,respectively.The dominant species in grassland were Ae.dorsalis(59.88%)and Ae.vexans(37.75%).The dominant species in pigsty were An.sinensis and Ae.vexans,accounting for 50.88%and 40.11%,respectively.Conclusion Twelve species of mosquitoes were collected from 8 counties and cities in 3 provinces in northeast China,with Ae.vexans being the dominant species,providing a basis for mosquito ecological research and control strategies in the region.

Abstract:Oropouche virus(OROV)is an important arthropod-borne virus in Peribunyaviridae family,and widely distributed in tropical regions of Central and South America.Viral infection causes Oropouche fever.Recently,imported cases had also been reported in Europe and the United States,raising concerns about the global spread of the virus.The virus could cause symptoms of systemic infection,including the nervous system and blood system,which could lead to serious complications.OROV is mainly transmitted by Culicoides.Vertical transmission has been reported,and direct human-to-human transmission is not yet clear.There is currently no vaccine or specific antiviral drug for prevention and treatment.This article reviews OROV from the aspects of epidemiology,structural biology,clinical manifestations,and antiviral research progress,etc.,in order to attract more attention and research.

Abstract:Objective To understand the ecological distribution and seasonal fluctuation of vectors in Lanzhou.and provide basic data for vector-borne disease surveillance and early warning.Methods The densities monitoring of rodents,mosquitoes,flies and cockroaches were carried out in all counties and districts of Lanzhou.The rodent density was monitored by the night trap and sticky board method,adult mosquitoes by the mosquito trap method,flies by the cage trap method,and cockroaches by the sticky trap method.The density of vector among different habitats was compared by Chi-square test.Results In 2024,the rodent capture rate in Lanzhou was 0.10%.Rodent density was higher in rural residential areas with no seasonal variation.There was no statistically significant difference in rodent capture rates among different habitats(χ2=7.099,P=0.069).The annual adult mosquito density was 2.87 mosquitoes per light per night.No statistically significant difference in adult mosquito density was observed across different habitats throughout the year(χ2=245.00,P=0.506).A density peak occurred in July-August,during which a statistically significant difference in mosquito density was found across different habitats(χ2=31.645,P＜0.001).The fly density was 2.11 flies per cage,reaching the peak in July.No statistically significant difference in fly density was observed among different habitats(χ2=15.862,P=0.070).The cockroach density was 0.26 cockroaches per sticky trap,with an infestation rate of 11.84%.A statistically significant difference in cockroach density was observed among farmers' markets,supermarkets,catering establishments,and residential areas(χ2=48.375,P＜0.001).Conclusion The overall density of rodents,mosquitoes,flies and cockroaches was at a low level in Lanzhou.It is suggested to optimize the layout of monitoring sites according to the actual situation of different county and district,and effectively carry out early warning and control of vectors.

Abstract:Objective To understand the population,density,distribution and seasonal fluctuation of free-living ticks in parks of Yangzhou from 2020 to 2024,so as to provide suggestions and decision-making basis for the comprehensive control of ticks.Methods From April to September each year of 2020 to 2024,the free-living ticks in forest parks,suburban parks and urban parks of Yangzhou were monitored by the flagging method.The t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare tick density in different habitats and counties(cities,districts).Chi-square test was used to compare and analyze the differences in tick changes among different species,with a test level of a=0.05.Results The average annual density of free-living ticks in parks of Yangzhou from 2020 to 2024 was 0.28 ticks/(flag·100 m).There was a statistically significant difference in tick density among different counties(cities,districts)(t=3.341,P=0.02).The seasonal fluctuation trend of tick density from April to September showed a bimodal distribution,with a peak in April at 0.47 ticks/(flag·100 m)and a smaller peak in July-August at 0.24 and 0.26 ticks/(flag·100 m),respectively.There was a statistically significant difference in tick density among different habitats(F=8.202,P=0.006),with the highest density in forest parks at 0.75 ticks/(flag·100 m)and the lowest in urban parks at 0.07 ticks/(flag·100 m).There was a statistically significant difference in the number of different species of free-living ticks(χ2＜48.23,P＜0.05).Conclusion The density of free-living ticks in parks of Yangzhou has been increasing year by year from 2020 to 2024,with the peak density in April.Forest parks are the dominant habitats,and Haemaphysalis longicornis is the dominant species.In recent years,H.longicornis has been spreading from the west to the northeast of Yangzhou.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of free-living ticks in hilly areas and forest and suburban parks and control the breeding of ticks.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the resistance of Culex tritaeniorhynchus to commonly used insecticides in Yibin,so as to provide a scientific basis for scientific use of insecticide.Methods The larval immersion method and adult contact tube method were employed to determine the resistance levels of mosquitoes to different insecticides.Results The resistance ratios of Cx.tritaeniorhynchus larvae to deltamethrin,permethrin,propoxur,and malathion were from 5.00 to 1 051.20,with resistance levels classified as low,moderate,high,and high,respectively.The LC50 values for chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid were 0.426 mg/L and 0.632 mg/L,respectively.Adult mosquitoes demonstrated varying degrees of resistance to different insecticides,with mortality rates ranging from 0 to 51.85%.Conclusion Cx.tritaeniorhynchus has developed multi-insecticide resistance in Yibin.It is recommended to establish an effective insecticide regulatory system and a rotation mechanism,as well as to promote the scientific and rational use of insecticides to delay the development of resistance.