Abstract:Atherosclerotic ischemic stroke is a leading global cause of stroke-related disability and mortality,its pathogenesis is closely linked to insulin resistance(IR).The triglyceride-glucose-body mass index(TyG-BMI),a composite metabolic marker integrating,fasting triglycerides(TG),fasting blood glucose(FBG),and body mass index(BMI),comprehensively reflects IR status through lipotoxicity,glucotoxicity,and obesity.Compared to individual biomarkers(e.g.,TG or FBG alone),TyG-BMI demonstrates superior sensitivity in assessing IR and exhibits strong associations with carotid plaque instability and multisite atherosclerosis.Elevated TyG-BMI levels are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic ischemic stroke and are more efficient predictors in Asian populations.This metric offers a novel approach for early risk stratification and personalized management of atherosclerotic ischemic stroke.However,multicenter prospective studies are required to validate causal relationships and elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying its connection with plaque stability and cerebral hemodynamics.Such efforts will refine stroke prevention and treatment strategies based on metabolic biomarkers.This review systematically examines the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications of TyG-BMI in atherosclerotic ischemic stroke.

Abstract:Objective To explore the impact of irregular shape of head CT hematomas on postoperative re-bleeding and prognosis of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)who undergo craniotomy for hematoma evacuation.Methods We retrospectively enrolled consecutive patients with ICH who underwent craniotomy for hematoma evacuation in the Department of Neurosurgery of the Second People's Hospital of Guiyang Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University from January 2019 to June 2024.Baseline and clinical data were collected form the patients,including age,gender,smoking history,drinking history,hypertension,diabetes,history of anticoagulant use,admission systolic and diastolic blood pressure,admission National Institutes of Health stroke scale(NIHSS)score,Glasgow coma scale(GCS)score,time from onset to the first head CT,neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR),and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio(PLR).Admission head CT scans were used to assess hematoma shape(regular or irregular),hematoma location(basal ganglia,lobar,multifocal),hematoma volume,perihematomal edema volume,the presence of midline shift,and intraventricular extension.Volume of the hematoma was assessed 2 days after surgery.Postoperative re-bleeding is defined as an increase in the volume of the hematoma by 12.5 ml compared to the previous postoperative CT scan within 2 weeks after surgery,or the reappearance of high-density areas in the focal area of the head CT scan during follow-up after complete hematoma clearance.Conduct patients follow-ups via telephone at 6 months postoperatively to assess their modified Rankin scale(mRS)scores.The sliding dichotomy method was applied to define prognosis based on the patients' baseline characteristics and disease severity.The prognostic score was calculated using formula:10 × admission GCS score-age-0.64 × admission hematoma volume.A prognostic score＞27.672 was considered potentially favorable,while a score ≤ 27.672 was considered potentially unfavorable.For patients with a potentially favorable prognosis,an mRS score of 0-2 was defined as a good outcome,and a score of 3-6 as a poor outcome.For those with a potentially unfavorable prognosis,an mRS score of 0-3 was defined as a good outcome,and a score of 4-6 as a poor outcome.In the comparison of baseline and clinical data between patients with regular and irregular hematoma shapes,factors with P＜0.05 were included in propensity score matching(PSM)to adjust for confounding variables.A 1∶1 matching was performed using the nearest neighbor method with a caliper value set to 0.25.Variables with statistically significant differences between groups after PSM matching were included in the multivariate Logistic regression analysis to identify influencing factors for postoperative re-bleeding and poor prognosis in ICH patients undergoing craniotomy hematoma evacuation.The predictive value of irregular hematoma shape for postoperative rebleeding and poor prognosis in ICH patients was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis.Results(1)A total of 440 ICH patients were enrolled,including 342 males and 98 females,aged from 20 to 84 years with a mean age of(56±12)years.Statistically significant differences were observed in baseline and clinical data between patients with regular and irregular hematoma shapes before PSM,including age,admission GCS score,NIHSS score,NLR,proportion of patients with hematoma rupture into ventricles,preoperative hematoma volume,proportion of patients with midline shift,preoperative volume of hematoma surrounding edema,proportion of patients with hematoma located in multiple sites,and postoperative 2-day hematoma volume(all P＜0.05).After propensity score matching of these factors,298 ICH patients were included in the statistical analysis,comprising 228 males and 70 females,with an age range of 20 to 84 years and a mean age of(57±12)years.Following PSM,no statistically significant differences were observed in the baseline and clinical characteristics between patients with irregular and regular hematoma shapes(all P＞0.05).(2)After propensity score matching,28 patients experienced postoperative re-bleeding while 270 did not.Significant differences were observed between the two groups in the following factors:proportion of patients with a history of anticoagulant use,admission PLR,NLR,irregular hematoma shape,and hematoma volume at 2 days after operation(all P＜0.05).No statistically significant differences were found in the remaining baseline and clinical characteristics(all P＞0.05).Using postoperative re-bleeding as the dependent variable and incorporating factors with P＜0.05 from the univariate analysis as independent variables,multivariate Logistic regression analysis identified irregular hematoma shape(OR,2.821,95％CI 1.142-6.968,P=0.025)and larger hematoma volume at 2 days post-operation(OR,1.062,95％CI 1.026-1.099,P＜0.01)as independent risk factors for re-bleeding following intracranial hematoma evacuation in ICH patients.ROC curve analysis demonstrated that irregular hematoma shape predicted postoperative re-bleeding with an area under the curve(AUC)of 0.62,showing a sensitivity of 71.4％and a specificity of 52.2％.(3)After propensity score matching,174 patients had poor prognosis while 124 had good prognosis.Significant intergroup differences were observed in age,admission GCS score,NIHSS score,irregular hematoma shape,proportion of patients with hematomas located in the basal ganglia and cerebral lobes,and hematoma volume at 2 days post-operation(all P＜0.05).No statistically significant differences were found in the remaining baseline and clinical characteristics(all P＞0.05).Using poor prognosis as the dependent variable and incorporating factors with P＜0.05 from univariate analysis as independent variables,multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that advanced age(OR,1.039,95％CI 1.015-1.064,P=0.002),high admission NIHSS score(OR,1.068,95％CI 1.025-1.113,P=0.002),irregular hematoma shape(OR,2.675,95％CI 1.582-4.524,P＜0.01),and larger hematoma volume at 2 days post-operation(OR,1.033,95％CI 1.002-1.064,P=0.038)were independent risk factors for poor prognosis.Conversely,lobar hematoma location(OR,0.192,95％CI 0.073-0.504,P＜0.01)was identified as a protective factor.ROC curve analysis showed that irregular hematoma shape predicted poor prognosis after intracranial hematoma evacuation with an AUC of 0.61,demonstrating a sensitivity of 59.2％and specificity of 62.9％.Conclusion Irregular hematoma shape on head CT is an independent risk factor for both postoperative re-bleeding and poor prognosis in ICH patients undergoing craniotomy for hematoma evacuation.

Abstract:Internal carotid artery(ICA)occlusion is one of the main causes of ischemic stroke.Endovascular treatment is one of the main surgical methods for symptomatic non-acute ICA occlusion.However,how to optimize the surgical strategy to improve the success rate of recanalization of occluded vessels require further exploration.The authors reported a case of subacute ICA occlusion treated with endovascular treatment.During the operation,intravascular ultrasound(IVUS)was used for high-resolution and precise assessment of the lumen morphology,plaque characteristics and vessel wall structure in the occluded segment.The surgical strategy was individualized,ultimately achieving successful recanalization of the occluded vessel.Combined with literature review of the clinical characteristics of subacute ICA occlusion and the application of IVUS in this type of lesion,in order to provide reference and inspiration for further optimization of interventional surgical strategies.

Abstract:Objective Build a predictive model integrating radiomics features with clinical characteristics for the prognosis prediction of acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusion(LVO)stroke patients after mechanical thrombectomy(MT),and explore its predictive value.Methods Patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent endovascular treatment for LVO of the anterior circulation were enrolled consecutively from the endovascular treatment registry database for acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke(ACTUAL)and the Nanjing stroke registry system from January 2014 to January 2025 retrospectively.Baseline,clinical and imaging data were collected from enrolled patients,including gender,age,medical history(atrial fibrillation,hypertension,diabetes),smoke history,admission blood pressure,blood glucose,National Institutes of Health stroke scale(NIHSS)score,Alberta stroke program early CT score(ASPECTS),occluded blood vessels(internal carotid artery,middle cerebral artery),trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment(TOAST)classification(atherosclerotic,cardiogenic embolism,others),collateral status(American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology[ASITN/SIR]classification),the onset-to-door time,the time from onset to puncture,the operation time,the time from onset to recanalization,recanalization status(modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction[mTICI]score),symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage(sICH)within 72 hours after MT and functional outcome at 90 days post-MT(modified Rankin scale[mRS]score).Divide all patients into a training set and a validation set in a ratio of 7∶3.The training set is used to build the predictive model,and the validation set is used to verify the predictive model.In the training set,patients were divided into a good prognosis group(mRS score 0-2)and a poor prognosis group(mRS score 3-6),the variables with P＜0.05 from the univariate Logistic regression analysis were enrolled into the multivariate Logistic regression analysis to screen the clinical risk factors affecting prognosis.The preoperative head MR axial diffusion weighted imaging sequence images of patients in the training set were selected.The Pyradiomics toolkit of the Python 3.6 platform was used to implement radiomics feature extraction.After conducting consistency analysis on the extracted features,standardization processing was performed.In the training set,feature dimension reduction is carried out on the radiomics feature values obtained after extraction and processing.The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO)model was used to screen the features.The support vector machine(SVM),k-nearest neighbor,lightweight gradient boosting algorithm,random forest method and extreme gradient boosting algorithm are used to respectively construct models based on the screened radiomics features,use grid search with cross validation(GridSearchCV)to gain specific parameters in each model.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze and compare the area under the curve(AUC)of each radiomics model,screen the most suitable radiomics model,and verify it in the validation set.The predicted probability value of prognosis calculated by this model is taken as the radiomics score.In the training set,the radiomics scores and the screened clinical risk factors were taken as independent variables,and a multivariate Logistic regression analysis was conducted.A nomogram was used to construct a comprehensive prediction model of radiomics plus clinical factors for predicting the prognosis of MT in acute stroke patients of LVO.The AUC of the clinical factor prediction model,the radiomics prediction model,and the radiomics plus clinical factor comprehensive prediction model were compared in the training set and the validation set,respectively.Results A total of 107 acute anterior LVO patients who underwent MT were included,comprising 72 males and 35 females,aged 27 to 87 years,with a median age of 64(56,71)years.There were 74 cases in the training set,among which 48 cases had a good prognosis and 26 cases had a poor prognosis.There were 33 cases in the validation set,among which 24 cases had a good prognosis and 9 cases had a poor prognosis.The NIHSS score of patients in the training set was lower than that of patients in the validation set(12[8,19]points vs.15[11,21]points,P=0.03),while there were no statistically significant differences in the remaining baseline,clinical and imaging data compared with the validation set(all P＞0.05).(1)Included the variables with P＜0.05 from the univariate Logistic regression analysis into the multivariate Logistic regression analysis.The results showed that age(OR,1.066,95％CI 1.003-1.133,P=0.039)and admission NIHSS score(OR,1.126,95％CI 1.028-1.233,P=0.011)were independent risk factors for poor prognosis of MT in patients with acute anterior circulation LVO stroke.(2)A total of 725 radiomics features were extracted.The results of intra-observer consistency analysis showed that the median intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC)of radiomics features was 0.75(0.56,0.87),and there were 424 features with ICC＞0.7 and 127 features with ICC＞0.9.The results of the inter-observer consistency analysis showed that the median ICC of radiomics features was 0.73(0.53,0.86).After dimensionality reduction using the LASSO,12 most relevant features were selected and incorporated into the radiomics-based prognostic model.The AUCs of the radiomics prediction models constructed by applying SVM,k-nearest neighbor,lightweight gradient boosting algorithm,random forest method and extreme gradient boosting algorithm were 0.803,0.890,0.969,1.000 and 1.000,respectively.The AUCs in the validation set were 0.769,0.743,0.817,0.792 and 0.799,respectively.SVM was selected as the final algorithm for the construction of the radiomics model.The radiomics data were input into SVM to obtain the radiomics score of each patient.(3)A comprehensive predictive nomogram model combining radiomics and clinical factors was constructed based on radiomics score,age,and the NIHSS score at admission.In the validation group,the integrated model demonstrated a significantly higher AUC-ROC(0.918,95％CI 0.831-0.969)compared to the radiomics model(AUC 0.803,95％CI0.694-0.886,P=0.026)and the clinical-feature model(AUC 0.784,95％CI0.674-0.872,P=0.009).In the validation set,there were no statistically significant difference among the integrated model(AUC 0.935,95％CI 0.792-0.991),radiomics model(AUC 0.769,95％CI 0.589-0.897,P=0.111)and the clinical-feature model(AUC 0.894,95％CI 0.737-0.974,P=0.602).The integrated model exhibited good calibration in both the training set and the validation set(Hosmer-Lemeshow test,P values were respectively 0.350,0.580).Conclusion The integrated radiomics-clinical model can provide effective prediction of MT on outcomes in acute anterior circulation LVO stroke patients,and it may offer an objective basis for clinical decision-making.

Abstract:Artery of Percheron(AOP)embolization or occlusion is a rare cerebrovascular disease that can lead to bilateral thalamic infarction with or without involvement of the upper midbrain.Due to its clinical rarity,lack of typical signs of cerebral infarction,and the diversity of patient symptoms,AOP occlusion-induced cerebral infarction is often misdiagnosed or overlooked,which delays the treatment.This article reported a case of a patient who presented with impaired consciousness as the primary symptom and was initially diagnosed with acute top-of-the-basilar artery embolism related cerebral infarction and underwent emergency endovascular thrombectomy,while the emergency angiography revealed an AOP occlusion.This article also analyzed the clinical features,diagnostic challenges,and treatment strategies of AOP occlusion in combination with the literature,with the aim of providing a reference for clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of such cases.

Abstract:Stroke-associated pneumonia(SAP),a frequent complication of stroke,adversely affects clinical outcomes and functional recovery.Identifying SAP risk factors and developing robust predictive models are critical for improving patient management.This article reviews recent research advances in SAP risk factors and risk prediction,emphasizes emerging risk factors-including sarcopenia epidemiology,gut microbiota dysbiosis,and thyroid dysfunction-and novel predictive approaches such as risk stratification scores,neuroimaging,biomarkers,and artificial intelligence.We aim to enhance clinical recognition of SAP to facilitate early intervention,reduce incidence,and optimize stroke prognosis.

Abstract:Bow hunter's syndrome,also referred to as rotational vertebral artery occlusion syndrome,is a rare etiological factor of posterior circulation infarction.This article reported a case of a young male patient who experienced recurrent posterior circulation infarctions caused by bilateral bow hunter's syndrome.Carotid ultrasonography confirmed a marked reduction in blood flow velocity in both vertebral arteries during neck rotation.High-resolution MR angiography and CT angiography of the head and neck revealed dissection involving the V3 segment of the left vertebral artery.The findings suggested that bow hunter's syndrome may be associated with thrombus formation secondary to repetitive mechanical compression of the vertebral artery intima,which could potentially lead to arterial embolism and subsequent cerebral infarction.This paper presents the patient's diagnostic and therapeutic course and includes a review of relevant literature aimed to enhance clinical awareness and understanding of this uncommon condition.

Abstract:Obesity is one of the risk factors of stroke onset and poor prognosis,with the burden of obesity-related stroke increases worldwide annually.In 2025,a research introduced the concept of"clinical obesity",subdivided into"pre-clinical obesity"and"clinical obesity",emphasizing obesity's impact on organ and tissue function and highlighting the limitations of using traditional body mass index to assess individual disease status.This article reviewed the epidemiological evidence linking obesity to ischemic stroke.This article reviewed the research progress on the relationship between obesity,related measurement indicators,and ischemic stroke from the perspectives of preclinical and clinical obesity.And explored the clinical significance of the"obesity paradox",aiming to provide new insights and evidence for the prevention and treatment of clinical ischemic stroke.

Abstract:Objective To observe the impact of brain-computer interface(BCI)robot combined with task-oriented training(TOT)on hand function and activities of daily living in stroke patients.Methods A total of 40 patients with subacute stroke who were hospitalized in the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Anhui No.2 Province People's Hospital from December 2022 to December 2024 were prospectively and consecutively included in this study.The stroke patients were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group using the random number table method,with 20 cases in each group.Baseline data were collected from all patients,including gender,age,personal history(smoking,drinking),past medical history(hypertension,diabetes),stroke type(hemorrhagic stroke,ischemic stroke),hemiplegia side(left,right),disease course,stroke location(basal ganglia,internal capsule),and admission assessment indicators(including kinesthetic and visual imagery questionnaire[KVIQ-20]score,mini-mental state examination[MMSE]score and National Institutes of Health stroke scale[NIHSS]score).Both groups of patients received conventional rehabilitation training and TOT.The experimental group then underwent BCI robot training combined with TOT on this basis.Both groups received treatments for 4 weeks,and the upper limb and hand functions of all patients were evaluated using the Fugl-Meyer upper extremity function assessment scale(FMA-UE),the wrist-hand part of the FMA-UE scale(FMA-WH),the Wolf motor function test(WMFT),and the modified Ashworth scale(MAS)before and after the treatment;the hand function related part(feeding[10 score],bathing[5 score],dressing[10 score],grooming[5 score],and toilet using[10 score])of modified Barthel index(MBI)was used to assess the patients'hand dexterity to perform daily activities.Results(1)No statistically significant differences were found in the baseline data between the two groups of patients(all P＞0.05).(2)Before treatment,the scores of FMA-UE,FMA-WH,WMFT,MAS and hand function related score of MBI in the experimental group were(18.75±7.38),(2.95±1.54),(26.90±8.69),(1.10±0.66),and(15.45±1.82)respectively,while those in the control group were(15.90±5.39),(2.25±1.12),(24.15±6.78),(1.25±0.60),and(15.65±3.12)respectively.There were no statistically significant differences in the scores of FMA-UE,FMA-WH,WMFT,MAS and hand function related score of MBI between the two groups before treatment(all P＞0.05).After 4 weeks of treatment,the scores of FMA-UE,FMA-WH,WMFT,MAS and hand function related score of MBI in the experimental group were(27.10±7.76),(5.75±2.97),(40.85±10.19),(0.73±0.57),and(21.15±2.66)respectively,while those in the control group were(21.25±5.29),(4.00±1.49),(31.85±7.60),(0.73±0.64),and(17.40±3.14)respectively.The time main effects(Ftime values were 925.061,138.138,624.635 and 405.986 respectively,all P＜0.01),group main effects(Fgroup values were 4.460,4.562,5.011 and 4.411 respectively,all P＜0.05),and the interaction effects of time and group(Ftime×group values were 44.358,7.356,52.506 and 114.128 respectively,all P＜0.05)of FMA-UE,FMA-WH,WMFT and hand function related score of MBI scores were all significant.The time main effect of MAS scores was significant(Ftime value was 59.478,P＜0.01),while the group main effect(Fgroup value was 0.162,P＞0.05),the interaction effects of time and group(Ftime×group value was 1.652,P＞0.05)were not significant.Conclusion The combined task-oriented training with BCI robots can improve the upper limb and hand functions of stroke patients,enhance their ability to perform daily activities,and the effect is superior to that of single task-oriented training.

Abstract:Ischemic stroke,a major public health challenge,is marked by high incidence,disability,and mortality rates.The pathophysiology of stroke is complex,and inflammation reaction plays a crucial role throughout the process.In recent years,anti-inflammatory treatment has become a major focus in researches of ischemic stroke.Current preclinical and clinical investigations have revealed the potential of various anti-inflammatory strategies for ischemic stroke.However,which patient populations benefit from existing drugs are not yet elucidated.Additionally,drugs targeting innate immune cascades have become a new research hot spot.This article reviewed the latest clinical advances in anti-inflammatory therapy for ischemic stroke and discusses its promising prospects,aiming to provide novel clinical application strategies and future research directions.

Abstract:Intracranial atherosclerosis(ICAS)related acute large vessel occlusion(LVO)is an important cause of ischemic stroke,posing a serious threat to public health.Recent studies have shown that there are significant differences in the incidence of ICAS-LVO between Eastern and Western populations,which will directly affect the formulation and implementation of clinical diagnosis and treatment strategies.With the rapid development of neurointerventional techniques,the clinical management model of ICAS-LVO is undergoing profound changes.A series of new techniques and concepts have been emerging from early identification to endovascular treatment,bringing new hope for improving the prognosis of ICAS-LVO patients.This article discussed the identification of clinical and imaging features of ICAS-LVO,the optimization of endovascular treatment strategies,and the application of cutting-edge technologies,and look forward to the development direction of personalized,precise diagnosis and treatment in the future,aiming to provide new ideas and methods for clinical practice of ICAS-LVO.

Abstract:Objective To explore the safety and efficacy of using the"bare-support"technique via radial artery approach under local anesthesia for endovascular treatment of severe vertebral-basilar artery stenosis.Methods Patients were retrospectively and continuously enrolled from June 2021 to March 2023,admitted to the Department of Neurology at Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University,and underwent endovascular treatment for severe vertebral-basilar artery stenosis under local anesthesia via the radial artery approach using the"bare-support"technique.Baseline and clinical data,including sex,age,hypertension,diabetes,hyperlipidemia,coronary heart disease,atrial fibrillation,history of stroke,smoking history,preoperative the National Institutes of Health stroke scale(NIHSS)score,and preoperative modified Rankin scale score were collected from the patient.Surgical-related data were also collected,including site of stenosis(vertebral artery V4 segment,basilar artery,vertebral artery V4 segment+basilar artery),stenosis rate(70％-90％,＞90％-99％),target lesion vessel diameter,lesion vessel length,vertebral-subclavian angle,vertebral-subclavian distance,use of distal access catheter,anesthesia method(local anesthesia,general anesthesia),presence of isolated vertebral artery(opposite vertebral artery occlusion),whether the distal access catheter was shaped,position of the distal access catheter in the vertebral artery(vertebral artery V2 segment,V3 segment,V4 segment),endovascular treatment method(simple balloon dilation,balloon dilation+self-expanding stent,balloon dilation stent),intraoperative cerebral ischemia symptoms,severe intraoperative cerebral ischemia symptoms,and whether the surgical approach was changed.Gather clinical outcomes and follow-up status,including the surgery success rate(surgery completed via radial artery access with a residual stenosis rate of the target vessel less than 30％after endovascular treatment,and modified thrombectomy in cerebral infarction[mTICI]grade 3),neurological function impairment within 72hours after surgery,perioperative complications(disabling stroke,nondisabling stroke,puncture site complications),in-stent restenosis within six months post-surgery(≥50％narrowing reoccurring at the location or within 5 mm diameter of stent after previous stent placement or angioplasty)and stroke relapses(another stroke event after the first stroke).Base on whether the distal access catheter was shaped,the patients were divided into a shaping group and a non-shaping group.Compare the baseline and clinical data,as well as the vertebral-subclavian angle and distance between the groups.Results A total of 33 patients who underwent endovascular treatment for severe vertebral-basilar artery stenosis using the"bare stent"technique via the radial artery approach were included,comprising 29 males and 4 females,aged between 42 to 76 years,with an average age of(62±9)years.Among them,13 were in the shaping group,20 was in the non-shaping group.(1)No significant differences in clinical or baseline data were observed between the two groups(all P＞0.05).Compared with the non-shaping group,patients from the shaping group had significantly smaller vertebral-subclavian angle([62.80±21.57]° vs.[109.57±28.63]°,P＜0.01),and significantly longer vertebral-subclavian distance([13.58±7.35]mm vs.[6.13±4.31]mm,P=0.002).(2)Among the 33 cases,30(90.9％)were completed under local anesthesia,while 3 cases(9.1％)with isolated vertebral arteries experienced severe ischemic intolerance during surgery and were switched to general anesthesia.The success rate of endovascular treatment for severe vertebrobasilar artery stenosis via transradial artery approach was 93.9％(31/33),with only 2 cases switched to transfemoral approach due to difficulty in establishing the radial artery access also succeeded in completing the surgery.Neurological function impairment occurred in 5 cases(15.2％)within 72 hours postoperatively.The perioperative complication rate was 9.1％(3/33),including 1 case(3.0％)of disabling stroke and 2 cases(6.1％)of non-disabling stroke.No puncture site complications had occurred.During the 6-month follow-ups,in-stent restenosis occurred in 2 cases(6.1％),with no recurrence of stroke.Conclusions Endovascular treatment of severe vertebrobasilar artery stenosis using the"bare-support"technique via the radial artery under local anesthesia is safe and feasible.Larger prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to validate these findings.

Abstract:Objective To compare the effects of dexmedetomidine and midazolam on intraoperative blood pressure and postoperative 90-day outcome of endovascular treatment(EVT)in patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusive stroke.Methods Retrospective consecutive patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke who received EVT within 24 hours of onset,admitted to the Department of Neurology at the Second People's Hospital of Hefei from January 2024 to February 2025 were included.Patients were divided into the dexmedetomidine group and the midazolam group based on the choice of sedative in EVT.Baseline and clinical data were collected from patients,including sex,age,medical history(hypertension,diabetes,atrial fibrillation,stroke history),smoking history,blood pressure at admission(systolic,diastolic,mean arterial pressure),National Institutes of Health stroke scale(NIHSS)score at admission,trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment(TOAST)classification,and site of vascular occlusion(internal carotid artery,M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery).Procedure related parameters,including intravenous thrombolysis before EVT,intraoperative use of tirofiban,modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction(mTICI)grade,thrombectomy techniques(stent-retriever thrombectomy,aspiration thrombectomy,combined stent-retriever and aspiration thrombectomy,and other salvage measures),number of thrombectomy,time from onset to revascularization,time from puncture to revascularization,blood pressure during EVT(minimum systolic,minimum diastolic,and minimum mean arterial pressure),and blood pressure at the end of EVT(systolic,diastolic,and mean arterial pressure).The primary outcome was good prognosis at 90 days after EVT(modified Rankin scale score of 0-2 at 90 days),while secondary outcome was＞20％decrease in mean arterial pressure during EVT,early neurological improvement(ENI;a decrease on NIHSS score no less than 8 or a reduction of NIHSS score to 0-1 at 24 hours after EVT),and early neurological deterioration(END;an increase of more than 2 points on the NIHSS at 24 hours after procedure).Safety outcomes included any intracranial hemorrhage within 48 hours after EVT,symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage within 48 hours after EVT(sICH;intracranial hemorrhage confirmed by head CT leading to neurological deterioration,with an increase in NIHSS score of at least 4 points,or the presence of potentially fatal intracranial hemorrhage on head CT),pneumonia within 2 weeks after EVT,and the 90-day mortality after EVT.The baseline and clinical data,EVT conditions,primary outcome,secondary outcome,and safety indicators were compared between the two groups.Univariate Logistic regression analysis was used to screen the variables associated with a decrease in mean arterial pressure＞20％during EVT in patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusive stroke.Variables with P＜0.15 and those considered potentially influential based on clinical experience were included in multivariate Logistic regression analysis to identify predictors of a＞20％decrease in mean arterial pressure during EVT in patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusive stroke.Results A total of 93 patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusive stroke who underwent EVT were included,comprising 51 males and 42 females,aged 34 to 99 years,with an average of(71±13)years old.Among them,63 patients were in the dexmedetomidine group,and 30 patients were in the midazolam group.33 patients showed＞20％decreases in mean arterial pressure during EVT,while 60 patients had ≤20％decreases.(1)Compare with the midazolam group,the proportion of female patients in the dexmedetomidine group was lower(36.5％[23/63]vs.63.3％[19/30],P=0.015),and the age was younger([69±13]years vs.[77±13]years,P=0.005).There were no statistically significant differences in other baseline and clinical data(all P＞0.05).(2)In comparison with the midazolam group,the dexmedetomidine group had a higher proportion of patients with more thrombectomy procedures(1.00[1.00,2.00]times vs.1.00[1.00,1.25]times,P=0.011),END(27.0％[17/63]vs.6.7％[2/30],P=0.023),sICH within 48 hours(19.0％[12/63]vs.3.3％[1/30],P=0.041),and a decrease in mean arterial pressure＞20％during EVT(42.9％[27/63]vs.20.0％[6/30],P=0.031).There were no statistically significant differences in the remaining EVT conditions,primary outcome,secondary outcome,and safety indicators(all P＞0.05).(3)The results of univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that diastolic blood pressure at admission(P=0.002),mean arterial pressure at admission(P=0.009),and dexmedetomidine sedation(P=0.036)were the influencing factors of a decrease＞20％in mean arterial pressure during EVT in patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke.(4)The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that dexmedetomidine sedation(OR,3.271,95％CI 1.057-10.126,P=0.040)and higher diastolic blood pressure on admission(OR,1.105,95％CI 1.006-1.213,P=0.037)were independent predictors of a decrease over 20％in mean arterial pressure during EVT in patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusive stroke.Conclusions Dexmedetomidine is an independent predictor of an over 20％decrease in mean arterial pressure during EVT in patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusive stroke,but there is no statistically significant differences in the rate of good neurological function at 90 days and 90-day mortality postoperatively between the two groups.Further prospective randomized controlled studies are needed.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the effects of intravenous tirofiban following endovascular treatment on the prognosis of patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke who did not achieve successful recanalization.Methods This retrospective study included consecutive patients with acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke who underwent endovascular treatment but did not achieve successful recanalization.These patients were retrospectively enrolled from the Department of Neurology at Nanjing Jinling Hospital,Affiliated Hospital of Medical School,Nanjing University,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,Wuhan No.1 Hospital,and Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College(the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College)between January 2015 and April 2023.Baseline and clinical data were collected including age,sex,medical history(hypertension,diabetes,atrial fibrillation,hyperlipidemia),personal history(smoking and drinking),National Institutes of Health stroke scale(NIHSS)score at admission,trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment(TOAST)classification(large artery atherosclerosis,cardioembolism,or other types),Alberta stroke program early CT score(ASPECTS)on admission,intravenous thrombolysis,onset-to-puncture time(OTP),collateral circulation status(poor collaterals:American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology[ASTIN/SIR]score 0-2;good collateral:ASTIN/SIR score 3-4),procedure duration(from femoral or radial artery puncture to device removal),occlusion site,number of passes for thrombus retrieval,and post-procedural modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction(mTICI)grade.Patients were divided into a tirofiban group and a non-tirofiban group based on whether they received post-procedural intravenous tirofiban.The primary outcome is a favorable functional outcome at 90-day since onset(modified Rankin scale[mRS]score ≤ 3).Safety outcomes included mortality at 90-day since onset(mRS score 6),any intracranial hemorrhage within 24 h post-procedure,and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage within 24 h post-procedure.1∶1 propensity score matchings using the nearest neighbor method was performed based on variables with P＜0.05 in the comparison between the tirofiban and non-tirofiban groups.Differences in primary and safety outcomes between the matched groups were compared.Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were conducted with favorable outcomes at 90 days as the dependent variable to evaluate the effect of intravenous tirofiban administration after endovascular therapy on 90-day prognosis in patients without successful recanalization.Results A total of 356 patients without successful recanalization after endovascular treatment were included,comprising 195 males and 161 females,with a median age of 70(61,78)years(32-92 years).Among them,76 and 280patients were assigned to the tirofiban and non-tirofiban groups,respectively.At 90 days,114 patients had favorable outcomes,while 242 had unfavorable outcomes.(1)Before the 1∶1 propensity score matching,significant differences were observed between the tirofiban and non-tirofiban groups in terms of admission NIHSS score,ASPECTS,good collateral circulation,intravenous thrombolysis,and mTICI grade(all P＜0.05).After 1∶1 propensity score matching,66 matched pairs(132 patients)were obtained.No significant differences in the baseline and clinical characteristics were found between the two groups after matching(all P＞0.05).(2)After 1∶1 matching,a significant difference was observed in the rate of favorable outcomes at 90 days between the two groups(48.5％[32/66]vs.30.3％[20/66],P=0.033)after propensity score matching,while no significant differences were found in 90-day mortality,intracranial hemorrhage within 24h,or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage within 24h(all P＞0.05).(3)Univariate analysis after 1∶1 matching indicated that age,atrial fibrillation,smoking history,admission NIHSS score,M2 segment middle cerebral artery occlusion,good collateral circulation,number of passes for thrombus retrieval,and tirofiban treatment were factors influencing favorable outcomes at 90 days.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that younger age(aOR,0.942,95％CI 0.906-0.978,P=0.002),lower admission NIHSS score(aOR,0.855,95％CI 0.777-0.941,P=0.001),good collateral circulation(aOR,5.534,95％CI 2.141-14.301,P＜0.01),tirofiban treatment(aOR,2.774,95％CI 1.092-7.046,P=0.032),and M2 segment MCA occlusion(reference:internal carotid artery occlusion;aOR,4.874,95％CI 1.428-16.632,P=0.011)were independent predictors of favorable outcomes at 90 days.Conclusions Intravenous tirofiban administration after endovascular therapy may improve 90-day neurological outcomes in patients with acute anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke who did not achieve successful recanalization without increasing the risk of hemorrhage.Further large-scale randomized controlled trials are warranted to validate these findings.

Abstract:Retinal artery occlusion(RAO)is a vascular neuro-ophthalmological emergency and a rare but serious complication of carotid artery stenting(CAS).It is characterized by a sudden decrease in vision or even vision loss in one eye.This article reports a case of central RAO caused by emboli through a branch of the external carotid artery during CAS,aiming to provide insights for optimizing CAS procedures,and preventing and controlling this complication.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the feasibility and safety of transradial approach(TRA)for carotid artery stenting(CAS)using single-layer braided carotid stents with a microporous dense mesh design.Methods A retrospective consecutive series of patients with carotid artery stenosis who underwent CAS via TRA using single-layer braided microporous dense mesh stents admitted to the Department of Neurology,Linyi People's Hospital,Shandong Second Medical University were included from December 2022 to April 2023.General and clinical data,lesion characteristics,procedural metrics,periprocedural conditions,and follow-up outcomes were collected from the patients.General and clinical data including sex,age,medical history(hypertension,diabetes,coronary artery disease),and preoperative modified Rankin scale(mRS)score.Lesion characteristics included stenosis location,normal lumen diameters distal and proximal to the stenosis,stenosis rate,lesion length,and aortic arch type.Procedural metrics included successfully guided catheter placement,stent deployment,retrieval of the embolic protection device and residual stenosis rate.Periprocedural conditions included periprocedural complications(within 72 hours included puncture site bleeding,symptomatic radial artery occlusion,new cerebral infarctions on diffusion-weighted imaging,and cardio-cerebrovascular events[angina,acute myocardial infarction,cerebral infarction,cerebral hemorrhage])and length of hospital stay.The mRS scores at 1 and 6 months after surgery were recorded via telephone follow-ups.At 12 months after surgery,outpatient carotid color Doppler ultrasound was performed to evaluate in-stent restenosis.Results(1)Ten patients(9 male,1 female)aged 57-72 years,with a median age of 70(62,71)years were included.Among them,9 had hypertension,2 had diabetes,and 1 had coronary artery disease.Four patients had symptomatic carotid stenosis:2 presented with hemiparesis,1 with mild dysarthria,and 1 with transient ischemic attack.Preoperative mRS scores among symptomatic patients were 0(1 patient),1(2 patients),and 2(1 patient).The remaining 6 patients had asymptomatic stenosis,all with preoperative mRS scores of 0.(2)Two patients had left internal carotid artery(ICA)stenosis,and 8 had right ICA stenosis.The mean stenosis degree was(79.9±7.1)％,and the mean lesion length was(16.8±5.7)mm.The mean normal distal and proximal lumen diameter of the stenosed blood vessel were(5.1±0.5)mm and(8.1±0.8)mm,respectively.One patient had a type Ⅰ aortic arch,8 patients had type Ⅱ,and 1 patient had type Ⅲ.Among the 8 patients with right ICA stenosis,4 underwent direct catheterization of the right common carotid artery using a glidewire,while the other 4 required exchange technique for guide catheter placement.Both left-sided lesions were treated using exchange technique.Guide catheter placement and stent deployment were successful in all cases.No difficulties were encountered in embolic protection device retrieval.The mean residual stenosis rate was(21.6±6.7)％.(3)The mean postoperative hospital stay was(1.8±0.9)days.No puncture site bleeding or symptomatic radial artery occlusion occurred.One patient experienced a cerebrovascular event due to a pontine perforator artery infarction,presenting with diplopia and impaired left eye adduction,likely caused by postoperative hypotension and hypoperfusion.This patient had an immediate postoperative mRS score of 2 at discharge,which improved to 0 at 6 months.The other 9 patients showed no change in mRS scores compared to preoperative assessments,and no new cerebral infarctions were detected within 72 hours after surgery.At 12-month follow-up,carotid color Doppler ultrasound revealed no in-stent restenosis in any patient.Conclusions CAS performed via TRA using single-layer braided microporous dense mesh stents appears to be feasible and safe.However,this study is a single-center,retrospective analysis with a small sample size.Larger prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to validate these findings.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the influencing factors associated with early neurological deterioration(END)in patients with minor acute ischemic stroke(mAIS),develop a clinical prediction model for END,and identify independent risk factors for 90-day neurological functional outcomes after stroke.Methods mAIS patients admitted consecutively to the Department of Neurology,Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College(the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College),from July 2023 to July 2024 were retrospectively collected.A minor ischemic stroke was defined as acute ischemic stroke with a National Institutes of Health stroke scale(NIHSS)score≤5 on admission.Baseline,clinical,and imaging data of all mAIS patients were collected and recorded,including demographic information(age,sex),past medical history(hypertension,diabetes mellitus,hyperlipidemia,coronary heart disease,atrial fibrillation),smoking history,alcohol consumption,baseline blood pressure,pre-onset modified Rankin scale(mRS),NIHSS scores at admission and during hospitalization(24 hours,48 hours,72 hours after admission),motor component subscore of the NIHSS scores,NIHSS scores at discharge,trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment(TOAST)classification,laboratory indicators(fasting blood glucose,hemoglobin A1c[HbA1c],total cholesterol,triglycerides,high-density lipoprotein,low-density lipoprotein),clinical treatment information(intravenous thrombolysis,mono antiplatelet therapy,dual antiplatelet therapy,anticoagulation therapy)and length of stay.The status of stenosis and occlusion in the culprit vessel were assessed based on imaging results.Mild-to-moderate stenosis was defined as a stenosis rate of 0％to 69％,severe stenosis as a stenosis rate of 70％to 99％,and occlusion as complete interruption of the supplying artery.END was defined as an increase in NIHSS score of ≥2 points from baseline within 72 hours after admission,combined with an increase of at least 1 point in the motor score compared to the score at admission.Prognosis was assessed via telephone follow-ups at 90-day after onset using mRS score,with an mRS score ≤ 2 indicating a favorable outcome and an mRS score＞2 indicating a poor outcome.Variables with P＜0.05 in the univariate analysis were incorporated into multivariate Logistic regression analysis to identify the independent risk factors for END in mAIS patients.A nomogram model was constructed,and calibration curves along with decision curve analysis were plotted to evaluate the model's goodness-of-fit and clinical utility.Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with poor 90-day functional outcome after mAIS.Results(1)A total of 826 patients were included,aged 33-94 years,with a median age of 67(57,76)years.There were 571 males and 255 females.The NIHSS score at admission ranged from 0 to 5,with a median NIHSS score at admission of 3(2,4).The NIHSS motor subscore at admission ranged from 0 to 5,with a median baseline NIHSS motor score of 2(0,2).Among them,119 patients(14.4％)were in the END group and 707 patients(85.6％)were included in the non-END group.At 90days after stroke,744 patients(90.1％)had a favorable outcome,while 82 patients(9.9％)had a poor outcome.(2)Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences between the END group and the non-END group in terms of HbA1c,fasting blood glucose,baseline NIHSS score,baseline NIHSS motor subscore,history of alcohol consumption,diabetes mellitus,culprit vessel stenosis and occlusion,and TOAST classification(all P＜0.05).Statistically significant differences were observed between the favorable outcome group and the poor outcome group in HbA1c,fasting blood glucose,incidence of END,baseline NIHSS score,discharge NIHSS score,culprit vessel stenosis and occlusion,TOAST classification,and history of alcohol consumption(all P＜0.05).(3)Multivariate Logistic regression analysis indicated that mAIS patients with severe stenosis of the culprit vessel(OR,5.88,95％CI2.32-14.91,P＜0.01),occlusion of the culprit vessel(OR,5.74,95％CI 2.25-14.62,P＜0.01),history of alcohol consumption(OR,5.59,95％CI3.41-9.17,P＜0.01),elevated HbA1c(OR,1.67,95％CI 1.35-2.08,P＜0.01),and higher baseline NIHSS motor score(OR,1.43,95％CI 1.08-1.89,P=0.012)had an increased risk of END.A higher discharge NIHSS score(OR,2.59,95％CI 1.89-3.57,P＜0.01)and the occurrence of END(OR,18.42,95％CI 5.13-66.18,P＜0.01)were associated with poor 90-day functional outcome after mAIS.(4)The nomogram model constructed based on independent risk factors of END in mAIS patients demonstrated an AUC of 0.78(95％CI 0.73-0.83)for predicting END,with a sensitivity of 0.8 and a specificity of 0.7.The model showed good calibration,and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test indicated good agreement between predicted and observed values(P=0.333).Decision curve analysis revealed that the model provided a high net benefit across a range of high-risk thresholds(0.1-0.7),suggesting its potential clinical utility.Conclusions Severe stenosis of the culprit vessel,occlusion of the culprit vessel,glycated hemoglobin levels,baseline NIHSS motor subscale scores,and history of alcohol consumption are independent risk factors for END in patients with mAIS.The nomogram model constructed based on these factors demonstrated good predictive performance.END and NIHSS scores at discharge are independent predictors of poor 90-day outcomes in patients with mAIS.

Abstract:For patients with symptomatic non-acute intracranial artery total occlusion(NIATO),successful endovascular recanalization can improve the clinical prognosis of some patients.High-resolution magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging(HR-VWI)can qualitatively and quantitatively describe the characteristics of intracranial arterial lesions,which is helpful for preoperative evaluation,selecting suitable patients,guiding intraoperative treatment and regular follow-up.This article systematically reviewed the application progress of HR-VWI in the endovascular recanalization of NIATO,analyzed the correlation between HR-VWI characteristics and technical success rates for recanalization as well as perioperative complications,and discussed the limitations and future development directions of current research.

Abstract:Supraclinoid internal carotid artery(ICA)fenestration is a rare vascular developmental variant,and this anomaly may be associated with aneurysm formation.Whether the fenestration is originated from the embryonic development of the ICA or the posterior communicating artery(PCoA)remains controversial.This article retrospectively analyzed the imaging data,diagnosis and treatment process of one patient with supraclinoid ICA fenestration combined with an aneurysm,and further literature review was conducted combining with the case study.The aim of this study was to analyze the etiology of supraclinoid ICA fenestration and its correlation with aneurysm formation,in order to improve clinicians' understanding of this rare anomaly and facilitate the formulation of appropriate treatment plans.

Abstract:Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma(IVLBCL)is an extranodal subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that most commonly involves the nervous system,skin,and parenchymal organs.This rare disease lacks specific clinical and imaging features.When presenting as cerebral infarction,IVLBCL may manifest as scattered punctate infarcts,cerebral microbleeds,and even vasculitis-like white matter lesions,making it highly susceptible to misdiagnosis.This article reported a case of IVLBCL primarily present as cerebral infarction,which was ultimately diagnosed through brain biopsy.The clinical features,imaging manifestations,and pathological diagnosis of IVLBCL are discussed,aiming to enhance clinicians' understanding of this disease and provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.