Abstract:In the context of urban renewal focusing on"enhancing quality and efficiency of inventory spaces,"the"negative"spaces in cities are gradually becoming important sites for elderly people's daily activities in surrounding communities.The age-friendly renovation of these spaces is important for promoting healthy aging and optimizing high-density urban public spaces.As typical inventory spaces in urban areas,underpass spaces have substantial potential for adaptive reuse.However,existing renovation practices often emphasize functional and landscape improvements,while lacking in-depth consideration of the behavioral needs of the elderly and environmental compatibility.This study establishes an evaluation system for the age-friendly adaptation of urban underpass spaces based on the"environment-behavior"fit.Moreover,an empirical investigation based on Xiyuan Interchange in Kunming was conducted.Grounded in environmental behavior studies and person-environment fit theory,this study elaborates on the"environment-behavior"dynamic adaptation mechanism and emphasizes that the degree of fit is the core driver of the interactive cycle between environment and behaviors.Based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs,elderly people's behaviors in public spaces are divided into three types:survival maintenance,social connection,and self-development.The environmental support conditions for each type were analyzed systematically.Following an approach of"theory-driven → behavior analysis → environment mapping → indicator selection,"the study develops a comprehensive evaluation system comprising three dimensions,nine environmental conditions,and 27 specific indicators.Methodologically,an Importance-Performance Analysis(IPA)was employed."Importance"was used to represent behavioral demand,and"satisfaction"was used to express environmental support.Weights of indicators were determined using the entropy method.The high,medium,and low fit relationships were identified,providing a nuanced depiction of the degree of fit between the environment and behavior.An empirical study was conducted on the Xiyuan Overpass in Kunming through questionnaires,behavioral annotations,and on-site observations.Data collection,collation,and analysis found that 1)older users exhibit significant environmental agency;they can transform some environmental constraints(e.g.,noise)into behavioral opportunities through cognitive restructuring and behavioral adaptation,thereby turning"negative spaces"into"permissive spaces".2)The IPA results indicate that there are notably insufficient fitness,recreation,resting,and accessibility facilities in underpass spaces.Key indicators such as pedestrian safety,spatial connectivity,intergenerational interaction,inclusiveness,air quality,greenery comfort,olfactory experience,and activity implementation exhibit low degrees of fit.These are major barriers to age-friendly adaptation.Consequently,three optimization strategies were proposed:1)for survival-oriented behaviors,adaptations should optimize functional layout,supplement fitness and flexible facilities,and implement"quiet traffic"measures to ensure safety;2)for social behaviors,it should enhance spatial connectivity and inclusiveness to support diverse collective activities;and 3)for self-development behaviors,it should improve greenery and air quality,add resting and recreational facilities,and create platforms for talent display to enrich the space's spiritual and cultural value.This study's systematic integration of"environment-behavior"fit into the evaluation and optimization of underpass spaces provides feasible evaluation tools and design strategies for age-friendly renovation of similar urban stock spaces.Moreover,it highlights that urban renewal practices should pay more attention to user subjectivity and dynamic fit than to static labeling of spaces.It should promote the transition of space governance logic to the"top-down coordination and proactive creation"mode,thus enabling the more effective exploration of the potential of inventory spaces in urban areas to build a healthy age-friendly society.

Abstract:Urban colors are traditional urban cultural symbols deeply rooted in the urban environment and have distinctive expression and outstanding memory value.However,rapid urbanization in China has led to color homogenization,thereby weakening historical spatial continuity.Classical Chinese poetry,as both perception and re-creation of landscapes,preserves valuable information on historical color environments,offering a basis for contemporary urban color planning and heritage protection. A case study of Chengdu,an ancient city during the Song Dynasty,was conducted.A total of 374 poems from the Song Dynasty describing the landscapes in Chengdu were selected.Combining with ROSTCM6 text mining analysis and GIS spatial analysis,this study 1)quantitatively analyzed the composition and spatial distribution characteristics of landscape colors in ancient Chengdu during Song Dynasty;2)identified emotion characteristics associated with colors and their spatial patterns;and 3)explored a research methodology that analyzes historical urban landscape colors,integrating historical texts and spatial information. The results indicate:1)color composition and distribution—the landscape colors of ancient Chengdu in the Song Dynasty can be categorized into five systems of red,cyan(green/blue),yellow,white,and black.The cyan system(37%)was predominant,associated with natural landscapes and vegetation.The red system(27%)frequently described commercial buildings.The white system(20%)often depicted meteorological elements.Spatially,colors exhibited a pattern of"one core(Xiyuan),three points(Mohe Pond,Daci Temple and Wanli Bridge)and one belt(Jinjiang River-Huanhuaxi Stream)."Cyan served as the full-region base color,red dominated the visual perception,yellow indicated seasonal changes,white formed important view corridors,and black held spiritual symbolism.2)Emotional characteristics and spatial correlations—emotions in the poems were predominantly neutral(0.61),with positive emotions(0.22)exceeding negative ones(0.17).Positive emotions were correlated with elements such as crabapple blossoms,the Jinjiang River,market life,and seasonal fairs.Negative emotions often reflected nostalgia for the past or anxieties of displacement.Emotional spatial analysis revealed three high-frequency co-occurrence axes:Xiyuan-Qingyang Temple-Huanhuaxi,Huanhuaxi-Wanli Bridge,and Xiyuan-Mohe Pond-Wanli Bridge.Spatial autocorrelation showed significant differences in emotion distribution,particularly for positive emotions.3)Interaction between color and emotion—cyan landscapes evoked positive emotions most easily,followed by red and yellow landscapes.White landscapes were often associated with negative emotions,whereas black landscapes were associated with neutral emotions.Mountain and water landscapes were more likely to trigger positive emotional perceptions. The study reconstructs the landscape's color appearance and the emotional characteristics of ancient Chengdu during the Song Dynasty.The findings provide a historical basis and spatial guidance for contemporary urban color planning,the preservation of historical urban features,and cultural image-shaping in Chengdu,thus enhancing the historical continuity of the urban landscape.Future studies could extend to longer time sequences to deepen understanding of the stratification patterns of urban colors and the mechanisms that influence emotions in ancient Chengdu.

Abstract:As an important part of urban public space,community parks carry the dual functions of residents'daily leisure and social interaction,and play an irreplaceable role in enhancing community cohesion and promoting neighborhood harmony.However,community parks are facing many problems amid rapid urbanization,such as uneven use efficiency,insufficient spatial vitality,and underutilized social interaction functions.Existing studies have mainly focused on the physical characteristics of parks or on park users'subjective perceptions.However,there is a lack of in-depth exploration of the relationship between residents'actual usage behavior patterns and social interactions.It has also failed to reveal their intrinsic connection from a comprehensive spatial-temporal perspective.To fill this research gap,a case study of Changban Community Park in Tianhe District,Guangzhou City was conducted.Combining behavioural mapping and spatial analysis techniques,a research framework of"behavioral observation,spatiotemporal analysis,and social association"was established to explore the spatiotemporal patterns of residents'usage behaviors and their influence on social interaction. Based on on-site observation data in late September 2024,a dynamic tracking of user behavior across different regions of the park at different periods was carried out using the systematic behavioral recording of behavioural mapping and spatial positioning method.The behavioral diagrams were plotted and kernel density was analyzed in ArcGIS 10.8.Combining with the Chi-square test and Pearson correlation analysis,the relationship between usage patterns and social interactions was quantified.The study found that the community park's usage behaviors demonstrated significant spatial and temporal variations.Temporally,the number of users of all ages showed a regular fluctuation of"three peaks and two valleys,"with the peaks concentrated at 8-9 a.m.,3-4 p.m.,and 6-7 p.m.The visitor flow rate on non-working days is slightly higher than on work days.Spatially,the entrance plaza,lakeside hard space,table tennis court,and fitness area have become persistent hotspots,hosting diverse activities and social interactions. Further analysis shows a significant correlation between residents'usage behavior patterns and social interaction levels.Specifically,socialization with the attribute of"attention"is often accompanied by low-intensity,ornamental activities,such as prolonged observation and sitting.These activities mainly concentrated in the static leisure areas,such as the hard plaza by the lake.Socialization with the attribute of"connection"is closely related to medium-to low-intensity interactive activities,such as talking,walking,and playing.These activities are commonly found in spaces with high mobility and open views,such as the entrance plaza and main roads.High-intensity physical activities(e.g.,running and exercising)are not significantly associated with social interaction,suggesting that activities of varying intensities can still promote socialization opportunities.In addition,there is a structural differentiation in the usage pattern of different groups:the elderly prefer daytime low-and medium-intensity activities,while adults reach their peak activity in the evening.There are also obvious gender preferences for space:females prefer social open space,while males prefer sporty venues. Based on the established analysis path integrating"behavior-space-social interaction,"this study reveals the spatiotemporal patterns of community park usage behaviors of residents and verifies the intrinsic connection between usage patterns and social interactions.The theoretical value of this study is that it extends the application of behavioural mapping to research on community-scale public space and provides a new empirical basis for understanding residents'spatial preferences for establishing social interactions.At the practical level,the study proposes that the social interaction-promotion function of community parks should be further enhanced by optimizing the functional composition of hotspot spaces,increasing seating and shade facilities,and rationally planning the spatial and temporal layout of high-and low-intensity activities.This study is based on short-term observations.In the future,longitudinal comparative studies of community parks across four seasons,multiple weather conditions,and multiple types of community parks can be conducted to further reveal the mechanisms by which spatiotemporal contextual changes affect usage patterns and social behaviors,and to enhance the universality of research conclusions.

Abstract:In recent years,there have been many studies concerning the effects of community environments on walking activities of the elderly.However,existing research mainly focuses on elderly individuals with independent mobility,devoting less attention to elderly populations with limited mobility.According to statistics,about 35％of individuals aged 70 and above experience mobility limitations.The current research bias results in a target-group deviation in the development of age-friendly environments.There is thus a pressing need to fill this research gap through targeted theoretical and practical studies. To this end,the present study centers on walking speed,one of the most commonly used indicators to evaluate the mobility of the elderly.Previous studies have shown that declining walking speed is significantly related with health issues,such as cognitive impairment,risk of falls,and ischemic stroke.A walking speed of 0.8 m/s is widely recognized as a critical threshold for defining mobility in the elderly.Speeds below 0.8 m/s are considered"slow walking,"which is significantly related to increased risks of disability and hospitalization.It is crucial to encourage the active participation of"Seniors with Slow Walking Speeds"(SWSS,defined as a walking speed＜0.8 m/s)in outdoor activities,because such activities are important ways for seniors to maintain their mobility,preserve independence,and delay functional decline.Mountainous cities with dense staircase systems and limited flat spaces make mobility even more challenging for elderly residents.Systematic identification of the environmental factors that influence the outdoor activities of SWSS in these cities therefore has important theoretical and practical significance for promoting age-friendly environmental reconstruction. The go-along interview method,which involves researchers accompanying participants during their movements while simultaneously collecting GPS data,behavioral observations,and semi-structured interview responses,offers a unique opportunity to capture real-time interactions between participants and their environments.In this study,60 SWSS were selected from Tuwan Community in Chongqing as respondents.Data on their outdoor activity trajectories,including audio transcripts and other details about individual-environment interactions,were systematically collected.The travel patterns of SWSS and the environmental factors influencing those patterns were thoroughly explored through spatial behavior analysis and text coding.The study results revealed several key findings.First,SWSS exhibit a significant demand for outdoor activities,highlighting the importance of developing age-friendly communities supporting outdoor activities.Second,the activities of SWSS are primarily oriented around daily maintenance needs,with a highly concentrated spatial scope:90％of respondents limited their traveled to within 400 meters of their residential areas.Finally,four core themes were identified from the environmental factor analysis:namely,topographic elevation differences,street environments,community service facilities,and traffic safety.Major mobility barriers for SWSS in mountainous cities included long flights of stairs,steep slopes,fast-moving objects(e.g.electric vehicles)on sidewalks,and the absence of cross-street guidance facilities.In contrast,accessible handrails,nearby vegetable markets and supermarkets,street-corner parks,and enough resting seats were identified as positive environmental attributes that enhance SWSS mobility. Based on these findings,key design points for SWSS-friendly environments in mountainous cities were proposed,clarifying the core directions and priorities for age-friendly renewal of outdoor spaces.Thanks to advances in the life sciences and medical technology,human life expectancy has increased greatly,and the population of the elderly with slow mobility is expanding.They have become an important part of the social structure.The present study,by disclosing the outdoor activity patterns of the elderly and influencing environmental factors,therefore has significant implications.It can inform planning and design interventions that will not only improve the safety of outdoor spaces for the elderly,but also play a vital role in reducing care burdens on families and society while alleviating long-term national financial pressures for healthcare.

Abstract:With the issuance and implementation of the Chinese Central Government's Opinions on Strengthening the Protection and Inheritance of Historical and Cultural Heritage in Urban and Rural Construction,a relatively sound protection supervision system for historic,culturally significant villages and towns was established.This system creates intensive and comprehensive implementation of territorial spatial planning.It is not only an important guarantee for the authority and scientific accuracy of such spatial planning,but also an important mechanism for protecting and preserving urban-rural historical and cultural heritage.However,the evaluation of protection planning in rural areas has lagged behind the evaluation of urban planning in general and planning for the protection of famous historic and culturally significant cities in particular.The evaluation of the protection system's implementation in villages and smaller towns still faces numerous problems,involving both information acquisition and practical operation.Furthermore,the current implementation evaluation framework and the scope of evaluation dimensions are not comprehensive enough,leading to issues in the protection of many historic and culturally significant villages and towns.These issues include emphasizing formulation over evaluation when using the evaluation framework and having evaluative measures but not using them in a focused way when considering implementation. In this study,experiences and problems were summarized based on a review of theoretical research and practical models for implementation evaluation for historic and culturally significant villages and towns.In the first place,the previous formulation logic that emphasizes a single result-based judgment was changed.Instead,a hierarchical and targeted comprehensive implementation evaluation system that includes goal-orientation+process control was established;this system combines the goal-oriented plan implementation effect and the plan implementation process under process control.Secondly,an implementation evaluation index system that uses dimension-hierarchy-element indicators and covers the range from macro-levels to micro-indicators was built through theoretical review and practice feedback.This system covers three dimensions:namely,evaluation of implementation effect,evaluation of implementation process,and social evaluation.In addition,the weights of relevant indicators were determined by methods such as the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP),and quantitative assessment was carried out using methods like the implementation completion rate calculation method,expert scoring method,and index deviation calculation method.A sound comprehensive evaluation system for protection planning for historic and culturally significant villages and towns was built,and a full-cycle working loop encompassing heritage protection-development guidance-protection management was connected.Finally,the system was applied to the revision task of the protection plan for Huangqiao Historic and Cultural Town,thus verifying the practicality and feasibility of the evaluation method. According to the analysis,major problems encountered during the current implementation of the protection plan for Huangqiao Ancient Town can be divided into the following two categories:1)strategies for heritage protection versus development;2)implementation of protection management.These problems include conflicts between development-oriented thinking and protection-oriented thinking,insufficient public participation,lack of protection and management systems,and stereotypical ways of contrasting preservation with development.Focusing on these problems,the study proposed several planning countermeasures,such as introducing positive and negative lists for the management and control of historical and cultural resources,ensuring public participation in phases and through multiple channels,formulating relevant implementation guidelines,and establishing a full-process management framework.It is expected to provide both theoretical and practical guidance for the ongoing revision of protection plans and management implementation.

Abstract:Currently,the promotion of low-carbon technologies in China's urban and rural construction sector faces two major challenges.First,technologies span multiple fields and are highly fragmented,making it difficult to systematically identify practical and effective carbon-reduction technologies in the sector.Second,there are significant regional disparities in China,and currently there is no method for screening suitable technologies for differentiated assessment according to different urban development levels,resource endowments,and construction conditions.To cope with these challenges,this study aims to establish a systematic low-carbon technology list for urban and rural construction and to build a comprehensive evaluation screening system that can effectively couple technological characteristics and specific urban conditions.It is expected to provide theoretical and practical guidance for scientifically informed decision-making about carbon-reduction methods in local regions. This study begins by systematically reviewing relevant national policy orientations and industry standards to clearly define the carbon-emission accounting boundaries of the urban and rural construction sector.On this basis,a list of low-carbon technology clusters was developed.This list covers three core categories-building energy efficiency,municipal energy conservation,and green carbon sinks-and it encompasses 12 representative technologies.For assessment methodology,a comprehensive evaluation system composed of implementation effectiveness and implementation compatibility was built innovatively.On the dimension of implementation effectiveness,economic and environmental performances were evaluated through quantitative assessment of the benefits and costs of carbon-reduction technologies.On the dimension of implementation compatibility,two quantitative indicators of technical compatibility and policy support level were introduced.The former indicator evaluates the feasibility and suitability of technological applications according to specific parameters of target cities,such as climate conditions,resource endowment,and existing construction scales.Technologies were divided into high level,middle level,and low level based on their indicator scores.The second type of indicator measures the support level and clarity of specific technologies through an in-depth analysis of local policy texts.Then,the composite weights of both indicators were determined by an expert scoring method and the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP),and these weights were in turn used to build a comprehensive evaluation model that integrates quantitative and qualitative analyses. Subsequently,a case study based on Tianjin was conducted to verify the technology list and assessment system.According to evaluation results,the low-carbon technologies most suitable for priority promotion in Tianjin primarily fall into three categories:waste recycling technologies(including construction waste recycling,municipal solid waste recycling,and wastewater recycling treatment);green building and new energy technologies(including green buildings,ultra-low/nearly zero-energy buildings,building energy efficiency retrofits,rooftop photovoltaic technology,and distributed energy supply);and urban ecological environment construction technologies(primarily urban green space development).These results clearly demonstrate that the assessment system can effectively identify low-carbon technologies that are highly compatible with the specific conditions of a given city,overcoming the previous limitation of overemphasizing technological factors while neglecting regional characteristics. Some major conclusions can be drawn from this study.The proposed low-carbon technology list and the assessment system coupled with urban characteristics provide urban managers a set of scientifically verified and operable methodological tools.The case study proves that the system can help cities to screen and prioritize the promotion of suitable low-carbon technologies based on their own characteristics,optimize resource allocation,and thereby facilitate the green and low-carbon transition of the urban and rural construction sector more efficiently.In these respects,the study offers solid practical support for achieving the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.The results have important theoretical and methodological implications for low-carbon development planning in Tianjin and similar cities.

Abstract:Large-scale application of photovoltaics(PV)on university campuses is a crucial strategy for promoting green campus construction.However,current studies mostly focus on methods for calculating PV potential,neglecting to consider how campus spatial planning models,building functions,and energy consumption characteristics systematically affect the distribution of PV potential and absorption efficiency.A case study based on three typical campuses of the South China University of Technology(SCUT)was carried out.It systematically explored the distribution patterns of PV potential relative to different campus planning types,evaluated the matching relationship between power generation and energy consumption,and proposed optimization strategies for large-scale PV application based on spatial and functional adaptation.The study's aim is to promote the in-depth integration of PV technology with campus planning and provide theoretical and practical guidance for green campus construction. To facilitate the study,a PV potential assessment system was built with the Ladybug tool on the Grasshopper platform;the system is based on the current status of PV technology in China.First,a refined 3D model was constructed based on the Rhino platform which integrates geographic information,architectural drawings,and UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle)surveying and mapping data.The model accurately characterizes roof morphology and shading relationships.Second,solar radiation was simulated using the Environmental Analysis component in Ladybug,and the effective PV utilization area that meets regulatory requirements was statistically calculated.Subsequently,a PV array was designed and installed capacity and power generation were calculated using the Renewable component.Finally,the PV replacement rate and its monthly fluctuation characteristics were analyzed alongside the actual electricity consumption data of the campus.The factors influencing PV potential were systematically analyzed,and optimization paths were proposed from the perspectives of planning layout and building type. The research results show that campus planning types significantly affect the distribution and utilization efficiency of PV potential.As a historically decentralized campus,Wushan Campus is restricted by its style requirements and scattered layout.Its rooftop PV utilization rate ranges from 50％to 90％,and the replacement rate ranges from 8％to 44％,with an overall low level and significant differences across different campus buildings.Hence,a decentralized deployment strategy is suitable on Wushan Campus.By contrast,University Town Campus is a centralized cluster campus with flat and regular roofs.Its effective PV utilization rate reaches 71％,and the overall campus replacement rate reaches 29％,indicating that it meets the conditions needed for large-scale PV application.Finally,International Campus is a high-density block complex,where the utilization rate varies significantly among different blocks(ranging from 23％to 90％).Study results indicate that the PV application should be implemented in phases block by block. At the level of building types,teaching and administrative buildings have a relatively high rooftop utilization rate(70％to 80％)and the replacement rate ranges from 19％to 33％.These buildings should be prioritized for PV deployment.Dormitory buildings can supplement energy production by integrating facade PV technology.Due to high energy consumption and limited roof space,laboratory buildings generally have a replacement rate of less than 15％,and the study results indicate that microgrid technology should be integrated in these buildings at a later stage.In addition,PV replacement rates show obvious seasonal fluctuations:they are higher during winter and summer vacations,but lower during the summer electricity peak period.This reveals that the current system has not yet achieved full spatiotemporal matching between power generation and energy consumption. Based on the above findings,this research proposes that the large-scale application of PV on university campuses should be closely combined with spatial planning models and buildings' functional characteristics.It also proposes that differentiated deployment and phased construction strategies should be formulated.At the planning level,a decentralized layout should be adopted for older campuses,a comprehensive application for cluster campuses,and a unit-based implementation for high-density blocks.At the building level,PV deployment should be prioritized for teaching,cultural,and administrative buildings,then gradually extended to dormitories with the assistance of facade PV technology,and finally added in laboratory buildings through the integration of microgrids.Verifying the applicability of the Ladybug tool in campus PV assessments,the proposed system provides theoretical and practical guidance for installing PV technology at other southern Chinese universities with similar climates and spatial structures.Overall the study suggests that,in the future,the concept of building-integrated photovoltaics(BIPV)should be incorporated into campus planning at an early stage.It also suggests that the coordinated development of renewable energy and campus systems can be further advanced by optimizing spatial-energy consumption matching.

Abstract:As a reference system for current architectural practice,the courtyard prototype is the core and carrier of the artistic conception of Chinese architecture.The spatial form of the traditional courtyard has not been fully interpreted,and in current translations of the courtyard prototype the generation of the form has been separated from the inheritance of its cultural context.If the constructive thinking behind the a priori form of the traditional courtyard is not addressed,the translation of courtyard prototypes will be like drawing a tiger by using a house cat as the model.Generalized architectural typology uses a structuralist research approach to explore how spatial forms are translated and generated,expanding understandings of architectural design.It lays down an important path for the continuation of traditional courtyards' architectural culture and language by building base points for design.It identifies these base points by excavating courtyards' cultural background and then abstracting a"courtyard prototype." Thirty typical courtyard buildings were selected and divided into the control group and the experimental group.Based on the theoretical perspective of generalized architectural typology,the courtyard samples were investigated using the graphical language of spatial topology;this investigation was conducted from the three perspectives of courtyard prototype analysis,quantitative methods,and translational comparative analysis.First,the study draws a planar spatial topological diagram of the courtyard sample;extracts the nodes,paths and levels;and analyzes the traditional courtyard spatial translation diagram based on a Stedman adjacency graph.Then,five spatial quantification indicators are calculated through spatial quantification methods such as spatial syntax and the CRITIC weight method,and the evaluation target of"typological matching degree"of courtyards is established.In other words,the mathematical features of analytical morphology and the self-consistency spatial evaluation mechanism of traditional courtyard prototypes are identified.Finally,the study explores the typological design rules in contemporary courtyard practice based on statistical principles by combining graphic analysis of typical cases with a radar map of the five spatial quantitative indicators and a radar map of typological matching degrees.In this connection,some translation strategies are summarized,such as plane deconstruction,streamline penetration,line of view continuation,and group isomorphism. The study produced several key findings.(1)The five indicators of courtyard centrality,boundary complexity,synergy,openness,and understandability are effective,and it is feasible to construct an evaluation system of prototype translation aiming at the typological matching degree of a given courtyard based on these indicators.(2)A theory-method-strategy translation hierarchy,which is constructed based on a prototype-deconstruction-evolution triad,can be used to explore the translation strategies for capturing the constituent spatial elements of courtyard-corridor-gate-hall.(3)The five quantitative indicators of the courtyard prototype help explain the spatial characteristics of these four constituent elements,reflecting the traditional formal value,layout logic value,and spatial artistic conception value of the courtyard prototype.They reveal spatial factors underlying consciousness of the courtyard scene. Through the inheritance and evolution of the traditional courtyard prototype,contemporary translations can balance past and present architectural elements to connect people and place in the same way traditional courtyards did.This research can thus solve the problem of"space silence,"including insufficient interpretations of traditional spatial forms and the disconnection between form generation and inherited cultural contexts.Moreover,the study results provide reference points for creating courtyard spaces with local characteristics.

Abstract:Enhancing the health benefits of human settlements has become a core issue for efforts to promote high-quality development during rapid urbanization.Urban green spaces serve as critical venues for mental health restoration.However,existing research predominantly focuses on visual landscape features in forest parks and suburban green areas,paying less attention to neighborhood green spaces frequently visited by residents in high-density cities.In particular,the soundscape characteristics of these neighborhood green spaces,together with their underlying psychological restoration mechanisms,have been undervalued.At the same time,their role in strengthening affective bonds is often neglected.To address these gaps,a restorative theory was developed for the analysis of neighborhood green spaces;this theory can be used to systematically investigate the influencing mechanism of soundscape perception on the psychological restoration of residents.In turn,the results can provide theoretical and practical guidance to optimize soundscape design in neighborhood green spaces. A theoretical model was constructed to examine the mediating role of affective bonds(place attachment and nature connectedness)in the relationship between soundscape perception and psychological restoration.The model uses audio-visual naturalness(AVN)as a contextual moderator.It was applied to the case study based on 47 residential neighborhoods in the central urban area of Nanjing.Combined with soundscape perception surveys,acoustic environment measurements,and remote sensing images,structural equation modeling(SEM)was used to study the action mechanism of soundscape perception in neighborhood green spaces on psychological restoration of residents.In addition,the effects of AVN on action pathways of soundscape restoration were discussed through model grouping. The study yielded several key research results.(1)The direct effect of soundscape perception on psychological restoration is primarily manifested through acoustic quietness,while acoustic pleasantness and coordination barely exert any direct effects.In this connection,the following hierarchical progression applies:acoustic quietness → acoustic pleasantness→ acoustic coordination.This progression indicates that a quiet environment with low interference is the basis for psychological restoration,and fundamental denoising is the prerequisite for creating restorative soundscape.(2)The indirect effect of soundscape perception on psychological restoration is mainly realized through acoustic pleasantness and coordination.Acoustic pleasantness and coordination enhance psychological restoration indirectly by strengthening place attachment and natural connectedness.Furthermore,the mediating effect of place attachment is stronger than that of natural connectedness.This reveals the deep action pathways of soundscape perception relative to the psychological restoration of residents in daily scenes,indicating that enhancing emotional value and place attributes are effective measures for amplifying the restorative benefits of soundscapes.(3)AVN positively moderates the soundscape-restoration pathway.In high-AVN environments,the direct effect of acoustic pleasantness is significantly intensified,and the mediating role of place attachment is substantially reinforced.This confirms the synergistic advantage of coordinated natural elements in enhancing restoration experiences. This study elucidates the influencing mechanisms of soundscape perception in neighborhood green spaces on the psychological restoration of residents,thereby deepening the understanding of functional pathways underlying health benefits of green spaces.It supplements empirical evidence from daily scenes and expands the application scenes of the theory.Research results provide some scientific reference points for health-oriented soundscape optimization.Moreover,three practical suggestions were proposed:(1)using denoising as the basic design principle;(2)enhancing the emotional value and place attributes of soundscapes;and(3)implementing synergistic AVN strategies.These suggestions can be used provide precise soundscape interventions to improve the health benefits of human settlement in neighborhoods.

Abstract:Chinese cities have entered an era of stock renewal.Carbon-reduction and emission-reduction projects for small and micro public spaces in aging neighborhoods,besides being a timely response to the growing demand for high-quality public spaces,can help optimize urban energy management.However,there is insufficient coordination among such renovation projects,as well as a lack of systematic objectives for updating and positioning during small and micro space renewal.To address these issues,the present study explores a logical framework for prioritizing and sequencing renovation under temporarily limited resources.Based on an assessment of the urgency and impact of renewal projects,this framework can be used to inform design decisions. The quality of small and micro public spaces influences low-carbon travel at both macro and meso-micro levels.At the macro level,improved space quality can indirectly motivate residents to access shared resources,encouraging them to adopt low-carbon travel modes such as shared transportation over wider urban areas.At the meso-micro level,renewal directly enhances residents' comfort and satisfaction with slow travel within local neighborhoods,thereby reinforcing their willingness to engage in such travel.Accordingly,two dimensions are considered in this study's evaluation of the suitability of small and micro public space renewal from the perspective of low-carbon travel.First,at the macro urban scale,the study explores whether sufficient low-carbon travel resources are available for residents,enabling decision-makers to judge whether small and micro space renewal in relevant plots has the potential to promote low-carbon travel in a broader scope.Second,at the meso-micro scale,the slow-travel friendliness of specific plots is evaluated to determine the impact of surrounding space renewal on slow-travel behaviors of residents.To achieve a comprehensive summary of the system for evaluating the suitability of small and micro public space renewal,a coupling-coordination-analysis model was introduced;this model aims to disclose the interaction degree and coordination level between low-carbon travel potential and slow-travel friendliness in different plots.The study results provide theoretical and practical guidance for decisions about renewal priorities and the development potential of surrounding small and micro public spaces. The low-carbon travel potential and slow-travel friendliness in the Tianqiao Subdistrict of Beijing's Xicheng District were evaluated and coupled by combining ArcGIS and street-view semantic segmentation technology.Based on the results,renovation priorities are ranked as follows:"Severely Uncoordinated"＞"Slightly Uncoordinated"＞"Moderately Coordinated"＞"Well-Coordinated."Furthermore,travel behaviors on each street within these categories were investigated.By means of specific evaluation indicators,a framework for decision-making for small and micro space renovation in these streets was proposed.A key methodological innovation of the study was an evaluation system for the suitability of small and micro space renewal from a low-carbon travel perspective.This system covers 10 indicators across five dimensions:urban functional compactness,road network accessibility,public transport resources,slow-travel comfort,and sense of security.In addition,a logical framework for renovation objective selection and strategy formulation for small and micro space renewal was developed by analyzing the coupling coordination between low-carbon travel potential and slow-travel friendliness.The case study based on the Tianqiao Subdistrict identifies areas suitable for immediate renewal and clarifies optimization sequences.Furthermore,some targeted strategies were proposed for small and micro space renewal for streets in districts where low-carbon travel potential and slow-travel friendliness will be further improved.

Abstract:Flooding became frequent after the Yellow River captured the Huai River's course.These floods,carrying large amounts of sediment,often caused devastating damage to surrounding cities.Water would remain lodged within city walls for extended periods,and the silt deposited after the water receded would bury cities underground,forcing many of them to relocate.A case study based on the areas along the Ming-Qing old course of the Yellow River was carried out.A total of 24 cities within a 35-km-wide buffer zone(extending 35 kilometers on either side of the old course)were used to examine the spatiotemporal characteristics and decision-making mechanisms of flood-avoidance relocation. First,the historical information was interpreted using the ArcGIS platform from a long-term and holistic perspective.The spatiotemporal distribution of these relocation activities was explored and visualized through a quantitative analysis of five dimensions,including timing,frequency,direction,distance,and place attributes.The results reveal several significant patterns in these five dimensions of flood-avoidance relocation along the old course.First,for chronology and frequency,flood-avoidance relocation was most common during the Ming dynasty.Relocation on the south bank occurred earlier than that on the north bank,and relocation activities were more frequent along the river section upstream from Xuzhou.Furthermore,the relocation frequency of prefectures was significantly lower than that of sub-prefectures and counties.Second,for direction and distance,the relocations were predominantly unilateral without crossing to the opposite bank,with an obvious tendency for reciprocal and short-distance moves.The Shandong-Henan section was a concentrated area for short-distance relocation.Additionally,the relocation distance increased significantly during the Qing dynasty.Finally,for place attributes,hill-type sites appeared later and were concentrated in the area near Xuzhou,whereas city gate-type sites were clustered along the river section upstream of Xuzhou.Meanwhile,old city and market town sites were distributed across the entire region throughout the period. Subsequently,a"constraints-trade-offs"analytical framework was constructed to investigate the decision-making mechanisms behind these relocation activities.This framework emphasizes the need to recognize both the force of objective environmental constraints and the importance of subjective trade-off choices made under these constraints,thereby excavating the urban development wisdom embedded in flood-avoidance relocation practices.On the one hand,decision-making for city relocation was constrained by geographical,political,technical,and economic factors;these factors included the distribution and siltation processes of lakes,the terrain,river management policies,hydraulic engineering construction,administrative divisions and the overall administrative framework,and relocation costs.As a result,decisions followed certain overarching patterns,reflecting a passive adaptation to the environment.On the other hand,individual cities made trade-offs to seek the most suitable paths for flood-avoidance development within the limited available spaces determined by environment,using four proactive strategies:(1)conforming to the terrain and occupying higher ground;(2)prioritizing locational advantage and moving toward commercial hubs;(3)holistically managing resources to reduce costs and burdens;and(4)integrating city construction with water management through a system of encircling dikes.Thus,seemingly individualized relocation activities reflect a profound understanding of the living environment and urban development that people have formed over long periods of struggling with flood disasters. Against the contemporary background of protecting,inheriting,and promoting Yellow River culture and the regional policy of constructing an ecological corridor along the Ming-Qing old course of the Yellow River,this study makes the following key contributions.(1)It helps deepen the understanding of the water-management-centered settlement culture of historical cities along the old course,thus shedding light on important cultural attributes of this area.(2)It uses statistical analysis to promote recognition of historical city site resources along the course,and deepen the understanding of historical continuity in the region.(3)It excavates systematic and dynamic perspectives contained in historical city relocation decision-making,which can provide wisdom for contemporary planning for sustainable urban development.

Abstract:Parametric design driven by structural performance is playing an increasingly critical role in both formal innovation and structural optimization.However,its in-depth application still faces several challenges,including limited technical diversity,relatively simplistic coupling mechanisms,and delays in cross-platform data interaction.In response,this study proposes a performance-driven parametric cooperative design method that integrates structural mechanics with intelligent optimization algorithms.By establishing a three-phase workflow—"algorithmic form-generation,mechanical coupling,and performance iteration"—the research explores an efficient form-finding approach for novel spatial structures. Innovatively,the magnetic field algorithm is introduced into architectural morphogenesis.Within the Rhino-Grasshopper parametric platform,a magnetic field algorithm component is implemented to simulate vector distributions via key parameters-such as magnetic pole arrangement,field strength,attenuation coefficient,and polarity-to generate smooth and natural floral-shaped topological configurations.Subsequently,a structural mechanics coupling module is developed to establish a dynamic mapping relationship between geometric parameters and mechanical responses.Finally,a multi-objective optimization model based on a genetic algorithm is constructed to enable the co-evolution of form and performance,resulting in a database of over 100 floral-shaped canopy structural configurations. The method was applied in the design of the South Gate project of Baiyun Mountain in Guangzhou.Drawing inspiration from the local kapok flower and the cultural imagery of"white clouds,"the magnetic field algorithm and structural mechanics were coupled to drive the form generation.Key variables-such as the number,location,and radius of the canopies,as well as the configuration of interfering magnetic poles-were defined based on site conditions and functional requirements.Iterative computations yielded a database of convergent structural solutions,providing diverse alternatives for design comparison.This approach successfully achieved a digital translation of Guangzhou's cultural identity,resulting in a cloud-like canopy structure that integrates structural efficiency with artistic expression. Through systematic experimental validation and engineering case analysis,the following conclusions are drawn: 1.The integration of the magnetic field algorithm with structural mechanics enables dynamic coupling and real-time collaborative control between algorithmic form-generation and structural feedback,effectively producing diverse and structurally efficient floral canopy topologies. 2.The proposed concept of"interactive canopy structural configurations,"along with corresponding modeling,simulation,and computational verification,demonstrates a viable technical pathway for converting mathematically generated models into mechanically valid structures,offering methodological support for the realization of complex geometric forms. 3.The incorporation of intelligent algorithms,such as genetic algorithms,significantly enhances the efficiency of handling multi-variable,highly constrained,and multi-objective optimization problems.The method efficiently generates large databases of structurally convergent configurations and establishes traceable and quantifiable"form-performance"correlation maps. 4.The successful application in the Baiyun Mountain gate project illustrates the method's ability to produce structurally rational and architecturally expressive floral-shaped canopies,validating its technical feasibility and engineering applicability in balancing environmental adaptation,structural performance,and spatial aesthetics. The study demonstrates that the proposed parametric cooperative design framework,through its closed-loop feedback mechanism between form generation and performance optimization,effectively resolves the conflict between architectural creativity and structural rationality.It provides a replicable solution for the intelligent design of complex spatial structures in the digital era.

Abstract:This study addresses common challenges in the conservation of historic buildings in megacities,including fragmented property rights,financial constraints,and technological lag.A case study based on Guangzhou,a national pilot city for historic building conservation,was carried out to explore the innovation path and practice paradigms for the conservation and utilization of historic buildings from the perspective of planning governance.On this basis,a transferable institutional design framework and technical implementation system were developed. The multidimensional methodology used in this study consists of the following elements:(1)A policy text analysis was conducted using 16 core policy documents issued between 2018 and 2025,including Guangzhou Historic and Culturally Significant City Protection Regulations.These policy documents were reviewed systematically.(2)Empirical case studies were chosen to analyze adaptive reuse models and economic performance.These case studies focused on 12 representative projects,including Duobao Road,Baoyuan Road,and the Chengzhitang Warehouse.(3)A technical evaluation of the effectiveness of the digital management system was conducted.The evaluation was verified through quantitative indicators,including 3D survey data of 841 historic buildings and 237 intelligent early-warning records. Guangzhou exemplifies the significance of institutional innovation for historic building conservation practices.The city established the first dual-track subsidy system of"annual maintenance+restoration"in China,with maximum subsidies of RMB 1 million per non-state-owned building,and introduced flexible use management through the Implementation Measures for Promoting the Reasonable Utilization of Historic Buildings in Guangzhou to extend lease terms up to 20 years for projects such as Shawan Ancient Town.With respect to social collaboration,12 co-creation committees were formed.Furthermore,the City Guardians program received recognition from UNESCO,and the Old City,New Vitality partnership initiative selected more than 20 projects.In the area of policy incentives,multiple funding channels were created,including central government budget allocations(RMB 376 million in 2024),local special bonds(RMB 2 billion in Liwan District),and private capital(the build-operate-transfer(BOT)model in Yongqingfang).In the domain of digital management,three major breakthroughs were achieved:(1)A digital 3D archive of 841 historic buildings was created by collecting integrated aerial-terrestrial data,and a Heritage Building Information Modeling(HBIM)database of historic buildings was established.(2)Based on the City Intelligent Model(CIM)+Historic City system,intelligent scheme comparisons and 3D approval processes were developed and applied to projects such as Yongqingfang.(3)A multimodal monitoring system was deployed,which reached an accuracy of 98.2％in fire detection.Empirical evidence highlights further innovative practices.For example,the Chengzhitang Warehouse was adapted into a kindergarten through reversible vertical extension technology,thus expanding usable space.In addition,the Duobao Road project deployed a"spatial GIS+real-time loT+AI early warning"system to avoid fire hazards effectively,while the Baoyuan Road project enhanced ventilation through cavity system guidance technology. The experience in Guangzhou sheds light on three dimensions of innovation value.First,with respect to institutional design,a multilevel regulatory framework balancing incentives and constraints was built.Second,for the city's governance model,a pluralistic co-governance mechanism integrating government leadership,market operation,and public participation was set up.This mechanism helped reconcile conservation-development tensions through flexible use management,property-rights swap agreements,and other means.Third,in the area of technological pathways,an end-to-end digital management system for data collection-modelling-monitoring-decision-making was established,enhancing protection precision and management efficiency. Overall this study proved that it is necessary to realize three shifts in historic building conservation from the perspective of planning governance:from single-building protection to district-wide regeneration,from government-centered management to multi-stakeholder co-governance,and from static preservation to functional continuity.The resulting model provides a transferable institutional design framework and technological implementation system for the effective governance of historic buildings in megacities.

Abstract:With the continuous advancement of urbanization and industrialization,China's rural human-land relationships and functional arrangements have undergone systematic restructuring.Particularly in developed regions,population outflow and the increasing urban-rural development gap have led to the persistent intensification of structural issues such as hollowing out and aging.In this context,rural transformation and development have become a core strategy for addressing the urban-rural duality and reconstructing the rural value system.As a representative of developed regions,Huzhou,a prefecture-level city in Zhejiang Province,demonstrates strong local policy leadership and active market forces.The city is also within the radiation range of the Shanghai metropolitan area,subject to frequent flows of urban and rural factors.Hence,it serves as a critical window through which to observe rural transformation. Based on an in-depth analysis of rural areas near Huzhou,this study aims to explore the action mechanisms and practical paths of social capital in driving rural transformation.A total of 43 villages near Huzhou that have achieved remarkable transformation outcomes from 2000 to 2023 were chosen for a multi-type typical sample analysis.Combined with semi-structured interviews,this analysis systematically examines the villages'typological characteristics and evolutionary stages.It also considers the involvement of multiple agents during the transformation process,thereby revealing the internal logic of social capital-driven rural transformation. Research results are introduced as follows:First,the starting point of rural transformation lies in the conversion of resource value,whereby market capital intervenes in rural areas and"re-evaluates"rural resources through policy and institutional innovations,including breakthroughs in land-use mechanisms,property rights reforms,and talent-introduction policies.This re-evaluation activates potential developmental momentum.Second,rural social capital is activated after the introduction of policy-driven resources and serves as a"catalyst"for rural transformation,continuously connecting multiple agents that include village collective organizations,enterprises and investors,villagers,and social groups.Depending on differences in the type and grade of rural resources,the types and timing of these agents' contributions vary,thus forming top-down pathways,bottom-up pathways,and hybrid pathways for transformation.In addition,differentiated social networks and cooperation mechanisms are established based on key actors,continuously promoting deeper rural transformation.Functional transformation,as the ultimate manifestation of value conversion,evolves from initial production and living conditions to a multifunctional development model that integrates consumption services,cultural experiences,ecological leisure,and other functions.This evolution demonstrates that rural transformation is a continuous,dynamic,and iterative process. Based on these findings,the study establishes a rural resource value assessment system,which can strengthen the role empowerment of key actors and social capital cultivation mechanisms and clarify the boundaries of policy-driven resource interventions to optimize rural revitalization strategies.Although the current conclusions are based on samples from a specific stage,rural transformation is an ongoing process.It is therefore necessary to track whether rural social capital has enough resilience and adaptive capacity to maintain transformation momentum and development quality after the gradual withdrawal of policy-driven resources in the future.Proposing an innovative systematic framework for evaluating social capital-driven rural transformation based on the experience of Huzhou,this study summarizes typical pathways of rural transformation under the dual influence of policy and market guidance and provides theoretical and practical guidance for efforts to promote rural revitalization in similar regions.

Abstract:By the tenth anniversary of the Grand Canal's successful application for World Heritage listing in 2014,the Hangzhou section of the canal,which showcases the charm of the Jiangnan water towns and the canal's heritage,had become a key carrier for urban cultural revitalization and the reshaping of tourism spaces.Here,one can see urban renewal integrating with cultural tourism.The Hangzhou section is in the strategic transition phase from heritage protection to value activation.However,it suffers from didactic interpretation,misalignment between public perception and official narratives,and poor interaction with heritage communities.It must,therefore,seek more effective ways to communicate its heritage value to the public. This study defines the term"destination image".which has evolved from a concept to a theory,to marketing,to digital reconstruction,as the integrated representation of a destination's resources,facilities,and cultural environment.It not only covers the projected image created by official interpretation but also the perceived image formed in the mind of the public.The composition dimensions of a destination image reflect the formation process of comprehensive performance.Hence,studying destination image and its composition dimensions is conducive to the systematic evaluation of the differences and interactions between projected and perceived images.It explores the path to a consistent tourism image. As a key means of forming the image of cultural heritage tourism destinations,heritage interpretation plays a vital role in expressing the heritage value of the Grand Canal.This is conducive to sustainable cultural tourism centered on conserving cultural heritage. The study used content analysis and MicroWord cloud tools to identify high-frequency terms and social network structures based on media data from official WeChat accounts and tourism websites related to the Hangzhou section.Thematic clustering was completed,and an 8-dimensional model of destination image components was built.Meanwhile,the spatiotemporal distribution features of canal-heritage information were explored using the spatiotemporal analysis method.The landscape preference and behavioral logic of tourists were disclosed by combining visual content analysis and trajectory analysis.The model was then verified through a questionnaire.The study also analyzed differences between officials and the public in high-frequency elements,emotional tendencies,and overall cognition,recognizing differences and similarities between projected and perceived images,as well as influencing factors.The study presents optimization strategies based on its key findings:(1)The projected image emphasizes the"enduring millennial Grand Canal".while the perceived image highlights the"distinctive waterways with vibrant night tourism".(2)Official narratives focus on emblematic heritage,while immersive spatial atmosphere is the key to visitor perception.(3)"Tourist attraction"is the most important dimension of the overall image. The projected image enhances tourism imagery for potential visitors,while the perceived image strengthens public trust and strategic optimization.Both images promote the communication and recognition of the cultural heritage of the Grand Canal.As a result,the Grand Canal has become a cultural and tourism symbol for Hangzhou.To promote image consistency and interpret heritage properly,the following suggestions are proposed:(1)build"narrative spaces"and multi-stakeholder collaborative communication mechanisms.(2)develop a"symbol recognition"system to facilitate smart tourism governance.(3)improve regional and inclusive interpretation systems to foster community co-creation. The research systematically explores differences in a destination image and its dimensions,deepening the understanding of urban canal heritage characteristics.It also identifies key factors influencing image construction of the canal,offering some practical references to establish the destination image of the canal and interpret its cultural heritage. Big Data provides more comprehensive empirical support for the study of destination image,enhancing the validity and scientificity of the research and offering empirical references for creating images of cities along the Grand Canal.However,this study has some limitations:there is insufficient sample data from WeChat accounts,and public comments have high noise.The questionnaire design also requires further improvement.

Abstract:Traditional villages are carriers of Chinese civilization.Their spatial forms and cultural order reflect the human-land relationship and residential wisdom while deeply embodying the institutional shaping of rural society by ritualistic culture.We can reveal the spatial order and ritualistic mechanisms of traditional villages in different cultural contexts by identifying the structural characteristics and organizational logic of ritualistic culture in cultural space.Therefore,10 typical traditional villages in Western Henan Province were chosen as the research objects.A ritualistic measurement model of a village was constructed from the overall layout of the village and its internal spatial structure by combining"scientific quantification"and"humanistic interpretation".Based on the correspondence between ritual culture and village space,a multi-dimensional ritualistic measurement indicator system was established,encompassing point-degree centrality,proximity centrality,building function,age,form,materials,and other dimensions.The analytic hierarchy process(AHP)was combined with expert scoring to determine building grades for hierarchical analysis of the overall layout and internal spatial structure of villages.This laid the foundation for a comprehensive ranking and evaluation of the ritualistic characteristics of the sample villages by using the TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation method.The results indicate that the comprehensive characterization laws of ritualistic spatiality in villages are: (1)Ritualistic spatiality of the overall village layout.Degree centrality refers to the centrality of a village;proximity centrality refers to its agglomeration.Together,these reveal the hierarchical structure of a village's layout.The higher the hierarchical level,the stronger the ritualistic spatiality,reflecting the profound influence of ritualistic culture on a village's spatial organization and construction capabilities. (2)Ritualistic nature of the internal spatial layout of the village.The functional buildings,such as courtyards,ancestral halls,village schools,and village temples,constitute the core spatial carriers of the village's ritualistic culture.Three indicators:building classification,building form,and building material,jointly influence the expression of ritualistic nature.The architectures with more obvious characteristics rank higher and have a stronger ritualistic degree. (3)The"feature-mechanism-pathway"pattern of ritualistic space.Ritualistic space generally exhibits orderly characteristics of hierarchy,centrality,and functional zoning.It is easy to form a ritualistic spatial order with clear hierarchy,prominent centrality,and distinct functional zoning under the collaborative influence of multiple factors such as family connections and village form,social structure and architectural layout,historical heritage and cultural characteristics,and economic activities and social support.Accordingly,traditional villages should establish an"update and protection pathway"centered on protecting core ritualistic spaces,activating intangible cultural heritage,and continuing spatial order to revitalize and sustain traditional spaces. In exploring the internal logic of the cultural spatial order of traditional villages and the formation mechanism of ritualistic spaces from a ritualistic perspective,this study has revealed the interaction between material spatial forms and social structures under the dominance of ritualistic culture.The construction of a ritualistic measurement model not only provides a scientific basis for identifying the spatial hierarchy and ritualistic cultural characteristics of villages but also injects a sociological perspective to evaluate the cultural values of traditional villages.These are conducive to establishing a quantitative association mechanism between spatial structure and ritualistic culture and to promoting the practical applications of ritualistic culture in spatial measurement,renewal,and protection pathways of traditional villages.

Abstract:This study constructed an analytical framework for analyzing the evolution of cartographic design in modern Guangzhou from the perspective of archaeological knowledge analysis.The framework comprises urban maps(technology),knowledge production(cognition),social practices(institutions),and spatial transformation(outcomes).It serves to explore how maps,as tools of spatial knowledge,promote the modernization of urban governance and spatial practices.The study focused on the"heterogeneity and discontinuity"of urban map designs for Guangzhou from the Qing dynasty to the Republic of China.Against the social,political,and economic backdrop,the evolution of Guangzhou's city maps is divided into three phases:the Scenic Map Period(pre-1855),the Scientific Cartography Transition Period(1855～1918),and the Planning Cartography Period(1918～1949).This study compared the cartographic techniques,content,and symbolic systems of the Map of Guangzhou Province(1822),the Map of Guangzhou City(1910～1912),and the Latest Map of Guangzhou Roads(1937)to analyze the evolution of spatial structure,functional layout,symbolic representation,and spatial cognition in different phases.Thus,it explored the development of urban governance concepts.A case study based on the renovation of Fu Xue East Street further illustrates the role of scientific maps in spatial governance. The findings are as follows: (1)Scenic Map Period:Guangzhou's city maps predominantly featured traditional landscape imagery that represented the city,mountains,waters,and power structures symbolically and without precise field measurements.Urban development during this period was largely driven by private individuals.The government,lacking systematic planning capabilities,offered only limited"remediation",relying on neighborhood autonomy.This formed a spatial pattern of"strong citizens,weak government". (2)Scientific Cartography Transition Period:Influenced by Western surveying techniques,maps began to depict urban space more precisely.The Map of the City and Entire Suburbs of Canton(1855)showed realistic spatial proportions for the first time.During the reign of Emperor Guangxu,the government established mapping agencies,such as the Liangguang Provincial Military Training Office,to replace traditional literati artists with professional surveyors.This marked the beginning of professional cartography.The government also generated spatial knowledge based on maps and improved its governance capabilities.Accordingly,maps gradually became tools for urban spatial intervention. (3)Planning Cartography Period:Maps,in transitioning from recording reality to planning the future,began to play a pivotal role in urban governance.For example,the Latest Map of Guangzhou Roads(1937)illustrated the planning intentions of administrative divisions,road networks,and public facilities,highlighting the spatial reshaping under the game of government and society.Scientific cartography endowed maps with"objectivity"and authority,providing legitimacy for government planning.The renovation of Fuxue East Street reveals how the government leveraged maps to manipulate spatial information,negotiate with local elites,and forcibly demolish cultural buildings.This facilitated road construction and reflected the transformation from a ritual-centric spatial order to modern governance guided by scientific rationality and efficiency. In short,the evolution of Guangzhou's cartographic design reflects technological progress,shifts in spatial cognition,and the modernization of governance.Scientific cartography laid the technical foundation for urban modernization.It enabled the government to use its control over map production and distribution to incorporate modern urban concepts into spatial interventions,reshaping the structure of spatial power.The proposed"nonlinear layering"framework highlights the complexity of urban space.It avoids linear developmental narratives and reveals the intricate interactions of technology,knowledge,institutions,and space.Scientific cartography and urban modernization promote each other rather than being a unidirectional causal relationship:technology supports modernization,while planning needs facilitate cartographic innovation.

Abstract:Current approaches to conserving the cultural landscape in traditional villages replace"mechanism regeneration"with"morphological reproduction"and prioritize"element preservation"over"relationship continuity".Such approaches overemphasize the presentation and restoration of physical forms.They neglect the maintenance and revitalization of the relational logic and generative mechanisms of the cultural landscape.In response,this study viewed"isomorphism"as a core theoretical tool for analyzing the generative mechanisms of cultural landscapes from a relational perspective.It also systematically identified the isomorphic characteristics of cultural landscapes in traditional villages and reconstructed their value framework accordingly.In this way,the study aimed to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for a paradigm shift in conservation approaches. This study built an analytical framework based on the mathematical principle of isomorphism.The framework consists of"synchronic mapping"and"diachronic iteration"for the cultural landscape in traditional villages.The synchronic isomorphism revealed mapping relationships between intangible and tangible elements and extracted three typical mechanisms.These are"production-living-ecological space mutual construction"(reflecting the coupling of production,living,and ecological spaces);"society-space correspondence"(demonstrating the correspondence between social organizational structures and spatial configuration);and"spiritual-space interpretation"(highlighting the symbolic construction of spiritual beliefs projected onto physical spaces).Diachronic isomorphism focuses on the intergenerational stratification and dynamic interactions of landscape elements.It identifies three core features:the continuity of landscape genes,the stratification of history and culture,and the living nature of heritage values. After identifying isomorphic characteristics,this study reconstructed the value cognition framework of cultural landscapes in traditional villages centered on"relational value".It established a three-dimensional structure consisting of"spiritual value,spatial value,and temporal value".These three dimensions intertwine in synchronic and diachronic relationships,jointly forming an"isomorphic field"of cultural landscapes in traditional villages.On this basis,three strategic approaches for the paradigm shift of cultural landscape conservation in traditional villages are proposed:(1)"Sustaining Local Nostalgia":a socially-oriented conservation strategy that emphasizes the continuity of people-oriented social relationships and vernacular culture;(2)"Integrated Spatial Experience":a scene-based conservation approach that highlights the isomorphic relationship between tangible and intangible elements;(3)"Past-Present Continuity":a dynamic conservation strategy that focuses on the evolution and continuity of cultural landscapes,driven by contemporary living needs to activate their historically stratified values. The study investigated how the conservation paradigm transformed based on isomorphic features according to the logical framework of"isomorphic mechanism-value reconstruction-paradigm shift".It reconstructed a cognitive framework of cultural landscape value in traditional villages centered on"relational value".A pathway for conservation oriented to mechanism continuity was proposed to promote the shift of the cultural landscape conservation concept from"element preservation"to"relationship continuity".This pathway not only expands the theoretical toolkit for cultural landscape conservation in traditional villages but also offers practical and adaptable strategies for their dynamic conservation.

Abstract:As a common architectural feature in southern China and Southeast Asia,single traditional dwellings are particularly prominent in Guangxi.These dwellings are characterized by rich and varied internal residential spaces,reflecting the cultural diversity of regional housing traditions.Further study of these residential spaces can support the protection of residential dwelling features in ethnic regions.Existing studies mainly focus on representative ethnic cases in Guangzhou but pay little attention to the unique features,distribution laws,and formation processes of residential spaces in single traditional dwellings. First,information on single traditional dwellings across Guangxi was collected and analyzed.The dwellings were then classified based on the combination and sequencing characteristics of internal residential spaces.Second,the distribution patterns of different types of residential dwellings were identified using the nearest neighbor index,kernel density estimation,and location quotient.Finally,the mechanisms of influence on residential dwelling distribution were disclosed through the cultural geography theory and Geodetector analysis,and the relevant cultural geographical logics were clarified.Furthermore,the evolutionary trajectory of residential space types was deduced. Results showed:(1)Four types of residential spaces in single traditional dwellings in Guangxi were identified:Front-Corridor with Central Pool,Front Pool Transverse,Central Hall Divergent,and Central Hall with Flanking Rooms,each showing a clustered distribution pattern;(2)These dwellings are distributed throughout a broad northwestern corridor,extending from Quanzhou County in the northeast to Pingxiang City in the southwest.Among them,the Central Hall with Flanking Rooms are extensively distributed and continuously diffused.The other three types demonstrate significant regional variations and multi-centered diffusion patterns;(3)Influencing factors of residential space distribution:large-scale ethnic migration along river networks has contributed to the spread of the Central Hall with Flanking Rooms type;the development of ancient pathways near the Guizhou-Guangxi-Hunan border led to the predominance of the Front-Corridor with Central Pool type in Sanjiang and Rongshui;the rugged topography provided refuge for migrating populations and facilitated the clustering of the Front Pool Transverse type in Longsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County and Du'an Yao Autonomous County;the integration of Han and minority groups in high-altitude environments drove the formation and expansion of the Central Hall Divergent type in northern and western Guangxi;(4)These mechanisms reflect the cultural-geographic logic shaped by the interaction between the people,environment,and culture.This logic is closely related to multi-ethnic population mobility.The findings highlight the evolution of residential spaces in single traditional dwellings in Guangxi from Front-Corridor with Central Pool to Front Pool Transverse,to Central Hall Divergent,and ultimately to Central Hall with Flanking Rooms. In this study,the historical characteristics and continuation mechanisms of residential spaces in single traditional dwellings in Guangxi have been objectively presented,offering beneficial insights into the conservation and adaptive renewal of regional vernacular architecture in the context of rural revitalization.In the future,a more comprehensive framework of influencing factors shall be established to supplement systematic discussions on economic,social,and policy factors.

Abstract:Industrial blocks are the spatial bottom-line of manufacturing development and an important governance tool to ensure the space for New Quality Productive Forces(NQPF).Their management has a direct impact on the allocation of industrial resources and spatial efficiency.As the earliest city in China to delineate industrial blocks,Guangzhou has achieved outstanding results in management and has built the"1+1+N"industrial land management system framework.The block size increased from 621 to 623 square kilometers,and the industrial land area in the block increased from 328.1 to 390.4 square kilometers.The proportion of industrial land in the block increased to 62.7％. This study introduced the"economy-space"interaction perspective of new economic geography to uncover changes in the"economy-space"logic of industrial block management following the development of NQPF.The changes include improved policy leadership,stronger innovation drivers,and a greater guarantee of talent elements.Accordingly,industrial block management in Guangzhou faces three major challenges:(1)for policy guidance,an ineffective transmission from urban industrial strategic intentions to industrial blocks.(2)for innovation drivers,a contradiction between the rigidity of block management and the flexibility of NQPF.(3)for talent guarantee,the need to support facilities to meet the demand for innovative talents. To address the above challenges,this study proposed three optimization strategies:(1)For spatial guidance,a hierarchical spatial guidance system of"industrial functional zone-industrial block-industrial plot"should be established,and a differentiated development of the economic strategy"one district,one main business"should be implemented.Industrial functional zones implement macro strategic intentions to protect the leading industrial areas.Industrial blocks have shifted from space guarantee areas to preferential policy areas.At the level of industrial plots,performance was evaluated,and differentiated policies were adopted.(2)For block management,the flexibility of elastic adaptive industrial upgrading and transformation was increased appropriately,for example,the addition of special policy areas outside the block to improve the elasticity of the block,explore policies in the transition period to improve planning elasticity,improve land-use elasticity through multi-purpose mixed industrial land uses,build an investment-friendly industrial platform to improve supply elasticity,and realize collaborative supervision of land and industry based on a biprotocol.(3)It promoted the deep integration of"production,urbanization,and innovation"and explored the transformation from industrial zones to industrial communities.Through coordination inside and outside the block,a three-circle industry-city integration system comprising"industrial service circle,service integration circle,and service radiation circle"was established to strengthen responses to demands through pre-operation and realize precise supply.The construction needs of supporting facilities should be included in the land transfer contract to achieve successful construction.