Abstract:The incidence of high-rise residential fires in China has increased in recent years,and the increase in building height has intensified evacuation difficulties.Accordingly,research on fire prevention in residual buildings has shifted to Japan's high-efficiency safe evacuation systems.Unlike China's centralised evacuation model,which primarily relies on staircases,a multi-path evacuation strategy incorporating staircases,balconies,and emergency elevators has been developed in Japan in response to frequent earthquake-induced secondary fires.Significant differences exist between the two countries in norm logic,path diversity,and strategies for extreme scenarios.For a systematic comparison of high-rise residential building evacuation systems in China and Japan,this study has reviewed the core requirements for evacuation methods,path configuration,and walking distance,based on the development context of their fire codes and current regulations,to propose an improved direction.In addition,the pathways of staircases,emergency ladders on balconies,and other pathways in typical high-rise and super high-rise residential buildings were classified and analysed,thus enabling a comparison of the connectivity and effectiveness of the evacuation systems in both countries under normal and extreme conditions. The study indicates that the Chinese code is predicated on height.The code emphasises height classification while establishing a relatively centralised evacuation system that incorporates scissor staircases,smoke-proof stairwells,and shared front rooms.However,overlapping pathways and pocket walkways frequently occur in certain residences,resulting in only one-way evacuation routes for some occupants.This situation becomes particularly perilous when the fire's point of origin is near the residence's entrance.Although China's code mandates the installation of fire elevators,these are primarily designed for fire rescue purposes.Present evacuation regulations mainly focus on elderly care facilities,lacking institutionalised alternative evacuation routes for general housing. Japan's evacuation strategy prioritises route diversity and adaptability in extreme situations.Based on staircase evacuation,it establishes a multi-directional and decentralised evacuation network that incorporates balcony evacuation ladders,emergency elevators,and temporary evacuation areas for individuals with mobility challenges.The code designates the deepest point of the room as the starting point for calculating evacuation distance and encourages buildings to minimise bottleneck pathways by restricting overlapping distances.The balcony evacuation paths are allowed to replace some staircase evacuation routes when the floor plan fails to meet evacuation requirements.In typical cases,most occupants have 2～4 available escape routes,which significantly improve the escape guarantee when corridors are blocked. The comparative analysis shows that people in both China and Japan can escape quickly through staircases at the beginning of a fire.However,as the fire progresses and corridors fail,Japanese homes exhibit greater connectivity and flexibility.Conceptually,China emphasises the centralised layout and system reliability,controlling smoke through antechambers and pressurised air supply.In contrast,Japan emphasises decentralised pathways to avoid single-point failures and increase minimum escape capability.Such differences reflect the institutional choices formed by varying disaster types,urban configurations,and firefighting education.The study concludes that Japan's experience offers valuable insights for China,particularly regarding multi-path evacuation,elevator-assisted evacuation,and sheltering for individuals with mobility challenges.In the future,China shall explore the feasibility of reducing bagged walkways,dispersing building stairs and elevators,incorporating alternative routes,and studying elevator evacuation strategies in the context of an aging population.Meanwhile,policy trends such as the"elimination of common areas"are anticipated to create additional design spaces for multi-path evacuation systems. However,this study chose only a few cases,which means it cannot offer many references.Moreover,the comparison of evacuation pathways is mainly based on plane analysis,without simulation of people's behaviours and quantitative verification of the multi-path system.Future research could deepen the verification by combining numerical simulation and performance-based analysis to provide more robust support for the optimisation of high-rise residential evacuation systems in China.

Abstract:The Hehuang region lies in the transitional zone between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Loess Plateau.Here,people from diverse ethnic groups live together and share their cultures.Existing studies have mainly focused on macro-scale patterns of ethnic distribution,paying scant attention to micro-scale inter-ethnic interactions in the villages,or on how these have formed.To fill this gap,this study focuses on identifying the types and characteristics of ethnic spatial inter-embedding patterns in the multi-ethnic traditional villages of the Hehuang region.It aims to elucidate their underlying driving mechanisms,thus enabling a deeper understanding of ethnic relations,optimising rural governance,and protecting cultural heritage. The study built an analytical framework of"ethnic inter-embedding scenarios"suitable for multi-ethnic settlement areas from the interdisciplinary perspectives of ethnology,human geography,and spatial sociology.Based on long-term field surveys,in-depth interviews,and participant observation,the study surveyed traditional villages across the Hehuang region,combined with GIS-based spatial analysis.It also studied the forms and spatial structures of some typical villages in Xunhua,Tongren,and Jianzha,such as Deman,Wumandao,E'jia,and Yanadong,paying particular attention to settlement layout,use of public space,and the distribution of cultural symbols. The findings reveal that the spatial patterns of multi-ethnic traditional villages in the Hehuang region form a continuum from"spatial separation"to"social integration".This continuum can be generalised into three gradient types:clustered separation,boundary permeation,and cellular symbiosis.First,most clustered separation is found in mountainous gorges with poor accessibility.Under the combined influence of natural barriers and cultural boundaries(e.g.Tibetan Buddhist monasteries,mosques,and ancestral temples),relatively independent"clusters"have been formed in different ethnic settlements.At the regional scale,this pattern is characterised by"macro-scale mixed settlement with micro-scale concentration",while the internal structure of each village is highly homogeneous,and routine inter-ethnic interaction is limited.Second,boundary permeation is mainly distributed in border areas between geographically adjacent villages that are relatively homogeneous in ethnic composition,such as Wumandao and E'jia.Although these villages remain separate entities in administrative and settlement terms,the complementarity and sharing of resources such as water,roads,and arable land give rise to a certain degree of economic cooperation and social interaction in the boundary zone.Religious buildings and cultural landmarks are visually juxtaposed across space.This not only reinforces respective cultural identities but also delineates spatial interfaces for interaction and negotiation.Third,cellular symbiosis is predominantly found in river valleys and alluvial plains with relatively convenient transportation,such as Yanadong.Different ethnic groups are highly intermingled within the same village;houses and streets nestle in a cell-like pattern,and religious buildings such as mosques and Mani houses adjust to one another in form and layout,jointly constituting a multi-core and decentralised network of public spaces.In such villages,inter-ethnic interaction is frequent,and the system of cultural symbols exhibits pronounced hybridity and overlap. Further analysis indicates that the emergence of these gradient patterns is driven by the coordinated effects of nature,economy,culture,and history.First,natural geographical conditions,such as vertical zonality,degrees of topographic enclosure,and transport accessibility,provide the spatial foundation for different types of inter-embedding.Second,livelihood strategies represented by agro-pastoral complementarity,trade exchanges,and inter-village labour mobility serve as key forces propelling villages from separation toward integration.On the one hand,religious beliefs and social culture determine boundaries through religious architectural and ritual activities.On the other hand,they create opportunities and conditions for deep integration through festival visits and multilingual communication.Fourth,historical processes and policy orientations,including state-led agricultural activities,the opening of trade routes,and resettlement policies,as well as contemporary rural revitalisation and development policies for ethnic regions,have cumulative effects on population mobility,resource allocation,and spatial structure,thus shaping long-term ethnic inter-embedding patterns. The gradient inter-embedding model and its"four-dimensional synergy"driving mechanism proposed in this study systematically reveal the complexity and dynamism of multi-ethnic village spatial patterns in the Hehuang region and provide a transferable analytical framework for understanding"space-society"interactions in other multi-ethnic areas of China.The study further suggests that differentiated strategies based on specific types of inter-embedding patterns,rather than the"one-size-fits-all"approach,shall be adopted for rural conservation and development in ethnic regions.For clustered separation villages,priority should be given to consolidation and conservation,protecting the integrity of local ecological environments and traditional cultural configurations.Boundary permeation villages shall focus on enhancing connectivity by improving shared infrastructure and common spaces,thereby strengthening cross-border cooperation and mutual trust.Cellular symbiosis villages emphasise institutional and cultural innovation,exploring pluralistic co-governance in grassroots governance models,public space organisation,and modes of cultural expression,aiming to maintain and further deepen existing patterns of social integration.These research results foster harmonious ethnic relations,safeguard and revitalise regional cultural heritage,and promote sustainable rural development.

Abstract:A skywalk system is a series of elevated walkways built in an urban environment to connect buildings and public facilities,providing an efficient,comfortable,and safe all-weather walking environment.It helps relieve ground traffic pressure and has many advantages,such as land conservation,enriching spatial levels and forms,promoting commercial activities and social interactions,and shaping the urban landscape.However,such systems have also been criticized for reducing the vitality of ground-level streets,causing the privatization of public spaces,being disconnected from ground-level walking systems,disrupting continuous street views,and incurring construction and operation challenges.Since the 1960s,global skywalk systems have undergone an evolutionary process leading from construction to demolition and then to maintenance and renewal.In the past five years,skywalk systems in Chinese cities have been increasing,and at this stage there are three urgent questions that need to be answered:What kinds of cities need to build a skywalk system?What kinds of skywalk systems need to be constructed?What is the best way to plan for and design such systems? For this study,90 cities around the world with built skywalk systems were chosen as a test group and another 20 cities without elevated walkways but with similar urban volumes and geographical locations were chosen as the control group.We carried out a quantitative statistical analysis of 16 design factors of skywalk systems related to 6 indicators—namely,overall layout,scale of skywalk,plan layout,section form,location of vertical transportation,and spatial enclosure—and 15 factors of urban environmental elements related to 3 indicators—namely,the natural environment,the socio-economic environment,and the urban built environment.The correlation analysis showed that street width,white-collar employment rate,average annual rainfall,underground walkway construction,and average annual temperature are the key elements for decision-making about skywalk systems.Global skywalks were then classified into three types according to a second-order cluster statistical analysis:overall connected type,center-diffusion type,and linear extension type.Application conditions for each type were summarized by combining their features.Specific findings are as follows:(1)The overall connected type is suitable for urban areas with harsh climates,little rainfall,and much snowfall;developed economies;small populations and district areas;high crime rates;large street width-to-height ratios;and high floor-area ratios.This type of skywalk mostly adopts through-type planar connections,guiding potential pedestrian flows into buildings for conversion.The well-connected network structure can enhance accessibility and choice.Moreover,this type of skywalk is closely related to urban safety and development levels.It can effectively reduce criminal activity,enhance citizens'sense of security,improve the image of a city,and provide diversified leisure and social spaces for citizens.However,it requires high-level urban governance because of the large scale and high cost.(2)The center-diffusion type has a wide range of applications and covers a larger area with the same length of skywalk.It calls for open skywalks,which can meet the needs for interaction between pedestrians and the natural environment.Design cases such as the skywalk system in Hong Kong,China,are worth learning from.(3)The linear extension type is an entry-level skywalk,which is small in scale and has a single function.It is suitable for urban areas with milder climates,high population densities,developed economies,and small populations and district areas.It can solve specific problems like functional and traffic connections.In the final phase of the study,the design techniques and application scenarios of pedestrian pathway systems were analyzed from the perspectives of plane design,vertical positioning,enclosure,and vertical transportation design.The paper concludes with some design strategy suggestions for newly built or updated skywalk systems in high-density cities in China,such as meeting multiple objectives and adapting to local conditions.

Abstract:[Purpose]As a subordinate spatial category of urban commercial external spaces,community commercial outdoor spaces are neighborhood-level public spaces that are more deeply integrated into residents'daily lives.They are primarily designed to satisfy the consumption and activity needs of community residents,featuring a smaller spatial scale,a limited service radius,and a functional orientation that prioritizes community-specific demands.At present,although academic research on urban commercial outdoor spaces has covered multiple spatial types,studies focusing on the vitality of community commercial outdoor spaces remain relatively scarce.Moreover,existing vitality evaluation systems are challenged by the use of a single dimension of measurement,strong subjectivity in weight determination for influencing factors,and the lack of a closed-loop logic leading from evaluation to optimization.To address these issues,a rational,scientifically informed evaluation framework was built based on scene theory,which aims to capture how people,places,and activities coalesce to form social"scenes".In addition,the comprehensive objective weights of indicators in the system were determined through a rigorous quantification method.This framework was applied to evaluate the vitality of internally growing and externally growing community commercial outdoor spaces.Based on dimensions of the evaluation framework,corresponding space vitality optimization strategies and specific spatial reconstruction schemes were proposed according to research results.In this way,the study draws on scene theory to achieve a closed-loop logic leading from vitality evaluation to vitality optimization. [Methods]By using the understanding of scene composition in scene theory along with related research on urban spaces,the study verifies the applicability of scene theory to research on vitality of community commercial outdoor spaces,doing so from both theoretical and practical perspectives.The scarcity of existing research on outdoor commercial spaces in cities is described.A framework for the systematic evaluation of community commercial outdoor spaces is then established from the new perspective of scene theory.The framework includes four dimensions:population characteristics,behavioral activities,physical space,and business format and facilities.Relevant studies are reviewed under this framework and high-frequency,strongly correlated indicators are identified through consultation of experts'opinions.Two groups of participants,namely experts and community residents,determined the relative weights of indicators from the perspective of integrating professionalism and daily life.The consistency ratio(CR)and Cronbach's α coefficient are verified for the expert judgment matrix and residents'importance-evaluation scores of indicators,respectively.The analytic hierarchy process(AHP)method and entropy weight method are employed to confirm expert weights and resident weights,which are then integrated and normalized to obtain comprehensive weights,ensuring the reliability of the indicator weights.On this basis,the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)model is applied for quantitative measurement and ranking of the vitality of typical samples of community commercial external spaces,of both the internally growing and the externally growing types.The internally growing type is dominated by consumption demand originating from within the community,emerging spontaneously to meet the daily needs of local residents,with its service scope generally confined to the community itself or its immediate vicinity.In contrast,the externally growing type is highly susceptible to the external commercial environment and maintains close connections with regional commercial networks;its service coverage transcends conventional community boundaries,catering to both internal residents and external customer groups. [Results]The research results indicate that the overall vitality of the spatial samples in Liuyun Community in Guangzhou,China,is significantly higher than that in Zengxiang Community,in the same city.Combining the research results with field surveys,we found that internally growing community commercial outdoor spaces represented by Zengxiang Community are challenged by poor targeting,a single activity type,low space utilization,and a single business form.In contrast,the externally growing community commercial outdoor spaces represented by Liuyun Community are challenged by over-reliance on external passenger flow,prominent contradictions between interconnected commercial and residential functions,and reduced daily convenience due to the lack of convenient business forms.Of all 11 spatial samples,Z1,Z2,Z3,and L6 are the four with the lowest spatial vitality.Analysis based on practical conditions and their specific indicator scores is then carried out,and results show that the causes of low vitality for each sample are significantly different.These problems and differentiated characteristics serve as important bases for the formulation of optimization strategies and specific spatial renovations. [Conclusions]Establishing the framework for evaluating the vitality of community commercial outdoor spaces based on the scene theory not only leverages a powerful theoretical resource,but also provides a practically feasible method for determining the relative vitality of such spaces.The framework can measure the vitality of community commercial outdoor spaces comprehensively and accurately by using multi-dimensional indicators,rigorously determining factor weights,and furnishing a quantitative evaluation model.Moreover,it can guide optimization of spatial vitality and spatial environmental reconstruction.Overall the framework can help improve the quality and sustainable development of community commercial outdoor spaces.

Abstract:Driven by the growing demand both for reading opportunities and for technological advancements,the architectural form of early Chinese libraries underwent a transformation from a closed-stack reading model to a fully open-shelf reading model.However,this new type of space with its high fire load and a continuously open layout brought unprecedented challenges to designing libraries to optimize fire evacuation.Existing fire protection design codes cannot cope with the rapid spreading of hot smoke in such large-scaled spaces;nor can they solve significant constraints posed by the need to balance a complicated shelf layout against route recognition and evacuation efficiency.To address these issues,typical library cases and relevant fire protection design codes in the 1980s were reviewed systematically in this study.An in-depth analysis of human evacuation behavior and design difficulties in fully open-shelf reading spaces was carried out.In addition,evacuation issues and patterns in similar spaces were explored through a case study based on the North Library of Shenzhen University.Bookshelf layout principles that are conducive to improving evacuation efficiency were also explored,with the aim of providing scientific quantitative references and design guidance for safety-based reconstruction of early open-shelf libraries. In this study,the real-person evacuation experiments and fire-caused crowd evacuation simulations were combined.First,participants were recruited to collect real behavioral data under simulated fire conditions(e.g.,limited visibility),including evacuation time,time and speed of response,and congestion characteristics of bookshelf areas.Additionally,psychological and behavioral responses of individuals while being evacuated from smoky environments were also collected.Subsequently,the experimental data were applied to calibrate crowd-evacuation simulation parameters,thereby enabling the construction of a fire-evacuation model with strong similarity to real-world scenarios.On this basis,multiple groups of comparative simulations before and after optimization were conducted to verify the rationality and effectiveness of the evacuation strategy.The research findings indicate that bookshelf spacing and the complexity of evacuation paths are the key factors influencing evacuation efficiency in fully open-shelf reading spaces.Narrow or excessively long corridors tend to cause crowd-flow intersections and local congestion,while frequent turns in evacuation paths will increase hesitation and backtracking of individuals,thus extending the overall evacuation time.Based on the experimental and simulation results,the study proposes three key layout-optimization principles.(1)Establish a hierarchical system of main and secondary corridors to reasonably distribute crowds and reduce counterflow interference.(2)Optimize end-of-aisle walkway configurations to enhance spatial orientation and visual recognition,minimizing hesitation and backtracking at nodes.(3)Install buffer zones in front of evacuation exits to balance local traffic flow and eliminate bottlenecks.Fire simulation results show that after application of this optimization scheme,evacuation flow becomes smoother and the total evacuation time is significantly shortened.Pedestrian efficiency and space-utilization rate are also remarkably improved. The study ultimately develops a highly reliable fire evacuation model.It verifies the rationality and applicability of a spatial-layout strategy centering on hierarchical main and secondary corridors,optimized end-of-aisle walkways,and the creation of buffer zones.Without altering the building structure,this strategy effectively improves the evacuation safety and emergency-response capability of fully open-shelf libraries.The research findings provide a reliable quantitative basis and sustainable design pathway for the safety-based renewal and space reuse of early fully open-shelf libraries in China.The findings are also relevant for the evacuation design of other,similar public buildings with high fire loads.

Abstract:As urbanization shifts toward higher-quality development,planning for people-centered community living circles has emerged as an essential strategy for coping with the challenges of traditional expansion and improving the quality of daily life.However,existing studies of such planning methods have two major limitations.First,most studies focus narrowly on the density of public service facilities,overlooking the joint influence of urban spatial form and streets'environmental quality.Second,conventional analytical algorithms often rely on linear assumptions that fail to capture the complicated nonlinear relationship between the built environment and the service capacity of community living circles,as well as threshold effects.In this study,a model involving three-dimensional built environmental indicators of"density-form-quality"was established by using multi-source data from Xiamen,China,including mobile phone signaling,POIs,three-dimensional building,and Baidu street views.The model aims to comprehensively capture,the spatial structure and service functions of community living circles. To explore how nonlinear effects of the built environment influence efforts to serve populations of living circles,while also capturing threshold effects,the marginal contributions of indicators related to serving such populations were analyzed by using the gradient boosting decision tree(GBDT)algorithm and the SHAP interpretation framework.The model optimization results show good prediction performances of living circles across different scales,indicating that the GBDT-SHAP framework can effectively depict the relationship between built environments and serving populations.Research results reveal two significant features in the mechanisms by which 3D built environments affect efforts to serve populations of living circles:namely,scale differentiation patterns and the nonlinear effect of dominant elements.With respect to scale differentiation,short-scale(5-minute)living circles show multidimensional collaborative features.Serving populations of short-scale living circles is affected not only by spatial form and facility density but also by the spatial quality of streets.Middle-scale and long-scale(10-minute and 15-minute)living circles are mainly influenced by spatial form and the layout of public service facilities.With respect to nonlinear mechanisms,most elements on different dimensions show obvious threshold effects.For spatial form,high-density building environments will weaken the service capacity of living circles after exceeding a specific threshold.Appropriate differences in building height can have a positive regulating effect and relieve the negative impact of high-density development to some extent.For facility density,there are significant differences among dominant types:government-led facilities(e.g.medical service and public transportation)show significant threshold effects,whereas the positive effect of market-led facilities(e.g.shopping)increases continuously with the increase of density,showing insignificant threshold features.This pattern reflects the high level of market adaptation and flexibility of market-led facilities. This study confirms the scale-dependent and nonlinear effects of 3D built environments on serving populations of living circles,providing a new perspective on the complex mechanisms involved.The study's conclusions have practical value for attempts to optimize differentiated living-circle planning and refined governance.Specifically,an optimized framework with"density-form-quality"synergism should be established.The synergism emphasizes accessibility and livability through reasonable allocation of public service facilities,regulation of building density and height,and improved street environmental quality.Second,planners should apply hierarchical strategy rather than the"one-size-fits-all"planning model.Thus,in 5-minute living circles,key attention should be paid to improve the micro-level spatial quality and walking experience to meet high-frequency and immediate daily needs of residents.In 15-minute living circles,urban spatial structure should be strengthened,through core facility layout and traffic connection,to guarantee the accessibility of large-scale functional activities.Finally,planners should establish a government-market dual-driven optimization pathway to balance the layout and gradient allocation of government-led and market-led facilities.This pathway will afford high-efficiency matching of resource supplies and improve the overall service capacity of living circles.In addition,the proposed method and results lay foundations for comparative studies across cities,which can be undertaken by integrating more demographic data and introducing multiple types of facilities,such as culture,sports,and eldercare services.This approach is conducive to improving the scientific rigor and generalizability of community living circles planning,and can help optimize urban spatial governance.

Abstract:The patterns of employment and modes of work have been undergoing profound changes with the emergence of the platform economy in China.This process has generated a large cohort of flexible workers relying on digital platforms,commonly referred to as"platform-based smart workers".Compared with employees in traditional sectors,these workers display distinctive temporal-spatial behaviors.It is urgent to research these behaviors systematically in order to develop a theoretical system that can illuminate them and their practical implications.However,existing studies mainly focus on"platform+"smart workers,such as traditional e-commerce entrepreneurs and takeaway delivery riders,paying less attention to"platform×"smart workers represented by live-streaming e-commerce.Hence,temporal-spatial activity data for live-streaming e-commerce practitioners in Binjiang District,Hangzhou,China,were collected by questionnaire-type surveys,semi-structured interviews,and GPS trajectory tracking.Moreover,temporal-spatial characteristics of these practitioners'working and commuting behaviors as well as factors influencing those behaviors were investigated.Research results show that: (1)With regard to work behavior,the working hours of live-streaming e-commerce practitioners are characteristic of counter-cyclical rhythms,involving a highly compressed schedule that interweaves work and personal time.These patterns resemble the working-time characteristics of"platform+"smart workers reported in the existing literature.Across the calendar year,working hours vary significantly among months,and are considerably extended during specific festivals.Practitioners'workplaces are also marked by frequent relocation,with highly flexible and constantly changing live-streaming sites. (2)With regard to commuting behavior,live-streaming e-commerce practitioners generally have relatively short commuting distances and times,yet there are pronounced differences among different worker types.Most primarily commute by private car,with only a very small proportion relying on public transport.Their commuting routes are highly flexible and variable,and cross-city commuting is relatively frequent.These patterns suggest that in the platform economy,commuting behavior has broken the traditional paradigm,shifting from a stable,linear relationship between residence and a fixed workplace to a more complex network of connections between residence and a series of dynamic nodes. (3)With regard to influencing factors,a multi-dimensional theoretical framework was established based on existing research.This framework reveals that the distinctive temporal-spatial behavior of live-streaming e-commerce practitioners is not driven by any single cause.Instead,it is a product of the combined influence of several interrelated factors.These factors include the rigid constraints imposed by platform algorithms and traffic allocation;the flexible pull generated by sectoral coordination between production and sales,and by evolving consumption patterns;the agentic adjustments workers make in response to their occupational roles and income levels;and the external constraints arising from the urban policy environment and the provision of public services. In this research,existing studies were expanded and refined in terms of both the object selected and the theory used to investigate that object.The main object consists of live-streaming e-commerce practitioners,a highly representative group within"platform×"smart workers.The temporal-spatial characteristics of their work and commuting behaviors were disclosed systematically,which offset insufficient attention to this group in previous studies.Meanwhile,to analyze these elements,a composite theoretical explanatory framework was built from four dimensions:platform technologies,sectoral attributes,individual differences,and spatial institutional arrangements.This framework deepens theoretical understandings of the temporal-spatial behaviors of"platform×"smart workers and also of the factors affecting and sometimes reconfiguring those behaviors.In particular,it clarifies both the rigid structuring of behaviors caused by platform rules and the flexible steering effects of consumption patterns.These contributions broaden the theoretical horizons and strengthen the explanatory power of labor geography and behavioral research in the context of the platform economy.

Abstract:As a key industrial city in the early years of the People's Republic of China,Tianjin experienced a severe housing shortage after liberation.Driven by the demands of urbanization and industrialization during the transition from New Democracy to Socialism,citizens,state-owned and private enterprises,and the municipal government of Tianjin have undertaken multiple explorations and practices in new housing forms,attributes,and development models in New China. Public policies and financial support spurred enthusiasm for the construction of private housing and enterprises'employee housing.However,frequent private house construction behaviors-including illegal land acquisition,prolonged construction timelines,and circumvention of building license applications-have brought many challenges to urban development and management,despite relieving the economic burden on ordinary citizens.The varying design levels of enterprise employees'housing with minimal government intervention,the use of collective dormitory or Lilong housing typologies before liberation,and economic waste caused by excessive pursuit of high standards are all related to the subjective understanding and financial foundation of enterprises. Learning from these private and enterprise construction experiences,the Tianjin Municipal Government concluded that unified design and centralized construction of public housing were the only way to efficiently address urban housing shortages with limited financial resources.In the spring of 1952,the Tianjin Workers'New Village project was officially launched.The technical department of the Tianjin Government constructed seven Workers'New Villages with consideration for urban development space and industrial layout.The villages'master plan design was based on Neighborhood Unit theory,featuring centralized public buildings and facilities.Simple single-room residences were built in connected rows,arranged in a south-facing linear layout.This created self-sufficient and independent living units around the city and resonated with industrial workers'traditional living habits.Meanwhile,the Soviet residential block design,the Socialist Realism artistic approach,and experience in construction industrialization that came with the foreign policy of"Leaning to One Side"urged the Tianjin Government's design department to explore new housing models.From 1952 to 1954,the technical department submitted a complete set of Housing Standard Design drawings,which were applied to eight Soviet-style residential block projects.Such design and construction trials provided valuable experience for the industrialization of housing and the localization of technology in Tianjin.It also determined that multistory and multi-dwelling apartments were typically representative of socialist urban housing. Although the new housing model incorporated local materials and traditional aesthetic elements,its design and allocation methods clashed with prevailing local living habits.The absence of private courtyards in multistory housing caused inconvenience among residents and heightened a sense of insecurity stemming from being distanced from the land.Layouts based on Standardized Quotas resulted in rooms that were homogeneous and functionally ambiguous within a house,while the placement and high standards of service spaces further misaligned with local preferences.Additionally,the reality of multiple families sharing allocated units easily fostered conflicts within households and among neighbors,although it also spurred diverse adaptive living strategies. The diverse housing explorations in Tianjin in the early 1950s facilitated the emergence of the multistory and multi-dwelling apartment model.Its conflict with local living habits was not a negative or failed result.Instead,it encouraged technicians to continuously reflect,improve,and update housing design.It also became an important place to identify the country's political power,witness the transformation of the housing system and paradigm in New China,promote the construction of residents'identity,and carry collective memory.

Abstract:In the stage of urbanization that involves shifting to the optimization of existing urban buildings,the normalization of remote work and the development of the digital economy has increased those buildings'vacancy and low utilization rates.These problems have become bottlenecks for urban spatial structural optimization and the efficient use of resources.Although office-to-residential conversions and related policies have been discussed in academic contexts at home and abroad,a systematic review of different transformation directions is required at this stage.Moreover,the mechanisms linking macro-level policies,multi-subject participation,and micro-space reconstruction haven't been considered thoroughly.How to promote the effective transformation of existing office buildings under the support of policy frameworks,space strategy,and mechanisms for coordinating interests is a problem that urgently needs to be solved. New York City in the US has a long track record in policy formulation,function reconfiguration,and incentivized renewal of existing office buildings.In this study,adaptive reuse pathways of idle office buildings in New York are examined systematically and analyzed for possible use in China.First,the study reviews research and practice related to the renewal and transformation of existing office buildings at home and abroad.Then,challenges,policy countermeasures,and renewal mechanisms used during transformation were analyzed in combination with relevant policy documents and typical reconstruction projects in New York.Finally,the applicability of New York's experiences to China was evaluated through a comparative analysis of renewal mechanisms in Chinese versus US policy systems,and corresponding institutional and planning suggestions were proposed. Results show that New York has established complete adaptive reuse mechanisms for existing office buildings.One such mechanism is a space-reshaping mechanism,which allows building characteristics and prior reconstruction objects to be identified in accordance with a hierarchical assessment system centering on age,location and structure.Moreover,composite functional reconstruction pathways can be matched according to different spatial forms.The second mechanism is a regulatory-support mechanism integrating incentives and guarantees;this mechanism improves the feasibility and efficiency of reconstruction through zone-based adjustment,use waivers,accelerated approvals,and tax-reduction and-exemption offsets.The third mechanism is a property-rights coordination mechanism,which balances benefits among multiple parties.This mechanism provides for the planning of benefits for multiple parties through a transfer of development rights,a real estate investment trust,and a legal development program.By virtue of these mechanisms,the renewal practices in New York can effectively activate resource stock in core areas,increase housing supply,and improve urban-space diversity through function integration.However,there are still some problems,such as imbalanced housing supply structure,excessive dependence on middle and high-end markets,insufficient returns on public financials."Gentrification"also can be observed in some regions. Based on experiences in New York,some localization pathways can be proposed for practical conditions in China.(1)For the establishment of institutional mechanisms,planners should shift from flexible incentives to a comprehensive system emphasizing equally incentives and constraints.In this way,the implementation efficiency of policies can be improved.(2)For the space-reshaping and evaluation mechanism,it is recommended that planners establish a standardized suitability-assessment system conforming to practical situations in China.Such a system can promote concentrated reconstruction and function composition to improve space utilization.(3)For regulatory supports and the coordination of property rights,the approval process across multiple departments should be integrated.When it comes to the transfer of development rights(TDR)and real estate investment trusts(REITs),a transfer mechanism adapted to multi-party property rights structures should be explored.Such a mechanism can promote the introduction of public functions through tax preferences.(4)For implementation pathways and project types,different policies should be applied according to city-level and district features.Promoting residential and public-service conversions of metropolitan centers should be prioritized.Generally speaking,for the optimization of existing urban buildings,experiences in New York are conducive to promoting an overall shift from project-driven to institutional guidance and from local reconstruction to systematic transformation.

Abstract:In the era of the knowledge economy,universities are undergoing functional renovations to transform them from venues of knowledge transmission into bases of research innovation.Consequently,how architectural spatial design improves interdisciplinary exchange and academic innovation has emerged as a core research imperative within architectural studies of universities.The existing literature indicates that research-space layout in universities influences researchers'potential for serendipitous exposure to relevant academic information during routine pedestrian circulation,thereby affecting research output and innovation.Yet this mechanism remains insufficiently quantified,with prior quantitative studies on the correlation between space layout and innovations mainly focusing on specific cases.These studies primarily analyze how static spatial attributes affect interpersonal interactions through space syntax,thereby influencing work performance and innovation in a company or a department.There is a dearth of studies of the overall planar layout of universities and how research-space layout changes are related to academic innovation. A case study based on the research area consisting of 49 academic buildings at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)was carried out to explore the correlation among research-space layout,associated academic-information contact,and research outputs.Since the concept of academic innovation is difficult to quantify accurately,the research-paper output of MIT scholars was used to represent academic innovation.Different from interpersonal communication in offices,collaboration among researchers who are unfamiliar with each other requires specific catalysts.Serendipitous exposure to academic information during daily work—especially research from other disciplines—helps researchers understand the progress of peers,develop new research ideas,and motivate collaborative exchanges and studies that ultimately generate novel scholarly outputs. In this study,3,792 articles of 1,365 authors included in the Web of Science database in 3 successive years before and after the expansion of the primary research area in MIT were collected as output indicators.Meanwhile,an agent-based modeling(ABM)experimental foundation framework was established through field-survey data,and evaluation indicators of building-level academic-information density were set.Serendipitous exposure to information along routine paths of researchers on campus across two periods was simulated and applied as the spatial-intervention indicator.Changes in building-level information exposure and publication volume before and after the space renewal were analyzed.This method allowed us to eliminate or weaken impacts of policy systems,culture,and other influencing factors on the research-space layout. The linear regression analysis of academic information exposure(independent variable)against publication volume(dependent variable)reveals significantly positive correlations across the two periods investigated.Moreover,changes in academic-information exposure have a significantly positive effect on changes in publication volume(p=0.007**,regression coefficient=0.729).Academic-information exposure under the influence of the research-space layout at MIT shows a significantly positive correlation with publication volume,with spatial changes substantively helping researchers to access more academic information and improve their own academic innovations.Although this spatial effect accounts for just 30%of the variance in research productivity(R2=0.300),it confirms that spatial renovations will facilitate academic innovation,even if only unconsciously. A reasonable research-space layout in universities can enhance the potential for researchers to access cross-disciplinary academic information during daily work,thus facilitating their scientific research outputs and innovations.The findings not only provide beneficial references for theory and practice related to spatial environments and innovation in research-based universities,but also suggest ways to promote campus renovation goals emphasizing scientific research outputs.

Abstract:In the era of stock-based planning,the construction of high-capacity rail transit terminals represented by metro systems brings both opportunities and challenges for urban spatial redevelopment.Enhancing the overall spatial vitality of station areas and promoting efficient construction in these zones are of great significance when it comes to improving urban spatial quality.This study engages in systematic spatiotemporal measurement of the vitality of metro stations and spheres of influence,using Baidu heatmap data to analyze the complex mechanisms linking built environment factors,weekly average vitality,vitality dispersion,and scenario-specific vitality in the spheres of influence of 164 metro stations in the main urban area of Guangzhou,China.An index system covering locations,accessibility,land use,functions,and development intensity was established.Sensitivity factors which influence the vitality of metro stations were explored and analyzed thoroughly according to field surveys at 18 sampling stations.Methodologically,the study innovatively introduces the Bayesian Structural Equation Model(BSEM)to address issues related to small sample sizes and non-normal data.Three structural equation models,including the"Weekly Average Vitality Model",the"Vitality Dispersion Model",and the"Weekday Average Vitality Model",were constructed to identify underlying mechanisms.Additionally,functional density was disaggregated into six categories of point of interest(POI)density for supplementary validation. The main findings are as follows:1)All three models consistently reveal a hierarchical relationship:"Location/Accessibility/Land Use → Functional Characteristics/Development Intensity → Vitality".Among these relationships,the direct effect of functional density and degree of mix on vitality intensity is the most prominent.2)Key driving factors can be identified:accessibility plays a significant upstream driving role in shaping functional characteristics and development intensity.Development intensity exhibits an amplifying effect on vitality in weekday scenarios,but contributes little to vitality stability.3)The mechanism that stabilizes vitality can be characterized:the spatial stability of vitality shows significant dependence on location.It is important to note that density of commercial-service POIs has significantly positive effects on vitality,but there's no statistically significant correlation between the macro-level proportion of commercial land use and vitality level.This indicates that micro-level functional configuration has a more direct impact on vitality than macro-level land use zoning.4)The validity of the analytic methods used in the study can be established:BSEM provides stable estimations based on prior distributions and posterior sampling of Markov Chain Monte Carlo(MCMC),which allows BSEM to avoid the reliance on large sample size and normality that is characteristic of traditional structural equation models.BSEM is therefore applicable for mechanism identification of complex urban systems. Based on these conclusions,the study argues that it is necessary to formulate robust strategies to improve the vitality of metro station areas in the most complex and mixed-use urban spaces by taking into account strongly correlated influencing factors.It is recommended that planners prioritize the configuration of functional density and mixed uses,formulating differentiated development intensity and functional strategies according to location conditions and the relative accessibility of station areas.In this connection,Brisbane's land planning and control policies,which consider different zones and hierarchical characteristics of influencing factors,provide a useful example.Future studies should expand the model by undertaking multi-city horizontal comparison and longitudinal tracking via long time series,while integrating machine-learning methods like gradient boosting decision trees(GBDTs)to further explore nonlinear relationships among influencing mechanisms.Overall,this study aims to deepen localized transit-oriented development(TOD)theories and improve planning practices for high-density urban context in China.

Abstract:As a core component of urban public spaces,streets'environmental quality significantly affects the physical and mental health and well-being of residents,especially in ancient city streets supporting diverse activities and longer dwell times.Although the overall street style in Suzhou ancient city has been well-restored,there are still some problems with the streets'restoration,such as a lack of high-quality visual environments and insufficient comfort for residents.To shed further light on these issues,a case study based on Wusa Road and its branches in Suzhou ancient city was carried out.In the study,effects of streetscape elements on subjective and objective environmental perceptions of residents were analyzed systematically by eye tracking,virtual reality technology,and questionnaire-type surveys. First,streetscape images were collected using a panoramic camera.Plants,sky,buildings,roads,street furniture,and dynamic elements were accurately identified and quantified through semantic segmentation technology.Specifically,30 respondents were recruited to watch 20 representative street scenes in a controlled virtual reality environment.During the experiment,a helmet-mounted eye tracker was used to simultaneously collect respondents'average pupil diameter,cumulative fixation count at the Area of Interest(AOI),cumulative fixation duration at AOI,and cumulative visit count to AOI.Further,after they watched each scene,respondents'subjective perceptual evaluation ratings were collected across seven dimensions,including relaxation and stress relief. The results indicate that natural elements,especially plants,significantly enhanced subjective perceptual ratings across all dimensions(p<0.01).A moderate proportion of sky view is positively associated with comfort(p<0.05).Among artificial hardscape elements,high-density buildings trigger a sense of oppression,thus exerting a negative impact(p<0.05).However,moderate road width enhances the sense of safety and improves evaluation ratings for relaxation,stress relief,and so on(p<0.05).An increase in the amount of street furniture led to increased information processing load,thereby negatively affecting perceptual evaluations(p<0.05).Conversely,a moderate level of dynamic elements decreases feelings of fear or anxiety in unfamiliar environments(p<0.01).Scenes with a high proportion of plants,low building density,and few dynamic elements effectively reduce visual attention investment,whereas higher levels of sky visibility and wider roads trigger more visual exploration.Furthermore,the study found that a combination of high plant proportion;moderate proportions of sky visibility,road width,and street furniture;and low building density and dynamic-element proportion maximizes the environmental perception ratings of residents.Accordingly,Minzhi Road,with its high proportion of plants and open space,receives the highest subjective perception ratings,whereas sections of Wusa Road with dense buildings and mixed or high-volume pedestrian and vehicle flow receive the lowest ratings.Eye-tracking heat maps further indicate that scenes with rich building facades and displays of textual information attract more frequent and prolonged visual attention. Based on the above findings,the study proposes optimized design strategies for the street spaces in Suzhou ancient city.Renovations should prioritize the increase of green plants to shade excessive views of sky and buildings,integrate suggestive street furniture to reduce the visual cognitive load,and rationally control the traffic flow and pedestrian flow to improve residents'sense of safety.The research findings provide a scientifically informed theoretical basis for optimizing design of streets'visual environment in ancient cities.

Abstract:As a public policy instrument and technical tool for managing the built environment,urban design plays a critical role in facilitating the improvement of urban spatial quality and the construction of human settlements.As China's urbanization enters a phase focused on stock enhancement and quality improvement,urban design implementation faces growing challenges,including difficulties in dynamic coordination,complexities in balancing multiple interests,and heightened demands for quality control.In response,the Chief Designer System has emerged as a coordination mechanism with demonstrated value in cities like Guangzhou and Shenzhen.However,research on its operational mechanisms and implementation effectiveness remains limited both domestically and internationally,resulting in a poor understanding of its institutional mechanisms. Hence,this study proposed an analytical framework for evaluating the effectiveness of urban design implementation from the perspective of the Chief Designer System.It assesses the effectiveness of urban design implementation by combining theoretical and empirical approaches from dimensions of physical elements(completeness)and non-physical elements(satisfaction).Analysis of physical elements focuses on the transmission efficacy of control elements at macro,meso,and micro spatial levels,covering the realization of overall urban design objectives,shaping of key districts,and execution of detailed design.Non-physical elements systematically evaluate the effectiveness of interest coordination by measuring the satisfaction levels of three stakeholder groups:private sectors(developers and investors),public sectors(government agencies),and community representatives(residents). An empirical analysis was conducted using three representative cases under the Chief Designer System in Guangzhou.The Guangzhou International Financial City pilot zone adopted a Consultant Chief Designer model,establishing a two-tier control system of"macro-level blueprint and plot-level design guidelines"to bridge top-level planning with on-ground implementation.The Pazhou West District implemented a District Chief Designer System,incorporating design guidelines into land leasing documents and establishing a multi-stakeholder coordination platform to shift from unilateral control to collaborative governance.The Baiyun New Area introduced a District Planner System,developing a full-cycle,fine-grain management model that advances control from spatial formation to functional enhancement. The findings reveal four innovative strategies during implementation of the Chief Designer System:1)efficient coordination of macro-micro designs—the design intent is translated effectively through a hierarchical control system;2)equal emphasis on rigidity and flexibility—it realizes dynamic optimization under the premise of maintaining regulatory baselines;3)emphasis on dynamic process control to guarantee implementation of design intent during construction;and 4)a multi-stakeholder collaboration mechanism to balance the interests of different parties effectively.These strategies play an important role in implementing urban design and offering both theoretical and practical references for refining urban design management systems. The proposed evaluation framework overcomes the limitations of traditional research that emphasizes physical elements.Moreover,a comprehensive evaluation system that considers spatial quality and social benefits was established.A comparative study of three typical cases in Guangzhou verifies the framework's adaptability across different institutional forms and practice contexts,providing references for other cities or regions to analyze implementation effectiveness.As a significant innovation within the urban design system,the Chief Designer System shall be further studied to facilitate more refined,quality-oriented urban design development in China.

Abstract:As an implementable tool for planning transmission and spatial allocation,the Regulatory Detailed Planning(hereinafter,"Regulatory Planning")evaluation has become a key link in supporting the operation of the spatial planning system and optimizing spatial governance.As the only national pilot city for territorial spatial planning,Guangzhou has carried out extensive practices regarding the ideological framework,technical rules,and operational mechanisms of the Regulatory Planning evaluation,integrating them with the new planning system,new development concepts,and new governance methods.Consequently,Regulatory Planning evaluation has emerged as a crucial tool for Guangzhou to ensure the orderly implementation of plans,strengthen the closed-loop management of Regulatory Planning,and enhance spatial governance capacity.Based on Guangzhou's practices,this study examines the theoretical logic of Regulatory Planning evaluation,explores the ideas and objectives of such evaluation under the territorial spatial planning system,and constructs a systematic evaluation framework and technical path. Existing Regulatory Planning evaluation has three prominent issues and areas that urgently require further development:1)evaluation ideology—the evaluation's objectives and focus in the new era need clarification;2)evaluation framework—the integration and connection between the old and new evaluation systems need to mature;and 3)evaluation technology—some technical key points need sound rules and standards.Hence,existing research and practical examples are further improved in this study from the perspectives of theoretical logic,ideological framework,and technical rules and operational mechanisms under the framework system. Based on Regulatory Planning's desired objectives and effects,its evaluation should focus on grasping three sets of logical relationships:power logic,which links the"upper and lower levels"and focuses on the effectiveness of transmission between the master plan and detailed plans;market logic,which coordinates the"rigidity and flexibility"to respond to changes in market demand;and social logic,which integrates"planning and governance"and strengthens the feedback on governance performance.An evaluation system framework based on Guangzhou's practices is proposed by combining the key logics of Regulatory Planning evaluation,responses to the new planning system,new governance demands and new application scenarios. (1)On the planning formulation level,the Regulatory Planning schemes oriented toward planning transmission are evaluated.Emphasis is placed on improving two aspects:first,the translation of evaluation rules and standards.Due to differences in management and control logic between Regulatory Planning,which emphasizes indexation and boundary and the master plan,which emphasizes objectivity and structure,close attention should be paid to translating the transmission between the master plan and detailed plans to form specific evaluation rules.This is also a technical key point,as the newly issued evaluation guidelines in various regions have not yet truly broken through.Second,the feedback and application of evaluation results,exploring a two-way feedback mechanism between Regulatory Planning and the master plan. (2)On the planning implementation level,the implementation performance oriented toward spatial governance is evaluated.Supported by spatiotemporal big data platforms and other tools,problems identified through dynamic monitoring can be accurately reflected at the unit or even plot scale,enabling more spatially targeted optimization of urban governance decisions.Key attention should be paid to three evaluation dimensions:a)for spatial scale,the implementation progress and pace of various construction resources are evaluated;b)for spatial quality,the construction implementation and operation status of various public space and livelihood facilities are assessed;and c)for spatial efficiency,responses of spatial resource allocation to the transformation of economic development are evaluated. (3)On the approval and management level,the individual case adjustments oriented toward market demand are assessed.It mainly includes two types of evaluation content:first,the evaluation of existing Regulatory Planning approval and management rules.Based on the core demands of Regulatory Planning adjustments,the management rules for Regulatory Planning adjustment approval are evaluated and optimized,focusing on the positive and negative lists of adjustment scenarios and the definition of adjustment procedures to form substantive content arrangements.Second,improve the evaluation institutional design of individual Regulatory Planning adjustments by clarifying general normative requirements—such as evaluation content,review requirements,and key demonstration points—and special evaluation requirements for specific situations.

Abstract:The development of social media and artificial intelligence in the Internet era has promoted quantitative research on urban image.To reveal the image characteristics of Lingnan towns and their influencing mechanisms from the perspective of the mobile Internet,this study focuses on 136 towns in Guangdong,Guangxi,and Hainan provinces with a large number of videos on the Douyin platform.Integrating multimodal data,such as keyframe image tags for Douyin videos and Bilibili video comment texts,this study systematically reveals the characteristics,type differences,and action mechanisms of the urban image of Lingnan towns in Internet media through image recognition,text analysis,structural equation model,and other methods.The research finds that the selective presentation of fragmented scenes in the virtual space constructs the main image expression of typical Lingnan towns.Most high-frequency image points are outside the town area,indicating that the built-up areas in Lingnan town are insignificant.The secular life scenes depicted by the communication subjects are superimposed on natural landscapes,such as characteristic mountains and leisure islands,which become the core components of the network imagery of Lingnan towns in the real environment.From the town's perspective,the network imagery is mainly influenced by population concentration,urban vitality,and transportation accessibility.Among them,population concentration and urban vitality have significant positive effects,while transportation accessibility can facilitate the network imagery positively.This study provides some empirical support for understanding Lingnan town images in the Internet media environment and explores ways to expand urban image theory.

Abstract:Under China's comprehensive national strategy of rural revitalization,rural revolutionary cultural resources are crucial carriers for inheriting the revolutionary spirit and enhancing cultural confidence.Effective protection and use of rural revolutionary cultural resources,as well as the creation of distinctive rural revolutionary cultural spaces,have become a significant means of promoting rural development.Existing research on rural revolutionary cultural spaces primarily focuses on conventional perspectives—such as resource surveys,conservation strategies,and tourism development—but lacks a systematic analysis of their spatial construction and experiential optimization from the perspective of"scenarization."This study builds a systematic research framework of"scene research,scene analysis,scene evaluation,and scene construction"by introducing the concept of scene theory to explore an innovative pathway for shifting rural revolutionary cultural spaces from"static protection"to"living heritage."Moreover,an empirical study in Changshanzhuang Village in Linyi City,Shandong Province was conducted,from which several feasible scene construction strategies were proposed.Research conclusions provide both theoretical and practical references for the synergistic empowerment of revolutionary cultural heritage and rural revitalization development. Guided by scene theory,a four-stage research framework was built,comprising"scene research,scene analysis,scene evaluation,and scene construction."The scene research phase clarified the conceptual connotation of rural revolutionary cultural spaces and their tripartite attributes(historical carrier,practice platform,and place of identity).The core elements of scene theory and their application to rural revolutionary cultural spaces were reviewed systematically.In the scene analysis phase,five key scene elements(regional space,physical structure,actor groups,behavioral activities and cultural values),three thematic scene types(educational scenes,experiential scenes,and living scenes),and three scene functions(preservation of revolutionary resources,revolutionary cultural experience,and revolutionary heritage)were identified and analyzed through a case study based on Changshanzhuang Village by combining multisource data collection(field surveys,archival materials,and UGC data)with word frequency analysis,semantic network establishment,and grounded coding using analytical tools(ROST CM6,Gephi,Nvivo).The scene evaluation phase established an evaluation index system centered on the primary dimensions of authenticity,theatricality,and legitimacy,and the indicator weights were determined using the analytic hierarchy process.Three thematic scene types were assessed quantitatively through literature analysis,physical measurements,UGC emotion analysis and questionnaire surveys.Although a systematic pattern of three scene types has emerged,there is still room to improve spatial integration,emotional connection,and community participation.In the scene construction phase,some targeted spatial construction pathways were proposed according to evaluation results:the educational scenes shall enhance authentic expression and thematic coherence through"in-situ translation+spatial narrative."Experiential scenes shall deepen interactivity and emotional resonance via"dynamic experiences+digital empowerment."Living scenes shall foster the integration of revolutionary culture and daily life by combining"mechanism innovation+spatial adaptation." This study concludes that rural revolutionary cultural spaces are not only the physical carriers of revolutionary history,but also are dynamic fields for spiritual heritage and cultural reproduction.Scene theory provides a systematic approach to shift rural revolutionary space construction from"spatial governance"to"scene construction."It aims to create rural revolutionary cultural spaces rooted in education,extended through experience,and grounded in daily life,thus facilitating the synergistic development of revolutionary heritage preservation,cultural dissemination,and rural revitalization.

Abstract:This study systematically examines the formation background,structural characteristics,and settlement evolution pathways of the dike-pond landscape system in the Linghu area.It investigates how to develop an adaptive traditional human settlement model in the networked,low-lying waterland environment through the collaboration effect of natural foundations and social dynamics.On this basis,the study draws on spatial organizational logic and ecological wisdom,thereby providing historical experience and theoretical foundations for contemporary rural revitalization,agricultural cultural heritage protection,and regional sustainable development. This study applied the integrated"spatial form-social process"approach and comprehensively used historical document analysis,GIS spatial analysis,field surveys,and case comparisons.First,it systematically summarizes the patterns of the water conservancy,agricultural,and settlement systems in the Linghu area from a natural perspective.Second,it analyzes the role of market and temple development in shaping the hierarchical town structure in the Linghu area from a social perspective.Finally,three typical cases of Linghu Town(central market town),Digang Town(intermediate market town),and Shezhong Village(basic-level village)were selected to reveal the micro-scale developmental pathways and morphological differences of settlements at different levels under the combined influence of the"pier and bridge,""spatial foundation,"and"market and temple"social dynamics. The study finds:1)at the natural level,it formed a three-tier water conservancy system of"Lingbo Pond-Pond Roads-Channel Creeks"and two dominant agricultural models of"Mulberry-Based Fish Pond"and"Field-Pond Polder"in the Linghu area based on the local lake-dotted water network and low-lying topography.Influenced by deep-water polder reclamation and pier construction,settlements evolved from"scattered villages on point-like high piers"to"linear comb-like clustered villages,"and finally to"block-like pier-group clustered villages."As key facilities connecting high piers and integrating water routes,bridges served as spatial links in settlement expansion,facilitating the gradual integration of scattered villages into market towns with functional zoning and hierarchical structures.2)At the social level,commodity exchange and silkworm deity beliefs jointly promoted the formation of high-density distribution and a hierarchical system of market towns.Given the extensive commodity circulation and the town network,Linghu Town is generally viewed as an intermediate market town that has significant influence over towns in the mulberry-based fish pond concentration area.A multilevel network of"village-market-town"radiating systems has formed around Linghu,with an average spacing of within 3.4 km.3)Spatial structures of settlements at different levels show significant differences:a centralized structure integrating"pier-islands-bridges-specialized markets-community temples"was formed in Linghu Town.An intermediate-level market town pattern characterized by the linkage of"bridges-corridor markets-temples"emerged in Digang Town.There is also an initial settlement form with scattered dwellings on high piers and dispersed ancestral temples in Shezhong Village,which shows the grassroots developmental features stemming from natural selection and social self-organization. The dike-pond landscape system in the Linghu area is the product of long-term interaction between natural geographical conditions and human social activities.Its spatial pattern of"piers and bridges as the skeleton,markets and temples as the heart"embodies the highly adaptive settlement wisdom formed through hydraulic adaptation,agricultural recycling,and market-belief integration in the low-lying wetland environment during the traditional period.This system established an efficient land-water interaction mechanism and resource recycling system in history,and shaped settlement forms and social networks with distinctive regional characteristics.The protection and development of the Linghu dike-pond system should follow three main pathways:industrialization of heritage value,circularization of ecological value,and synergistic spatial governance,aiming to achieve the living conservation of agricultural cultural heritage and the sustainable development of the rural human-land system.This study deepens the holistic understanding of the traditional dike-pond system in the Taihu Basin.Further,it provides a theoretical framework and spatial paradigm for the construction of ecological agriculture,cultural heritage protection,and rural revitalization practices in similar regions.

Abstract:Under the context of deepening globalization and regional integration,the issue of internal development disparity within major metropolitan regions—such as the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and the Yangtze River Delta—has become increasingly pronounced.Core cities exert a strong siphon effect due to their superior capacity for resource absorption,while non-core cities commonly face challenges such as factor outflows,industrial homogenization,and functional marginalization.Existing theoretical studies have predominantly focused on core cities,paying insufficient attention to non-core cities.This limits their effectiveness in guiding the upgrading of non-core cities and promoting coordinated regional development.A scientifically grounded exploration of pathways for non-core cities to achieve developmental upgrading,along with the construction of a dual-dimensional analytical framework integrating national strategic will and global network capital,can help fill this research gap.Such a framework would provide theoretical support and practical guidance for non-core cities to enhance their competitiveness and achieve upgrading in the new era. For non-core cities within metropolitan regions,neither relying solely on top-down resource acquisition nor passively awaiting global capital infusion is sufficient to achieve upgrading.Both structuralist approaches to urban development and flow-space theory offer limited explanatory power when applied in isolation.Therefore,this study introduces a dual theoretical perspective combining the New State Space and World City Network frameworks.This integrated approach aims to account for both top-down institutional empowerment and bottom-up network embeddedness,with a focus on interpreting their interactive mechanisms amid contemporary trends such as anti-globalization and the transition toward high-quality urbanization.Unlike traditional static and unidimensional theories,this framework offers a dynamic and dialectical perspective to examine the ongoing interaction and restructuring between national strategies and global networks,thereby providing a more robust theoretical foundation for understanding how non-core cities can achieve upgrading. Building on this dual-dimensional framework,the study identifies three major constraints—institutional lock-in,industrial lock-in,and spatial lock-in—faced by non-core cities.It then constructs a spiral-upgrading model based on the synergistic interaction of three pathways:state institutional empowerment,regional industrial embeddedness,and network spatial optimization.First,the state institutional empowerment pathway emphasizes that non-core cities should actively seek strategic institutional support from the national level to create institutional advantages and provide policy guarantees for upgrading.Second,the regional industrial embeddedness pathway suggests that non-core cities should avoid low-level homogeneous competition with core cities and instead engage in strategic coupling to integrate into medium-and high-end segments of global value chains and regional industrial systems.Third,the network spatial optimization pathway focuses on enhancing a city's connectivity and nodal value within regional and global networks.This entails building multi-dimensional strategic channels—including transportation and digital infrastructure—to strengthen the city's role as a hub within broader regional networks. Using Zhuhai's 2049 strategic plan as a case study,the paper analyzes pathways for institutional,industrial,and spatial upgrading.The aim is to provide an actionable reference and a transformational paradigm for non-core cities within the national strategy of regional coordination.In terms of state institutional empowerment,Zhuhai should shift from passively receiving policies to proactively seeking national platforms,deepening integration with Hong Kong and Macao,and promoting policy innovation to reposition itself within the national spatial hierarchy.In regional industrial embeddedness,leveraging its marine resources and industrial foundation,Zhuhai should develop emerging sectors such as the blue economy and low-altitude economy.By positioning itself as an outcomes transformation laboratory,it can attract global innovation factors and strengthen its role as a network organizer for the western part of the Greater Bay Area.In network spatial optimization,through the construction of four-direction strategic corridors and two types of urban platforms,Zhuhai can enhance external connectivity and internal capacity building,facilitating a transition from a geographical periphery to a hub of flows.

Abstract:At the critical phase of China's urban-rural restructuring,emerging technologies are catalyzing a leapfrog development of rural infrastructure by deeply integrating with territorial functions and helping rural areas in China explore characteristic transformation routes.By reviewing the co-evolution of technologies and rural functions,this study reveals the intrinsic relationship between technological iteration and the introduction and integration of key development nodes in a rural area.At present,the functional paradigm of rural territories is being fundamentally reconfigured.The production system has transitioned from a purely agricultural base to a diversified,technology-driven economy that integrates the use of sub-surface,surface,and aerial spaces.In living systems,rural settlements are evolving into high-quality living environments for a broader population,thereby facilitating the high-quality,distinctive development of public services.Rural ecosystems are evolving from fundamental ecological conservation to ecological capitalization and strategic spaces,aiming to assetize ecological resources and convert them into economic value.The urban-rural relationship shifts from the"urban-dominated and rural-attached"pattern to the"urban-rural multicenter synergistic development."Rural areas can become high-quality production and living areas that support integrated development on par with urban areas.The value of rural low-altitude airspaces was redefined through a deep mutual promotion between low-altitude technologies and rural area functions.Hence,rural low-altitude airspaces become rural spatial carriers with substantial functions,and they are expected to further promote functional transitions in rural areas.1)In the production system,these technologies mobilize three-dimensional production factors,establish efficient circulation networks,and foster new rural industries.2)In the living system,they enhance the quality of life services,strengthen the resilience of protected zones,and contribute to high-quality human settlement construction.3)In the ecological system,they improve ecological resilience,facilitate the capitalization of ecological resources,and promote green,sustainable development.4)In the urban-rural relationship,they enable coordinated air-ground development,advance comprehensive urban-rural connectivity,and accelerate integrated development with equal value between urban and rural areas.Comprehensively considering various constraints against low-altitude airspace development,the study identified the following current problems in the core chain of"development objects-contents-guarantees"through low-altitude scenario practices and economic theories.Regarding"development objects",there is a deviation in development focus and inadequate division;for"development content",there is a project-oriented tendency in the low-altitude development paradigm and a lack of accuracy in industrial selection;and for"development guarantees",the institutional construction lags behind disruptive technological innovations.Based on the dual perspectives of problem orientation and goal orientation,this study proposes the following developmental pathways for rural low-altitude airspace:1)align technological capabilities with practical demands by establishing a"two-tier screening and phased advancement"approach,prioritizing rural areas surrounding pilot cities for airspace reform,areas adjacent to transportation hubs,and functional rural clusters.Further focus should be placed on regions with advanced agriculture,forestry,animal husbandry,and fisheries;areas experiencing logistical bottlenecks;and areas dominated by cultural and tourism industries.2)Clarify the categories of low-altitude economy products and establish a classified investment model centered on"infrastructure-projects."Further,the industrial selection criteria based on local endowments,market demands,and regional capabilities should be established.3)Implement a special management zone system for rural low-altitude airspace and adopt a pilot zone model to drive holistic development.Enhance civil-military-government coordination mechanisms across dimensions,such as airspace approval rights,infrastructure planning authority,usage rights,and revenue rights.Additionally,new rural infrastructure should be incorporated into the scope of revitalized collective operational construction land,and low-altitude airspace should be integrated into rural planning as a production factor alongside land.4)With considerations to technological characteristics and regional features,the concept of multi-scale,differentiated,and dynamically adjustable airspace units should be introduced in response to the mid-to long-term trend of low-altitude economic development transcending administrative boundaries.

Abstract:As a strategic emerging industry prioritized by national development,the low-altitude economy is reshaping both the spatial structure of cities and the functional system of architecture.Driven by both policy guidance and technological innovation,there's synergistic development of multiple domains such as drone logistics,urban air mobility,and low-altitude infrastructure construction,which facilitates urban space evolving from a ground-dominated configuration to an integrated air-ground system.Consequently,high-rise buildings are transforming from static,single-function entities into dynamic,multifunctional nodes within the low-altitude urban network.In response,it is urgent to establish a spatial design theory and renewal methodology compatible with the low-altitude economy in the architectural field.Hence,this study examines how high-rise buildings can achieve spatial adaptation and functional reconfiguration in the context of a low-altitude economy from a macro perspective,thereby providing theoretical support for future three-dimensional city development. Academic journal publications from 2010 to 2025 on the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database were searched using the keywords of"low-altitude economy,low-altitude airspace,drone,architecture,and urban space."Bibliometric and visualization analyses were conducted through CiteSpace software.Keyword co-occurrence networks and timeline clustering maps were constructed to identify the staged evolution,hotspot distributions,and interdisciplinary intersections of research themes.According to analysis results,studies on the low-altitude economy have evolved through three main stages:1)the exploratory stage(2010-2020),which paid attention to policy analysis and technological concepts;2)the rapid development stage(2020-2023),where the academic circle shifted attention to rapid development;and 3)the research boom stage(2023-present),whereby interdisciplinary integration enhanced significantly and collaboration of architecture,urban planning,and transportation engineering has become increasingly prominent.Generally,research topics have expanded from technical and management concerns toward spatial adaptation and urban system integration,forming a synergistic development pattern of technological innovation,policy support,and spatial coordination. Further analysis reveals that the top floors of high-rise buildings can be categorized into three primary functional types in low-altitude economic scenarios:production,exchange,and storage.The production function primarily accommodates the research,development,and testing activities of low-altitude industries.The exchange function emphasizes the connection and transformation between air and ground transportation.The storage function supports logistics warehousing and operational management.Although existing studies have identified these spatial potentials,the architecture field still lacks systematic theories and design methodologies.No clear consensus has been reached on issues such as spatial organization and circulation configuration.Moreover,the standards and guidance for architectural renewal policy need improvement. To address these challenges,the study proposes a four-stage renewal design framework for top spaces of high-rise buildings,involving integrated sensing,intelligent control coordination,modular reconfiguration,and spatial reconstruction.This framework aims to build variable structures and composite spaces through multisource data and intelligent system coordination across four dimensions—the data and sensing layer,the intelligent control layer,the structural system layer,and the spatial organization layer—to realize high-efficiency connection and functional expansion of the air-ground system.It provides a systematic approach for architects to respond to the low-altitude economy and is conducive to improving the dynamic adaptability of architectural spaces.Research conclusions provide basic theoretical support for transforming high-rise buildings into pivotal nodes within the urban low-altitude collaborative network.