Advances in early diagnosis of breast cancer associated with pathological nipple discharge
ZENG Yifei
ZHAO Di
GUO Yubo
ZHAO Wenjie
FU Na
ZHANG Dongxiao
Abstract：Pathological nipple discharge is one of the common clinical manifestations of breast diseases,the most common cause of which is benign breast lesions,mainly intraductal papilloma.In addition,about 5%to 10%of patients with pathological nipple discharge are malignant breast tumors,and intraductal papilloma also has a certain risk of malignant transformation.Therefore,early screening of breast ductal malignant lesions with nipple discharge as the main manifestation has important clinical significance.At present,there are many methods for the specific examination of pathological nipple discharge,including ultrasound,X-ray,nuclear magnetic resonance,galactography,ductography,and discharge cytology,but there are some limitations in practical clinical application.At the same time,the detection of nipple discharge tumor markers has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to the non-invasive collection of clinical specimens and high patient acceptance.However,related studies are complex and diverse,and it is difficult to guide clinical application.Therefore,this paper reviews the research on diagnostic methods of breast cancer related to nipple discharge at home and abroad in recent years,providing reference and basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment of such patients.
Keywords：Pathological nipple dischargeBreast cancerDuctal lavage fluidEarly diagnosisLiterature review
Publication Date：2025-12-20
Online Publishing Date：2026-01-13(First online date of this platform, not the publication date of the document)
Pages：8( 610-617 )