Re-cognization of autoimmune hypophysitis

XU Tian; ZHAI Xiao; ZHU Hui-juan

doi:10.19538/j.nk2024110106

Abstract：Autoimmune hypophysitis is a rare organ-specific autoimmune disorder affecting the hypothalamus and pituitary gland,characterized by the infiltration of immune cells that impairs pituitary function to varying degreesand leads to pituitary enlargement in some patients,which may press adjacent tissues and organs,resulting in severe clinical manifestations and potentially life-threatening conditions.With a deeper understanding of autoimmune hypophysitis,more etiologies are being revealed,which in turn guides clinical decisions diagnosis and treatment.Although lymphocytic hypophysitis remains a relatively common type,the widespread use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of malignant tumors has led to a growing recognition of hypophysitis as an immune-related adverse event.Paraneoplastic syndrome-associated hypophysitis is a type of autoimmune hypophysitis that is prone to misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis.Therefore,timely diagnosis and treatment is of great significance in improving patient prognosis in clinical practice.This paper aims to summarize the clinical features and,treatment and diagnosis principles of hypophysitis as an immune-related adverse event of immune checkpoint inhibitors and paraneoplastic syndrome related hypophysitis,in order to promote the recognition of such rare types of hypophysitis.