Research progress of immune checkpoint molecules in bacterial bloodstream infection of Enterobac teriaceae
Yang Hao
Feng Lili
Wu Sheng
Chen Xuyan
Abstract：Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infection(E-BSI)is a common and severe systemic infectious disease.It has become a major global public health challenge because of its high incidence,multidrug resistance(including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemase-producing strains),and high mortality rate in immunosuppressed hosts.In recent years,immune checkpoint molecules(ICMs)have attracted widespread attention in infectious immunology as key regulators of the immune response.Existing studies show that abnormal expression of ICMs in E-BSI is closely linked to host immune exhaustion,uncontrolled infection,and poor prognosis.Although our understanding of their functions continues to deepen,many unknowns and controversies remain regarding specific molecular mechanisms,clinical manifestations,and therapeutic applications.This article systematically reviews the dynamic changes and regulatory mechanisms of ICMs in E-BSI,discusses their potential as therapeutic targets,summarizes key progress and challenges in fundamental research and clinical translation,and proposes future research directions to provide reference for the clinical treatment of E-BSI.
Keywords：EnterobacteriaceaeBloodstream infectionImmune checkpoint moleculesImmune regulation
Publication Date：2026-02-10
Online Publishing Date：2026-03-18(First online date of this platform, not the publication date of the document)
Pages：6( 142-147 )