Hydrogen-preserved red blood cell suspension improves resuscitation outcomes in rats with hemorrhagic shock
WANG Jingxiang
LIU Yongfei
YUE Anlin
GAO Changjun
Abstract：Objective To investigate the protective effect of hydrogen on rat red blood cells(RBCs)and its efficacy in hemorrhagic shock resuscitation.Methods Rat RBCs were divided into conventional storage group(n=6)and hydrogen storage group(n=6).The 24-hour post-transfusion recovery(24 h-PTR)was measured on days 1,4,7,11,and 14 of storage.RBC morphology was observed under light microscopy and electron microscopy.Quality indicators of stored RBCs were assessed in vitro.Separately,rats with hemorrhagic shock were divided into conventional resuscitation group(n=6)and hydrogen resuscitation group(n=6),receiving resuscitation with conventionally stored RBCs or hydrogen-stored RBCs,respectively.Vital signs were monitored at rest,at the end of shock,and after resuscitation.Renal injury and inflammatory cytokine levels were measured,and the blood transfusion volume was recorded.Results The 24 h-PTR of RBCs in the hydrogen storage group was higher than that in the conventional storage group from day 7 of storage onward(P＜0.05).Under light microscopy,the hydrogen storage group showed fewer deformed RBCs and cell fragments than the conventional storage group;under electron microscopy,ultrastructural damage to the RBC membrane surface was markedly reduced in the hydrogen storage group.Free hemoglobin and hemolysis rate in the hydrogen storage group were lower than those in the conventional storage group from day 4 and day 7,respectively.Adenosine triphosphate and 2,3 diphosphoglycerate levels were higher in the hydrogen storage group from day 7 and day 14,respectively.Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were higher from day 4 and day 11,respectively,and reduced glutathione and catalase activities were higher from day 14 in the hydrogen storage group(P＜0.05).At 2 h after resuscitation,mean arterial pressure in the hydrogen resuscitation group was higher,while heart rate and blood transfusion volume were lower than those in the conventional resuscitation group(P＜0.05).At 24 h after resuscitation,serum creatinine,blood urea nitrogen,and most inflammatory cytokine levels were lower in the hydrogen resuscitation group than those in the conventional resuscitation group(P＜0.05),except for interferonγ,which showed no statistically significant difference.Kidney HE staining revealed nearly normal morphology in the hydrogen resuscitation group,whereas the conventional resuscitation group exhibited necrosis,shedding of renal tubular epithelial cells,and cast formation.Conclusion Hydrogen improves the quality of RBCs during storage in vitro.Infusion of hydrogenstored RBC suspension achieves better outcomes in hemorrhagic shock resuscitation.
Keywords：hydrogenerythrocyte suspensionhemorrhagic shockresuscitationoxidative stresscold storagedisease modelsanimaltreatment outcome
Publication Date：2026-06-30
Online Publishing Date：2026-08-26(First online date of this platform, not the publication date of the document)
Pages：10( 857-866 )