Relationship Between Anatomical Parameters of Patent Foramen Ovale Evaluated by Transesophageal Echocardiography and the Grading and Anatomical Type of Right Heart Acoustic Contrast
GUO Haojie
LI Ran
GUO Yu
FAN Huijun
ZHANG Xiangkong
Abstract：Objective To study the difference of anatomic parameters of patent foramen ovale(PFO)by transesophageal echocardiography(TEE)in different grades of transthoracic contrast echocardiography(cTTE)and different anatomical types,and to explore the significance of anatomical features of PFO.Methods A total of 343 patients diagnosed with PFO in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University were retrospectively analyzed.According to the RLS grading results of cTTE,the patients were divided into grade Ⅰ,grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ group,and then divided into simple PFO and complex PFO or high-risk PFO and non-high-risk PFO according to different anatomical structures.The difference of anatomical parameters of different RLS grades and different types of PFO and the relationship between anatomical parameters and RLS grades were analyzed.Results During Valsalva maneuver,the inner diameter of the left atrial(LA)and right atrial(RA)surface of PFO in RLS Ⅲ group were greater than those in Ⅰ and Ⅱ groups,while the tunnel length of PFO was shorter(P＜0.05).The RA surface diameter of PFO during Valsalva maneuver was an independent risk factor for RLS classification.Age,inner diameter of the LA surface and tunnel length of PFO at rest and tunnel length of PFO during the Valsalva maneuver were greater in the complex subgroup than in the simple subgroup(P＜0.05).The inner diameter of the LA surface and tunnel length of PFO at rest,the inner diameter of the LA and RA surface of PFO and tunnel length of PFO during the Valsalva maneuver in the high-risk PFO were higher than those of non-high-risk PFO(P＜0.05).Conclusion The RA surface diameter of PFO during Valsalva maneuver was an independent risk factor for RLS classification.High-risk PFO contains more risk factors than complex PFO,which should be paid more attention to in clinic.TEE can effectively identify these high-risk factors in the assessment of PFO,and provide more help for clinical practice.
Keywords：patent foramen ovaletransesophageal echocardiographyanatomical morphologyright-to-left shunt
Publication Date：2026-07-13
Online Publishing Date：2026-09-12(First online date of this platform, not the publication date of the document)
Pages：5( 2456-2460 )