Huoxue Shufeng Granule alleviates central sensitization in mouse models of chronic migraine by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway
LIANG Xiaotao
XIONG Yifan
LIU Xueqi
LIANG Xiaoshan
ZHU Xiaoyu
XIE Wei
Abstract：Objective To investigate the therapeutic mechanism of Huoxue Shufeng Granules(HXSFG)for alleviating central sensitization in a mouse model of chronic migraine(CM).Methods We analyzed the main chemical components of HXSFG through literature review and explored their pharmacological mechanisms by bioinformatics analyses.In a male C57BL/6J mouse model of CM established by intraperitoneal injections of nitroglycerin(10 mg/kg)every other day(5 injections),the effects of gavage with low,and high doses of HXSFG or intraperitoneal injections of topiramate for ameliorating central sensitization were evaluated using Von Frey test and a hot plate apparatus;the changes in expressions of inflammatory factors,the proteins in the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway,and activation of c-Fos and CGRP were detected using RT-qPCR,Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining.Results Network pharmacology analysis suggested that the main active components in HXSFG for alleviating CM included formononetin,paeoniflorin,quercetin,and tanshinone.Gene Ontology(GO)enrichment analysis identified 492 GO entries,comprising 366 biological processes,46 cellular components,and 80 molecular functions.KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the Toll-like receptor and NF-κB signaling pathways were crucial in mediating the therapeutic effects of HXSFG on CM.In the mouse models of CM,both topiramate and HXSFG treatments alleviated the symptoms of central sensitization,evidenced by improved mechanical and thermal pain thresholds in the mice.HXSFG significantly reduced the expression of c-Fos and CGRP,improved inflammatory markers,and downregulated the expressions of TLR4,p-NF-κB,IL-1β,and TNF-α proteins in the mouse models.Conclusion HXSFG effectively alleviates central sensitization in CM mice by modulating the inflammatory pathways and inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway,suggesting its potential as a therapeutic option for CM.
Keywords：Huoxue Shufeng Granuleschronic migraineTLR4/NF-κBnetwork pharmacology
Publication Date：2025-05-20
Online Publishing Date：2025-08-15(First online date of this platform, not the publication date of the document)
Pages：9( 986-994 )